In-silico and in-vitro studies revealed alpha-amyrin as a potent pnhibitor of TLR2 for the therapeutics of bacterial infection and sepsis.

This study employed a multifaceted approach to investigate the inhibitory potential of alpha-amyrin against TLR2, a key player in bacterial infection and sepsis. A high-resolution TLR2 model was constructed using Swiss-MODEL, exhibiting excellent quality with 100% sequence identity and coverage. Cavity detection revealed five significant cavities on TLR2. Molecular docking identifies alpha-amyrin as a potent inhibitor, displaying a strong binding affinity of -8.6 kcal/mol. Comprehensive analyses, including ADMET predictions, PASS analysis, and SwissTargetPrediction, affirm alpha-amyrin's drug-like properties and diverse biological activities. Cytotoxicity assays on HEK-293 cells confirm its safety, and fluorescence-based inhibition assays provide empirical evidence of its inhibitory potency on TLR2 enzymatic activity. Further validations in HUVECs show a significant decrease in TLR2 mRNA expression (p<0.01) and activity (p<0.05) upon alpha-amyrin treatment. In conclusion, this integrative study positions alpha-amyrin as a promising therapeutic candidate for TLR2 inhibition, emphasizing its potential in combating bacterial infections with safety and efficacy.

Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Dietary Habits among Medical Students at King Khalid University, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Background and Objectives: Healthy eating is a crucial approach to improving overall health, encompassing a well-balanced diet of natural and fresh foods, plenty of fruits and vegetables, and foods rich in minerals and vitamins. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of obesity and associated dietary habits among medical students at King Khalid University, Aseer, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted through face-to-face interviews. A structured predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: A total of 540 medical students were included; 43.3% of participants were aged 20-22 years, 24.8% were in the 3rd year, and 82.0% had an average income level. Of them, 21.9% were overweight and 14.6% were obese. There was a significant association between obesity and grade (p = 0.004). Significant differences were observed between males and females in adding sugar to beverages, the frequency of eating out, cooking meat, and drinking water (p < 0.05). The predictors of obesity were being male (OR = 3.5, 95% CI [1.6-7.8], p = 0.002), age (OR = 1.8, 95% CI [1.1-3.0, p = 0.019], being at grade 2 (OR = 38.8, 95% CI [4.0-375.8], p = 0.002), having grilled meat (OR = 0.42, 95% CI, [0.20-0.99], p = 0.048), using artificial sweeteners [OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.08-0.73], p = 0.012], and drinking sparkling bottled water (OR 8.6, 95% CI [1.2 333-63.8], p = 0.034). Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of obesity and overweight among medical students of both sexes. It recommends education on healthy eating habits, balanced nutrition, and regular physical activity, as well as gender-specific health initiatives, nutritional counseling, and the inclusion of physical activity.

Major placenta previa among patients with and without previous cesarean section: Maternal characteristics, outcomes and risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To compare maternal characteristics and outcomes among patients having major placenta previa (PP) with and without previous cesarean section (CS). And to determine if previous CS alone is a risk factor for associated adverse maternal outcomes in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis including two groups of major PP patients, with previous CS (n = 184) and without CS (n = 115); who were admitted to Abha Maternity and Children's Hospital over the last ten-years (January 2012-December 2021), Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Compared to those without previous CS, major PP patients with previous CS had significantly advanced ages with higher mean numbers of gravidity and parity, but significantly less rates of previous uterine surgery and IVF pregnancies. Moreover, they were more likely to acquire higher rates of adverse maternal outcomes. In the same way, these patients had an increased Odds Ratios of cesarean hysterectomy (OR of 20.462), urinary tract injuries (OR of 12.361), associated PAS (OR of 4.375), moderate/ heavy intra-operative bleeding (OR of 2.153) and the need for transfusion of 3+ units of packed RBCs (OR of 1.849). CONCLUSION: (1) Patients with combined existence of major PP and previous CS had significantly higher rates of adverse maternal outcomes (2) Alone, prior CS in major PP patients increased the Odds Ratios of cesarean hysterectomy, urinary tract injuries, diagnosis of PAS, excessive intra-operative bleeding and repeated packed RBCs transfusions. (3) Among our PP patients with previous CS, the increased rate and OR of PAS diagnosis could in-part explain the adverse maternal outcomes.

