Recent challenges in biological cyanidation and oxidation of sulfide-based refractory gold ore.

In mining industries, biomining (comprising biooxidation and bioleaching) is implemented to extract metals from specific ores and waste streams with less environmental effect and expense. Usually, micron-sized gold particles are held in a crystal lattice of iron sulfide minerals and expensively extracted using common approaches. Researchers and industries are interested in developing recent technology and biologically sustainable methods in both pretreatment and further extraction steps for extracting this valuable metal from ores. Diverse studies in biooxidation, as a conventional pretreatment, and biocyanidation, as a new proposed biotechnological method in the downstream gold extraction step, have addressed scientific and technological issues in the extraction of this metal. These two methods have become economically practical by merging high-throughput microbiological data, extraction and recovery process knowledge, and theory validation. However, there is still a gap in the implementation of both the pretreatment method and extraction method due to the consistency and their compatibility with operational recovery conditions. This review brings out the recent biooxidation and biocyanidation improvements, innovation, industry and academic research, and obstacles to gold extraction with a brief explanation to address the recent developments.

A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal Removal from CCA-Treated Wood Waste by Yarrowia lipolytica: Effects of Metal Stress.

Bioremediation is an effective way to remove heavy metals from pollutants. This study investigated the effects of Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica) on the bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood wastes. Copper ions stressed the yeast strains to improve their bioremediation efficiency. A comparison of changes in morphology, chemical composition, and metal content of CCA wood before and after bioremediation was conducted. The amount of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) was quantified by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results showed that yeast strains remained on the surface of CCA-treated wood after bioremediation. The morphologies of the strains changed from net to spherical because of the Cu2+ stress. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that carboxylic acid groups of wood were released after removing heavy metals. A large amount of oxalic acid was observed when the optical density (OD600nm) was 0.05 on the 21st day. Meanwhile, the highest removal rate of Cu, As, and Cr was 82.8%, 68.3%, and 43.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the Cu removal from CCA-treated wood increased by about 20% after Cu2+ stress. This study showed that it is feasible to remove heavy metals from CCA-treated wood by Y. lipolytica without destroying the wood structure, especially by copper-induced Y. lipolytica.

Genetic algorithm-assisted artificial neural network modelling for remediation and recovery of Pb (II) and Cr(VI) by manganese and cobalt spinel ferrite super nanoadsorbent.

MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were hydrothermally synthesized to examine their capability in adsorption of Pb (II) and Cr (VI). The adsorbents exhibited a high rate of adsorption, reaching 90% of their adsorption capacity in less than 30 min. Furthermore, the adsorption capability of the Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) was noticeably greater at initial pollutant concentrations smaller than 40 mg/L. Maximum adsorption capacity on MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were 40 and 25.38 mg/g for Cr (VI) and 523.32 and 476.19 mg/g for Pb (II), respectively. A data-driven model of Artificial Neural Network was used for prediction of adsorption capacity at both equilibrium and non-equilibrium condition. The model parameters including the numbers of neuron (n = 7) and data portioning for training (49.5%), validation (40.5%), and testing (10%) were obtained using Genetic Algorithm. The results indicated that the model could predict the data with high accuracy (R2 = 0.998). The input parameters were initial concentration, time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and other parameters that is dependent to the physico-chemical properties of ions and adsorbents' surface (ε, α1, α2). The mechanism involved in Cr(VI) and Pb(II) adsorption are electrostatic physisorption and a combination of ion exchange chemisorption and electrostatic physisorption, respectively. Desorption capability and adsorbent reuse capability were also examined.

Extracellular polymeric substances overproduction strategy in Ferroplasma acidiphilum growth for biooxidation of low-grade gold bearing ore: Role of monosaccharides.

The adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces and the affecting factors is important in biomining pretreatment. In this research, the novelty is focused on studying the monosaccharide's impact on the adaptability and adhesivity of Ferroplasma acidiphilum for oxidization of sulfide-bearing ore containing pyrite harboring 98 % of gold in its crystal lattice. d-sucrose increased EPS production with the highest amount of pyrite dissolution (69 %) as compared to the other types of monosaccharides (d-galactose and d-fructose). Addition of 0.8 wt% d-sucrose enhanced the production of ferric ions 65 % for the ore load of 20 wt% while for the addition of 0.4 wt%, the ferric ions concentration was maximum up to 95 %. The results indicated that the addition of both yeast extract and d-sucrose with the concentration of 0.4 wt% enhanced the EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) biovolume fraction from 7.5 to 32.5 v/v %.

Intelligent modelling for the elimination of lanthanides (La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+ and Eu3+) from aqueous solution by magnetic CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4-GO spinel ferrite nanocomposites.

In this research, a novel CoFe2O4-GO (Graphen Oxide) resulting from the combination of high applicable magnetic and organic base materials and synthesized with a simple and fast co-precipitation route was synthesized for the REEs (Rare Earth Elements) extraction. This adsorbent could remove the La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+ and Eu3+ by maximum adsorption capacity of 625, 626, 714.2, 1111.2 mg/g at optimized pH = 6, respectively. A data-driven model was obtained using Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH)-based Neural Network to estimate the adsorption capacity of these LREEs as a function of time, pH, temperature, adsorbent ζ (zeta)- potential, initial concentration of lanthanides ions, and ε which is defined by the physico-chemical properties of lanthanides. The results clearly indicated that the model estimate the experimental values with good deviation (mostly less than 10%) and it can be used for the prediction of the results from other similar researches with less than 25% deviation. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that the adsorption capacity is more sensitive to pH of the solution, temperature, and ε. Finally, the desorption studies showed an excellent removal efficiency (97%) at least for three adsorption-desorption cycles. These results claimed that the CoFe2O4-GO is a highly efficient adsorbent for the REEs extraction.

A paradigm shift towards production of sustainable bioenergy and advanced products from Cannabis/hemp biomass in Canada.

The global cannabis (Cannabis sativa) market was 17.7 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach up to 40.6 billion by 2024. Canada is the 2nd nation to legalize cannabis with a massive sale of $246.9 million in the year 2021. Waste cannabis biomass is managed using disposal strategies (i.e., incineration, aerobic/anaerobic digestion, composting, and shredding) that are not good enough for long-term environmental sustainability. On the other hand, greenhouse gas emissions and the rising demand for petroleum-based fuels pose a severe threat to the environment and the circular economy. Cannabis biomass can be used as a feedstock to produce various biofuels and biochemicals. Various research groups have reported production of ethanol 9.2-20.2 g/L, hydrogen 13.5 mmol/L, lipids 53.3%, biogas 12%, and biochar 34.6% from cannabis biomass. This review summarizes its legal and market status (production and consumption), the recent advancements in the lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) pre-treatment (deep eutectic solvents (DES), and ionic liquids (ILs) known as "green solvents") followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) for the efficient conversion efficiency of pre-treated biomass. Recent advances in the bioconversion of hemp into oleochemicals, their challenges, and future perspectives are outlined. A comprehensive insight is provided on the trends and developments of metabolic engineering strategies to improve product yield. The thermochemical processing of disposed-off hemp lignin into bio-oil, bio-char, synthesis gas, and phenol is also discussed. Despite some progress, barricades still need to be met to commercialize advanced biofuels and compete with traditional fuels.

A cleaner approach for high-efficiency regeneration of base and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards through stepwise oxido-acidic and thiocyanate leaching.

