Factores sociales en la vivencia del cuerp de mujeres con peso normal y con obesidad: rol de la madre, el padre y la pareja / Social factors that affect the corporal experience in normal weight and obse women: the mother's role, the father and the couple

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la influencia de factores sociales, específicamente de vínculos cercanos (madre, padre y pareja), sobre la vivencia del cuerpo en mujeres jóvenes con peso normal y con obesidad. Se realizó una investigación exploratoria cualitativa y se analizaron los datos a través de codificación abierta, basada en la Teoría Fundamentada. La muestra estuvo conformada por ocho mujeres, cuatro con obesidad mórbida y cuatro normopeso, entre 20 y 25 años. Los resultados confirman que la insatisfacción corporal está presente en todas las participantes independiente de su peso corporal. Las personas cercanas ejercen presión por la delgadez, la madre estaría más centrada en lo estético, mientras el padre expresaría mayor preocupación por la salud. Las participantes se muestran vulnerables a los mensajes contradictorios de la pareja, generando inseguridad. Sin embargo, la presión de los vínculos cercanos no sería suficiente para generar cambios de hábitos. Se observa ambivalencia entre la valoración de un cuerpo delgado y otro curvilíneo, ideales que se superponen y generan malestar.

The objective of this study was to describe the influence of social factors, specifically close affective bonds (mother, father and couple), on body experience in young women with obesity and normal weight. A qualitative exploratory research was carried out and data were analyzed with Grounded Theory. A sample of eight women between 20 and 25 years old participated, four of them with morbid obesity and four with normal weight. The results confirm that body dissatisfaction is present in all the participants, which is associated with the pressure to be thin exerted by the people close to them. Mothers are more centered on the aesthetic, while fathers seem to have more concern about health. Participants are vulnerable to the couple's conflicting messages, generating insecurity. However, the pressure of the environment does not seem to be enough to change the habits. Ambivalence is observed between the appreciation of a thin body and a curvilinear one at the same time, ideals that overlap and generate discomfort.

Correction: Phenotype and Function of CD209+ Bovine Blood Dendritic Cells, Monocyte-Derived-Dendritic Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165247.].

Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules.

Flow cytometry was used to identify mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules (hLDM) and also to characterize mAbs developed against hLDM. Initial screening of mAbs developed against LDMs in other species yielded mAbs specific for the major histocompatibility (MHC) II molecule, CD4 and CD18. Screening of sets of mAbs developed against hLDM yielded 22 new mAbs, including additional mAbs to MHC II molecules and mAbs that recognize LDMs expressed on all leukocytes, granulocytes, all lymphocytes, all T cells, a subset of T cells, or on all B cells. Based on comparison of the pattern of expression of LDMs expressed on all hamster leukocytes with the patterns of expression of known LDMs in other species, as detected by flow cytometry (FC), four mAbs are predicted to recognize CD11a, CD44, and CD45. Cross comparison of mAbs specific for a subset of hamster T cells with a cross reactive mAb known to recognize CD4 in mice and one recognising CD8 revealed they recognize CD4. The characterization of these mAbs expands opportunities to use hamsters as an additional model species to investigate the mechanisms of immunopathogenesis of infectious diseases.

Phenotype and Function of CD209+ Bovine Blood Dendritic Cells, Monocyte-Derived-Dendritic Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.

Phylogenic comparisons of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) of humans and mice demonstrate phenotypic divergence of dendritic cell (DC) subsets that play similar roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Although differing in phenotype, DC can be classified into four groups according to ontogeny and function: conventional DC (cDC1 and cDC2), plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and monocyte derived DC (MoDC). DC of Artiodactyla (pigs and ruminants) can also be sub-classified using this system, allowing direct functional and phenotypic comparison of MoDC and other DC subsets trafficking in blood (bDC). Because of the high volume of blood collections required to study DC, cattle offer the best opportunity to further our understanding of bDC and MoDC function in an outbred large animal species. As reported here, phenotyping DC using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD209 revealed CD209 is expressed on the major myeloid population of DC present in blood and MoDC, providing a phenotypic link between these two subsets. Additionally, the present study demonstrates that CD209 is also expressed on monocyte derived macrophages (MoΦ). Functional analysis revealed each of these populations can take up and process antigens (Ags), present them to CD4 and CD8 T cells, and elicit a T-cell recall response. Thus, bDC, MoDC, and MoΦ pulsed with pathogens or candidate vaccine antigens can be used to study factors that modulate DC-driven T-cell priming and differentiation ex vivo.

Characterization and use of new monoclonal antibodies to CD11c, CD14, and CD163 to analyze the phenotypic complexity of ruminant monocyte subsets.

The sequencing of the bovine genome and development of mass spectrometry, in conjunction with flow cytometry (FC), have afforded an opportunity to complete the characterization of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), only partially characterized during previous international workshops focused on antibody development for livestock (1991, Leukocyte Antigens in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats; 1993, Leukocyte Antigens of Cattle and Sheep; 1996, Third Workshop on Ruminant Leukocyte Antigens). The objective of this study was to complete the characterization of twelve mAbs incompletely characterized during the workshops that reacted with molecules predominantly expressed on bovine monocytes and use them to provide further information on the phenotypic complexity of monocyte subsets in ruminants. Analysis revealed that the mAbs could be grouped into three clusters that recognize three different molecules: CD11c, CD14, and CD163. Following characterization, comparison of the patterns of expression of CD14 and CD163 with expression of CD16, CD172a, and CD209 revealed the mononuclear cell population is comprised of multiple subsets with differential expression of these molecules. Further analysis revealed the epitopes recognized by mAbs to CD14 and CD163 are conserved on orthologues in sheep and goats. In contrast to CD14 that is also expressed on sheep and goat granulocytes, CD163 is a definitive marker for their monocytes.