Incidence, risk factors, and maternal outcomes of major degree placenta previa: A 10-year retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence, risk factors, and maternal outcomes of "major degree" placenta previa (PP)/placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in Abha Maternity and Children's Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Secondly, to compare our findings to those of previous studies on PP/PAS in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a retrospective study that included 299 patients diagnosed with major degree PP/PAS and admitted to Abha Maternity and Children's Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, within 10 years (January 2012-December 2021). Also, we compared our results to the outcomes of PP/PAS patients in 6 previous Saudi studies. RESULTS: The total number of deliveries was 54,341; PP minor and major degrees were diagnosed in 376 (0.69%) patients. Of them, 299 patients had PP major degree (79.5%). The pattern of main risk factors for major PP/PAS included: elder age, high parity, and previous cesarean deliveries. Nearly 30.5% had evidence of PAS on antenatal MRI (n=91). Approximately 68.5% (n=205) of patients were delivered <37 weeks. Of 299 patients, 29 (9.7%)patients had emergency cesarean hysterectomy. The maternal mortality rate was 0.3% (n=1). Generally, in many aspects, our results are comparable to similar Saudi studies on PP/PAS. CONCLUSION: Major degree of PP/PAS is associated with high maternal morbidity but rare mortality. Over 30 years, our patients' obstetric characteristics did not change, including both elder age and high parity. A substantial increase in the rate of cesarean deliveries is a leading cause of major PP/PAS.

Placenta accreta spectrum in major placenta previa diagnosed only by MRI: incidence, risk factors, and maternal morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal assessment of maternal risk factors and imaging evaluation can help in diagnosis and treatment of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in major placenta previa (PP). Recent evidence suggests that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could complement ultrasonography (US) in the PAS diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and maternal morbidity related to the MRI diagnosis of PAS in major PP. DESIGN: A 10-year retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report on patients with major PP who had cesarean delivery in Abha Maternity and Children's Hospital (AMCH) over a 10-year period (2012-2021). They were evaluated with ultrasonography (US) and color Doppler for evidence of PAS. Antenatal MRI was ordered either to confirm the diagnosis (if equivocal US) or to assess the depth of invasion/extra-uterine extension (if definitive US). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for PAS in major PP and maternal complications. SAMPLE SIZE: 299 patients RESULTS: Among 299 patients, MRI confirmed the PAS diagnosis in 91/299 (30.5%) patients. The independent risk factors for MRI diagnosis of PAS in major PP included only repeated cesarean sections and advanced maternal age. The commonest maternal morbidity in major PP with PAS was significantly excessive intraoperative bleeding. CONCLUSION: MRI may be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of PAS in major PP; as a complement, but not substitute US. MRI may be suitable in major PP/PAS patients who are older and have repeated cesarean deliveries with equivocal results or deep/extra-uterine extension on US. LIMITATION: Single center, small sample size, lack of complete histopathological diagnosis. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Specific aeroallergen sensitization associated with current rhinitis among adults in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Data about allergic sensitization to rhinitis among adults are limited. The objectives were to explore the prevalence of current rhinitis (CR) and associated specific allergen sensitizations in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 969 adults in southwestern regions of Saudi Arabia, namely Aseer, Jazan, and Al Baha. From each region, 5 primary health care centers were chosen. The validated Arabic Version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used. Total immunoglobulin E (IgE) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon-γ), aeroallergen-specific IgE immunoassay (a panel of 30 common aeroallergens; 9 indoor and 21 outdoors), and eosinophilic count were assessed. A prevalence of CR of 35.8% (95% confidence interval: 32.8%-38.9%) was found. Regarding outdoor aeroallergens, Mesquite-positive IgE antibodies were higher among CR adults (odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.21) compared to those without CR. The same significant pattern was found with Chenopodium, Ragweed, Pigweed, Russian thistle, Bermuda grass, Timothy grass, and Rye. All indoor aeroallergens were not significantly associated with CR. Total IgE and eosinophil count were significantly higher among adults with CR. In conclusion, CR in southwestern regions of Saudi Arabia is common and of significant public health importance. Aeroallergens that associate with adult sensitization to CR tend to be of the outdoor variety particularly the herbaceous grass and their pollens. The magnitude of CR and its association with exposure to outdoor aeroallergens should be taken into account by health policy decision makers, clinicians, and medical practitioners when diagnosing and treating related conditions.