This work evaluated a green route for developing an eco-friendly flowsheet to regenerate base and precious metals from waste printed circuits boards (WPCBs). Copper (as nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm) and other base metals were extracted via oxidative acid leaching with high efficiency. Thiocyanate was employed for the first time as a green and economical reagent for the extraction of gold from pretreated WPCB. The effect of various parameters, including reagent dosage and temperature, was evaluated on the gold leaching rate, and 100% gold dissolution was achieved at the optimal condition. It was found that ferric iron concentration as the gold leaching oxidant has a notable effect on gold extraction. Also, at temperatures above room temperature, the recovery rate increases in a short period and then decreases continuously. The activation energy of the optimum gold thiocyanate leaching was found to be 42.84 kJ/mol, indicating chemical reaction to be the rate-controlling step. Gold extraction from the thiocyanate medium was carried out by employing activated carbon, where 100% gold adsorption was achieved in 2 h. Toxicity assessment of final residue revealed that it could be categorized as an environmentally safe waste with negligible risk.

Novel approach for the management of acid mine drainage (AMD) for the recovery of heavy metals along with lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris.

The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) is of paramount importance for environmental sustainability. A two-stage process involving AMD remediation and simultaneous lipid production represents a highly efficient approach with zero-waste generation. Alkaline (NaOH) treatment of AMD at pH 8.0, 10.0, and 12.0 had significantly reduced metal loads (copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)) compared to the acidic pH range (4.0 and 6.0). The concentration levels of sulfates (SO4 = 4520 mg/L), iron (Fe = 788 mg/L), aluminum (Al = 310 mg/L), and manganese (Mn = 19.4) were reduced to 2971 mg/L, 10.3 mg/L, 16.4 mg/L, and 1.3 mg/L, respectively at pH value 8.0. AMD with a pH value of 8.0 was later chosen as an ideal medium to favor the lipid accumulation by Chlorella vulgaris. Algal biomass was increasing to 5.5 g/L from 0.6 g/L of AMD-based medium within 15 days of cultivation. The FTIR and SEM-EDS studies revealed significant morphological changes in the microbial cell wall. The metals might positively impact lipid production in microalgae, where lipid yield achieved 0.18 g/g of glucose with lipid content of 0.35 g/g of biomass. The fatty acid profile presented 53.4% of saturated fatty acid content with a cetane value of 60.7. Thus, the efficiency of C. vulgaris was demonstrated with AMD treatment proving it to be a good candidate for bioenergy production.

Efficiency of thermally activated eggshells for acid mine drainage treatment in cold climate.

The selection process for a technology to treat the mine drainage is influenced by its performance, technical feasibility and cost. For the last decades, the mine industry has been searching for green methods to treat the acid mine drainage (AMD). This study evaluated thermally activated eggshells as a potential alternative for AMD treatment in cold climate. It was found that metal removal efficiency depended on the eggshells' calcination temperature and on the solid: liquid ratio. Eggshells calcined at 900 °C and employed in a solid: liquid ratio of 0.3% increased the pH of a mine effluent from 2.5 to 6.9 at 20 °C and to 9.2 at 4 °C, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were reduced as follows: As <0.0005 mg/L, Cd 0.00022 and 0.00009 mg/L, Cu 0.0061 and 0.0091 mg/L, Co 0.0338 and 0.0016 mg/L, Cr 0.0015 and 0.0022 mg/L, Fe <0.01 mg/L, Ni 0.0291 and 0.0024 mg/L, Mo <0.0005 mg/L, Se 0.0033 and 0.0044 mg/L, and Zn 0.007 and 0.022 mg/L, at 20 °C and 4 °C, respectively. Consequently, the treated mine effluent satisfied both the Quebec and Canadian regulations. Based on these results, thermally activated eggshells could be efficiently employed for the active and passive treatment of AMD in a cold climate.

Agricultural waste materials for adsorptive removal of phenols, chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) from wastewater: A review.

Management of basic natural resources and the spent industrial and domestic streams to provide a sustainable safe environment for healthy living is a magnum challenge to scientists and environmentalists. The present remedial approach to the wastewater focuses on recovering pure water for reuse and converting the contaminants into a solid matrix for permanent land disposal. However, the ground water aquifers, over a long period slowly leach the contaminants consequently polluting the ground water. Synthetic adsorbents, mainly consisting of polymeric resins, chelating agents, etc. are efficient and have high specificity, but ultimate disposal is a challenge as most of these materials are non-biodegradable. In this context, it is felt appropriate to review the utility of adsorbents based on natural green materials such as agricultural waste and restricted to few model contaminants: phenols, and heavy metals chromium(VI), and cadmium(II) in view of the vast amount of literature available. The article discusses the features of the agricultural waste material-based adsorbents including the mechanism. It is inferred that agricultural waste materials are some of the common renewable sources available across the globe and can be used as sustainable adsorbents. A discussion on challenges for industrial scale implementation and integration with advanced technologies like magnetic-based approaches and nanotechnology to improve the removal efficiency is included for future prospects.

Green route for recycling of low-cost waste resources for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs)-A review.

Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) are used extensively in various streams such as medical science, solar energy, drug delivery, water treatment, and detection of persistent pollutants. Intensive synthesis of NPs/NMs carried out via physico-chemical technologies is deteriorating the environment globally. Therefore, an urgent need to adopt cost-effective and green technologies to synthesize NPs/NMs by recycling of secondary waste resources is highly required. Environmental wastes such as metallurgical slag, electronics (e-waste), and acid mine drainage (AMD) are rich sources of metals to produce NPs. This concept can remediate the environment on the one hand and the other hand, it can provide a future roadmap for economic benefits at industrial scale operations. The waste-derived NPs will reduce the industrial consumption of limited primary resources. In this review article, green emerging technologies involving lignocellulosic waste to synthesize the NPs from the waste streams and the role of potential microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi, yeast, bacteria for the synthesis of NPs have been discussed. A critical insight is also given on use of recycling technologies and the incorporation of NMs in the membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to improve membrane functioning and process performance. Finally, this study aims to mitigate various persisting scientific and technological challenges for the safe disposal and recycling of organic and inorganic waste for future use in the circular economy.

Biodegradation of microplastics: Better late than never.

Plastics use is growing due to its applications in the economy, human health and aesthetics. The major plastic particles in the form of microplastics (MPs) released into the environment are made up of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Tremendous usage and continuous accumulation of MPs in the environment pose a global threat to ecosystems and human health. The current knowledge of biotechnological, aerobic and aerobic biodegradation approaches emphasizes the microbial culture's potential towards MPs removal. This review selectively provides recent biotechnological advances such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation and enzymatic biodegradation that can be applied for MPs removal by biodegradation and bioaccumulation. This review summarizes the knowledge and the research exploration on the biodegradation of synthetic organic MPs with different biodegradability. However, further research is still needed to understand the underlying mechanism of MPs biodegradation in soil and water systems, leading to the development of an effective method for MPs removal.

Copper-Doped Carbon Nanodots with Superior Photocatalysis, Directly Obtained from Chromium-Copper-Arsenic-Treated Wood Waste.

An ecofriendly approach was developed for preparing copper-doped carbon dots (CDs) with superior photocatalysis using chromium-copper-arsenic (CCA)-treated wood waste as a precursor. Original wood (W-CDs), CCA-treated wood (C-CDs), and bioremediation CCA wood (Y-CDs) were used as the precursors. The chemical composition and structural, morphological, and optical properties, as well as the photocatalytic ability of the synthesized CDs varied with wood type. The C-CDs and W-CDs had similar characteristics: quasispherical in shape and with a diameter of 2 to 4.5 nm. However, the Y-CDs particles were irregular and stacked together, with a size of 1.5-3 nm. The presence of nitrogen prevented the formation of an aromatic structure for those CDs fabricated from bioremediation CCA wood. The three synthesized CDs showed a broad absorption peak at 260 nm and a weak absorption peak at 320 nm. Proof of the model study for the fabrication of luminescent CDs from CCA wood waste for bioimaging was provided. The degradation rate of CD photocatalytic MB was 97.8% for 30 min. Copper doping gives the CDs electron acceptor properties, improving their photocatalytic efficiency. This study provides novel ways to prepare nanomaterials from decommissioned wood as a nontoxic and low-cost alternative to fluorescent dots.