Increased mental stress among undergraduate medical students in south-western Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the daily life and academic trajectory of many students. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on perceived stress levels among medical students. Methods: Comparative pre-pandemic and pandemic surveys were conducted among samples of undergraduate medical students. Students responded to a questionnaire including personal and academic data, and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results: Overall, the prevalence of high perceived stress during the pandemic (20.6%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than pre-pandemic (11.6%). A multivariable analysis revealed that the independent factors associated with high perceived stress were: participation in the study during the pandemic (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.22-2.63), female sex (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.23-2.47), younger age (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.55) and lower family income (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12-2.03). PSS score was negatively correlated with increasing age, family income, and academic level. PSS score was positively correlated with: worries about the possible disruption of education or exams, excessive news exposure, worries about the possibility of COVID-19 infection, and the effects of mandatory isolation and social distancing. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the level of stress among medical students. Female students, younger students, and those in lower academic grades are the most at risk of having high stress. Worries about possible academic disruptions due to the pandemic are significant stressors. The implementation of online stress management programs is recommended.

Bullying Prevalence among Secondary School Children in Khamis Mushait City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Bullying is a type of behavior that involves frequent, hostile activities expected to harm another person physically, mentally, or emotionally. Bullying behavior uses force, pressure, or threats to maltreat, forcefully dominate, or terrify another individual. The aim of this study was to assess the bullying prevalence and related features among secondary school pupils in Khamis Mushait city, southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional investigation was performed among governmental and private secondary schools in Khamis Mushait city. Data were gathered from the study pupils using a pre-structured questionnaire. Bullying was assessed using the school climate bullying survey. The study included 300 secondary school students (163 females and 137 males). The overall rate of bullying was 64.7% (95% CI 59.1-69.9). The most prevalent type of bullying was verbal (41.7%, 95% CI 36.0-47.5) followed by physical (17.0%, 95% CI 12.9-21.7), and social (6.0%, 95% CI 3.6-9.3). Males had more than two times greater probability of having been bullied than females (aOR = 2.522, 95% CI 1.408-4.518). Similarly, students in first-level grade classes had more than three times greater probability of being bullied victims than those in the higher classes, i.e., second- and third-level grade classes (aOR = 3.417, 95% CI 1.159-10.07). More than half of the students tell teachers when other students are being bullied (53.7%) and tell a teacher or staff member at the school if they are being harassed (53.6%); teachers are doing anything they can to help if they are told that a student is being bothered (58.7%), and teachers are making clear to students that bullying is not tolerated (52.3%). In conclusion, in the present study, we reported a high prevalence rate of bullying among secondary school pupils in Khamis Mushait city, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Concerted efforts among teachers and health care providers in the region should be mandatory to deal with the problem.

Prevalence and correlates of university students' perceived stress in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT: The university period can be stressful for most students. It may be due to exposure to various stressors. Objectives: To establish the prevalence and factors associated with high perceived stress among university undergraduates in south-western Saudi Arabia.A self-administered survey was conducted among a representative sample of King Khalid University students through a cross-sectional study. Data obtained included socio-economic, academic characteristics, and grade point average (GPA) scores. Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale.This study included 2467 students. The average Perceived Stress Scale score was 19.13 ±â€Š6.56, which was notably higher (P = .02) among health care undergraduates (19.45 ±â€Š6.49) compared to others (18.85 ±â€Š6.61). High perceived stress prevalence rate was 12.7% (13.6% in health care institutions and 12.0% in non-healthcare institutions). Multivariable analysis revealed that high perceived stress was considerably greater among females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.35, 95% confidence interval:167-3.30), smokers (aOR = 1.65), those with an unsatisfactory income (aOR = 3.10), and healthcare students (aOR=1.33). In contrast, it was negatively associated with the GPA score (aOR= 0.77).High perceived stress is a substantial problem among university students. Female students and healthcare students are at a greater risk. High stress is correlated with smoking, lower GPA scores, and perceived insufficient family income.

Dietary Supplement Use among Primary Health Care Attendants in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Dietary supplements are commercially available manufactured products used as an addition to the normal diet and involve vitamins, minerals, herbs (botanicals), amino acids, and various other products. With the use of a cross-sectional survey, the present paper intended to analyze dietary supplement usage and its health and sociodemographic determinants among attendants of primary health care centers in Abha City, southwestern Saudi Arabia. The sample was selected randomly using the two-stage cluster sampling technique. The study included 438 participants (115 males and 323 females). Their ages ranged from 18 to 59 years, with an average of 36.2 ± 11.7 years. The study showed that 330 people used dietary supplementation, giving a prevalence of 75.3% (95% CI: 71.1-79.2%). The most commonly used supplements were multivitamins (215, 65.2%), specific vitamins (60, 18.2%), and mineral pills (38, 11.5%). Advice from health care workers was the most frequent reason for using dietary supplements (49.4%). The majority (71.2%) reported feeling a better quality of life after using dietary supplements. The most frequent disadvantages of using dietary supplements were constipation and headache (30%) and the most frequent advantage was increasing appetite (59.8%). The people who most frequently recommended the use of supplements were health care workers (190, 57.6%), followed by friends or family members (62, 18.8%), and people on social media (43, 13%). Females had a significantly higher probability of using dietary supplements than males did (Cor = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.21-3.27), and those with a chronic disease had a considerably higher likelihood of using dietary supplements (cOR = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.04-6.06). Age, educational level, and marital status were not significantly related with dietary supplement usage. In conclusion, health care workers should focus on females and persons with chronic diseases in their practice. They should provide them with evidence-based advice regarding the use of dietary supplements. Continued medical education training programs tailored to the needs of health care staff addressing this issue should be provided. New guidelines should be developed to help health professionals to provide their patients with comprehensive care at the primary health care level.

Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. METHODS: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. RESULTS: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5-25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than -2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9-8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222-2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457-2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594-0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1-66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8-59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.

Prevalence and factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease among primary health care attendants at Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an abnormal reflux of the gastric content into the esophagus. In Saudi Arabia the GERD prevalence is not recently well studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated factors among attendants of primary health care centers (PHCCs) at Abha city, Saudi Arabia. METHOD: A descriptive cross- sectional study was performed using GerdQ as diagnostic tool for the GERD. The GerdQ consisted of six questions. Four questions were about the positive GERD predictors. The other two questions were about the negative GERD predictors. The scoring of GerdQ relies on the frequency of GERD symptoms during the last seven days. Using stratified random sample technique a representative sample was slected from the study PHCCs taking into conmsideration the relative catchment population in each center among adult males and females attending the selected PHCCs for any reason. RESULTS: The present study included 320 persons. The study showed a prevalence of GERD of 67.8%. The prevalence of GERD with high impact on daily life (HIDL) was found to be 50%. By multiple logistic regression (enter method) only four significant independent factors associated with GERD were identified; being unmarried (aOR = 1.85, 95% CI:1.02-3.23); smoking (aOR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.41-5.98), fast food intake (OR = 1.28, 95% CI:1.01-1.71), and subjective perception of stress (OR = 3.0, 95% CI:1.68-5.26). CONCLUSIONS: GERD is a public health problem among adults in the region. Community level awareness programs are recommended. Healthcare providers must be aware of community perceptions and practices.

Toxocara Awareness Among Medical Practitioners in Saudi Arabia.

Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic infection with global and regional impacts. Worldwide it is underestimated and clinically overlooked. Medical practitioners are generally unaware of the extent of the resulting disease spectrum. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge and disease awareness among medical practitioners in Aseer, south-western Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire addressing knowledge about the parasite, its visceral larva migrans and the disease spectrum generated was used to interview participants. The study included 285 participants. In answer to the question what is toxocara, only 27%, answered correctly that it is a nematode, paediatricians being the majority. With regard to years of experience among participants, 56.8% of those who answered correctly had less than 5-year experience, as opposed to 35.4% for those with more than 10-year experience. The cumulative awareness about the disease manifestations and spectrum, i.e. those who knew, was less than 30% across specialties and years of experiences. Lack of awareness regarding Toxocara infection and the disease spectrum it can generate is evident. The consequence for such lack of knowledge within our practising medical community is simply unacceptable as it might translate into misdiagnosis and consequently misguided treatment.