Column tests for evaluation of the enzymatic biodegradation capacity of hydrocarbons (C10-C50) contaminated soil.

Though many studies pertaining to soil bioremediation have been performed to study the microbial kinetics in shake flasks, the process efficiency in column tests is seldom. In the present study, soil columns tests were carried out to study the biodegradation of soil contaminated with a high concentration of diesel (≈19.5 g/kg) petroleum hydrocarbons expressed as C10-C50. Experiments were done with crude enzymatic cocktail produced by the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium, Alcanivorax borkumensis. A. borkumensis was grown on a media with 3% (v/v) motor oil as the sole carbon and energy source. The effects of the enzyme concentration, treatment time and oxidant on the bioremediation efficiency of C10-C50 were investigated. A batch test was also carried out in parallel to investigate the stability of the enzymes and the effect of the biosurfactants on the desorption and the bioconversion of C10-C50. Batch tests indicated that the biosurfactants significantly affected the desorption and alkane hydroxylase and lipase enzymes, maintained their catalytic activity during the 20-day test, with a half-life of 7.44 days and 8.84 days, respectively. The crude enzyme cocktail, with 40 U/mL of lipase and 10 U/mL of alkane hydroxylase, showed the highest conversion of 57.36% after 12 weeks of treatment with a degradation rate of 0.0218 day-1. The results show that the soil column tests can be used to optimize operating conditions for hydrocarbon degradation and to assess the performance of the overall bioremediation process.

Performance of constructed wetland for selenium, nutrient and heavy metals removal from mine effluents.

Passive biological treatment using constructed wetlands has been employed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for mine effluents treatment in Canada. The current work aimed to assess the performance of a laboratory-scale constructed wetland for the removal of selenium, nutrients and heavy metals. This work achieved a maximum selenium removal rate of 54.13% corresponding to the highest hydraulic residence time (almost 47 days). Typha Latifolia was efficient for selenium assimilation and removal from mine effluent. 4.4% of Se mass was accumulated in the under and aboveground biomass while 32.2% was volatilized. Levels <1.69 mg of selenate, <1.69 mg of selenite, <3.39 mg of selenomethionine and <3.39 mg of unknown selenium species were distributed in the underground biomass while levels <0.75 mg of selenate, <0.75 mg of selenite, <1.51 mg of selenomethionine and <1.51 mg of unknown selenium species were found in T. Latifolia leaves. Ammonia removal was mainly based on a nitrification process confirmed by the decrease of ammonia (>96%) and nitrite in association with the increase of nitrate concentrations in the outlet compared to the inlet. The concentrations of other nitrogen compounds mainly thiocyanate and cyanate have significantly decreased from initial average values of 163 and 22.7 mg.L-1 in the influent to 1.5 and 0.3 mg.L-1 final concentrations, respectively. Orthophosphate concentrations were also efficiently decreased from an influent average value of 21.5 ± 3.3 mg.L-1 to an effluent concentration of 9.1 ± 4.4 mg.L-1. Understanding the selenium and nutrient removal mechanisms will allow treatment performance enhancement and the development of large-scale constructed wetlands for sophisticated mine effluent treatment.

Selenium speciation and bioavailability from mine discharge to the environment: a field study in Northern Quebec, Canada.

The speciation, behaviour, and bioavailability of released selenium (Se) from mine effluent discharge to sediments and plants were assessed. Discharged mine effluent containing 65±0.9 µg/L of total Se subsequently contaminated the exposed sediment with an average total Se concentration of 321 mg/kg as well as exposed Typha latifolia plants where 534 and 92 mg/kg were found in roots and leaves, respectively. The strategy of T. latifolia in Se phytoremediation consisted of a phytostabilization and accumulation of Se predominantly in roots. Se plant root uptake was promoted by synergistic effects of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd while Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Na, K, and Mg had antagonistic effects. Se plant uptake was also governed by sediment characteristics mainly pH, total Se, and iron concentration. Se speciation results demonstrated that the most accumulated Se species by T. latifolia roots were selenite and selenomethionine with average concentrations of 2.68 and 2.04 mg/kg respectively while other Se species were the most translocated (average translocation factor of 1.89). Se speciation in roots was positively correlated with sediment pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, and iron concentration. This study confirms deploying corrective measures for mine effluent treatment before discharge in a sediment-plant environment to protect living organisms from toxic effects. T. latifolia is recommended as a Se-hyperaccumulator to be used for mine soil phytoremediation in cold regions in Canada.