Risk Factors of the First-Time Stroke in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study.

Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of death and a frequent cause of permanent disability. The objective was to identify the first-time stroke modifiable risk factors in the Aseer region, southwest Saudi Arabia. In a multicenter hospital-based case-control study design, all first stroke patients admitted to hospitals in the Aseer region were included consecutively over one year. Age, sex, and geographical residence-matched controls were selected and included in a ratio of 1:1. Data collected included altitude (low or high), nationality, marital status, educational level, family history of stroke, history of diabetes mellitus, history of systemic hypertension, high cholesterol level, current smoking, obesity, and regular exercise practice. The study included 1249 first-time stroke patients and 1249 age, sex, and residence-matched controls. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and high cholesterol were significantly highly prevalent among cases (57.7%, 49.4%, 42.0%, 29.4%, respectively) compared to controls (31.8%, 25.9%, 30.8%, 12.1%, respectively). Practicing regular exercise was significantly highly prevalent among controls (29.9%) compared to cases (13.1%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that systemic hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.74-2.57), diabetes mellitus (aOR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.41-2.21), obesity (aOR = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.61-2.28) and high cholesterol (aOR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.28-2.10) were significant risk factors, while regular exercise practice was a significant protective factor (aOR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.05-0.26) for stroke. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and high cholesterol are major risk factors for stroke in the Aseer region of southwest Saudi Arabia. The protective role of regular physical activity in reducing the risk of stroke is evident. The observed higher prevalence of potentially modifiable risk factors among stroke cases encourages an urgent need to develop and implement a national program to control these factors.

Current Practices and Existing Gaps of Continuing Medical Education among Resident Physicians in Abha City, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Continuing medical education (CME) is an everlasting process throughout the physician's working life. It helps to deliver better services for the patients. OBJECTIVES: To explore CME among resident physicians in Abha City; their current practices, their opinions, and barriers faced. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among resident physicians at the Ministry of Health hospitals in Abha City using a validated self-administered questionnaire. It included personal characteristics, current CME practices, satisfaction with CME, and barriers to attendance. RESULTS: The present study included 300 residents from 15 training specialties. Their reported CME activities during the previous year were lectures and seminars (79.7%) followed by conferences (43.7%), case presentations (39.7%), workshops (34.0%), group discussion (29/7%), and journal clubs (27.3%). Astonishingly enough, very few (8%) attended online electronic CME activities. There were significant differences in CME satisfaction scores by different training specialties. Regarding residents' perceptions of the effectiveness of different CME activities (conferences/symposia, workshops/courses, and interdepartmental activities) the results showed that workshops and courses were significantly the most effective method compared to the other two methods in retention of knowledge, improving attitudes, improving clinical skills, improving managerial skills, and in improving practice behaviors. Barriers reported were being busy, lack of interest, high cost, and lack of suitable providers. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that online learning be promoted as a CME format for trainees. There should be support of residents and clinicians through the provision of protected time for their CME activities outside their daily clinical commitments.

Clinical and Biochemical Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Primary Health Care Level in South Western Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To predict the role of different clinical and biochemical parameters in identifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A stratified random sample was selected. A detailed clinical and biochemical examinations were performed. Using portable abdominal ultrasound examination, NAFLD was identified. The study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The study covered 237 T2DM patients. NAFLD was detected among 174 patients. Area under the curve (AUC) calculations showed that the ability of age, duration of DM in years, and body mass index to predict NAFLD was poor (AUC < 0.6). Similarly, biochemical factors like HbA1c%, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL were poor in discriminating between those with and without NAFLD among T2DM. On the other hand, the ability of ALT to predict NAFLD among T2DM was good (AUC = 0.701, 95% CI: 0.637-0.761). The analysis identified the optimal cutoff point of ALT to be ≤22.1 nmol/L. The corresponding sensitivity was 60.7% (95% CI: 53.0-68.0) and specificity was 62.5% (95% CI: 49.5-74.3). CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of NAFLD among T2DM is important. A threshold cutoff value of 22.1 nmol/L of ALT has been identified to predict NAFLD. They should be referred for ultrasound examination for NAFLD.

Patients' perceptions and preferences for physicians' attire in hospitals in south western Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE: Data regarding patients' perception and satisfaction about physicians providing the medical care based on their attires in Southern Region of Saudi Arabia are scarce and even lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the patients' opinion regarding the suitable attires of physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was performed on a random sample of patients from Aseer Central Hospital, Southern Military Hospital and Abha Maternity Hospital. The questionnaire collected data on their perception of physicians' attire as well as reflection of dress on trust and willingness to discuss personal issues. RESULTS: The study included 248 patients. The majority (81.9%) of the participants agreed on the importance for physicians to wear their medical attires. Also 84.3% of them confirmed that physician's appearance is important source of their confidence. Skirt plus lab coat was the most favored for female physicians (39.3%). As for male physicians, scrub plus lab coat was the most preferred (33.6%) attire. CONCLUSION: Patients attending hospitals in southwestern Saudi Arabia preferred for their physicians to wear formal attire with white coats, rather than the Saudi national dress. Skirt plus lab coat was the most preferred for female physicians. As for male physicians, scrub plus lab coat was the most preferred attire. Patients approved the importance for physicians to wear their medical attires and confirmed that physician's appearance is important source for their confidence. The study recommends that physicians should adopt formal attire and the institutional dress code policy should be modified to fit these preferences.

Sleep hygiene, sleep-related problems, and their relations with quality of life in a primary-care population in southwest Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Little is recognized about factors affecting poor sleep hygiene and relations of sleep problems with the quality of life among adults. AIMS: To evaluate sleep hygiene, explore its associated factors, assess the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and insomnia, and their relations with sleep hygiene. Besides, correlate sleep problems with life quality. METHODS: A representative sample of primary healthcare population was surveyed using questionnaires comprising sociodemographic characters, personal lifestyles, validated Arabic versions of Epworth sleepiness scales, Athens insomnia scale, short-form health survey questionnaire (SF-12), and developed Arabic sleep hygiene index (SHI). RESULTS: A total of 401 adults participated in the study. The average SHI score was 17.25 ± 7.33. Poorer sleep hygiene was significantly detected in younger age, unmarried, unemployed, smokers, and energy drinks consumers (P < 0.05). Positive significant correlations were correlated with cellphone and video-gaming duration. About 56.61% and 39.90% of participants suffered insomnia symptoms and EDS, respectively. Significant poorer SHI was detected among insomnia and EDS sufferers. Negative significant correlations were observed between scores of both components of SF-12 and EDS, insomnia, and SHI. CONCLUSION: Significant negative associations were detected between SHI, EDS, insomnia, and both components of life quality. The role of sleep hygiene education programs in the promotion of sleep and quality of life need to be considered.

Experience of Basic Life Support among King Khalid University Health Profession Students, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Satisfactory experience about basic life support (BLS) is crucial to ensure rapid and efficient delivery of essential life-saving care during emergency situations. OBJECTIVES: To assess BLS experience among health profession students at King Khalid University (KKU), Southwestern Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of male and female health profession students, during the academic year 2019-2020. A self-reported questionnaire was utilized to collect data about BLS experiences, which included receiving BLS training, reasons for not having BLS training, suggestions to improve BLS training, encountering a situation that required the use of BLS, practicing BLS when needed and reasons for not practicing BLS when needed. RESULTS: Out of 1261 health profession students, 590 received formal BLS training with a prevalence rate of 46.8% (95% CI: 44.0-49.6), and 46.0% of them trained at the university. Important obstacles for non-attendance included busy academic schedule (54.7%) and high cost of the training course (18%). Overall, 84.1% supported integration of BLS training into their college curricula. Almost 26% encountered a situation that required BLS; however, only 32.4% responded. Through multivariate regression, the significant determinant of response was having formal BLS training (aOR = 4.24, 95% CI: 2.38-7.54). The frequent reasons for non-response were lack of adequate BLS knowledge (35.0%), nervousness (22.8%), and that the victim was of opposite sex (9.0%). CONCLUSION: It is recommended that more emphasis should be given to BLS training among undergraduates of health profession colleges in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. It is recommended that BLS training be integrated into health profession college curricula. Including BLS training as a graduation requirement for health profession students might motivate students to attain BLS training courses.