Superadsorbent Fe3O4-coated carbon black nanocomposite for separation of light rare earth elements from aqueous solution: GMDH-based Neural Network and sensitivity analysis.

A series of nanocomposites adsorbents with different magnetite/carbon black ratios were synthesized by using the co-precipitation method and used for separation of LREEs (Ce, La, and Nd) from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency of nanocomposites is strongly dependent on both pH and the loading carbon on nanocomposite. The maximum adsorption capacity (370 mg/g) was reported by nanocomposite with 20% Fe3O4 and 80% carbon in pH 7 for LREE initial concentration of 250 ppm. Results revealed that the LREEs adsorption behavior of the optimal adsorbent fits well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, the average values of thermodynamic parameters suggest the endothermic and irreversible chemisorption mechanism. An empirical correlation was obtained by using GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling)-based Neural Network to predict the adsorption kinetics of LREEs as a function of ion's electronegativity, molecular weight, and initial concentration. The results showed that the correlation can predict the experimental data mostly lower than 12.5% and it can predict the results of other researches with similar conditions with up to 25% from the experimental values. Finally, the results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the adsorption of LREEs is more sensitive to ions electronegativity and molecular weight at equilibrium conditions.

Recent advances in microbial biosynthesis of C3 - C5 diols: Genetics and process engineering approaches.

Diols derived from renewable feedstocks have significant commercial interest in polymer, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, flavors and fragrances, food and feed industries. In C3-C5 diols biological processes of 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol have been commercialized as other isomers are non-natural metabolites and lack natural biosynthetic pathways. However, the developments in the field of systems and synthetic biology paved a new path to learn, build, construct, and test for efficient chassis strains. The current review addresses the recent advancements in metabolic engineering, construction of novel pathways, process developments aimed at enhancing in production of C3-C5 diols. The requisites on developing an efficient and sustainable commercial bioprocess for C3-C5 diols were also discussed.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most well-known pharmaceuticals with a broad scope of properties that are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of their extensive utilization, NSAIDs are commonly identified in the environment as trace emerging contaminants. Regardless of vast experience with these drugs, NSAIDs are full of contradictions that trigger major concerns for environmental researchers. A limited understanding on NSAID's occurrence, distribution and eco-toxicological effects have led to an escalated dilemma in the last decade. Thus, a broad-spectrum study covering all aspects of occurrence, detection and removal is required to meet the fundamental levels of knowledge on the effects of NSAIDs in all exposed environmental aspects. Therefore, this paper focuses on classifying the sources and entry points of residual NSAIDs. Further, detecting and regulating their concentrations in both input streams and receiving environments, along with the removal processes of this specific class of emerging compounds, in the direction of developing a management policy is comprehensively reviewed.

Microbial remediation for the removal of inorganic contaminants from treated wood: Recent trends and challenges.

Owing to the seriousness of the ecological risk and human hazard of inorganic wood preservatives, their effective removal was gradually recognized. This paper details different types of wood preservatives, their perniciousness, and their potential removal alternatives, while the wood treatment process is briefly described. Among decontamination methods, microbial remediation is considered as an environmentally friendly approach with enormous potentialities over the conventional treatments. In the current review, the mechanism of bioremediation is summed up and recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives of microbial remediation are discussed. The removal of heavy metals from treated wood requires a combination of various technologies to obtain higher performance. Meanwhile, the decontaminated wood generated through bioremediation can be effectively reused.