Neurofilament light chain levels as an early predictive biomarker of neurotoxicity after CAR T-cell therapy.

Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) remains a significant cause of morbidity associated with CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Early prediction of patients who will develop ICANS would be crucial to better guide individualized management of high-risk patients, but specific predictive markers are still missing. Serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels are a sensitive indicator of neuroaxonal injury in neurological diseases. Elevated NfL levels at the time of CAR T-cell infusion have been associated with the severity of ICANS, but their utility for earlier identification of patients with subclinical neurological damage has not been evaluated.We studied all consecutive adult patients who received commercial CAR T cells for relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas at Saint-Louis Hospital between January 2019 and February 2023. Patients with pre-existing or current neurological disease were excluded. NfL levels were quantified in frozen serum collected at the time of the decision to treat (ie, the day of leukapheresis) and at the time of treatment (ie, the day of infusion).Of the 150 study patients, 28% developed ICANS of any grade, including 15.3% of grade 2-4. Receiving a CAR construct with a CD28 domain (58% of patients) was the strongest predictor of grade 2-4 ICANS. Serum NfL levels were significantly higher in patients with grade 2-4 ICANS than in those with grade 0-1 ICANS, both at the time of leukapheresis and infusion. In multivariate models, NfL above the cut-off value was independently associated with grade 2-4 ICANS at leukapheresis (NfL>75 pg/mL, OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.2, p=0.022) and infusion (NfL>58 pg/mL, OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 13.7, p=0.015).In conclusion, high NfL levels at the time of the decision to proceed with CAR T-cell manufacturing may represent an early surrogate of underlying loss of neuroaxonal integrity that increases the risk of subsequent neurotoxicity. Incorporating NfL levels into the decision-making process based on each patient's risk profile could help determine the appropriate CAR product when possible, and guide the prophylactic or therapeutic management of ICANS.

Immune reconstitution and evolution of B cell stimulating cytokines after R-CHOP therapy for HIV-associated DLBCL.

HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that persists despite the advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy. In this prospective study, we analyzed the evolution of B cell activating cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and BAFF) and the co-evolution of main functional subsets of circulating B and T cells in 51 patients with HIV-associated DLBCL treated with R-CHOP. R-CHOP therapy was associated with a decrease of IL-10, whilst IL-6 levels fluctuated and BAFF levels increased during the first 3 months and decreased thereafter. We observed a rapid rise in CD19+ B cells composed mostly of naïve B cells whereas marginal zone-like B cells and memory B cells recovered gradually. With a median follow-up of 41 months, PFS and OS at 5 years were 61.8% (95CI 47.6-80.4%) and 67.4% (95CI 53.4-85.0%), respectively. Progression (17.5%) and sepsis (12.5%) were the main causes of death. Baseline risk factors for death and progression were poor R-IPI (p=0.049), NK cell lymphopenia (p=0.001), lower proportion of naïve B cells among B cell compartment (p=0.017) and higher IL-6 serum levels (p=0.001). Our data suggest that patients treated with R-CHOP for HIV-associated DLBCL have a disturbed peripheral B cell compartment and that the low pool size of circulating naïve B cells affects negatively clinical outcome in these patients. In an era of rapid development of B cell-depleting therapies including B cell-targeting CAR-T cells, baseline and post-treatment assessment of perturbations within non-tumoral B cells counterpart are warranted for proper risk profiling in HIV-associated DLBCL.

Appropriateness of intended antibiotic prescribing using clinical case vignettes in primary care, and related factors.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in primary care have been poorly explored. In particular, the impact of computerised decision-support systems (CDSS) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: We aim at investigating the uptake of CDSS and its association with physician characteristics and professional activity. METHODS: Since May 2022, users of a CDSS for antibiotic prescribing in primary care in France have been invited, when registering, to complete three case vignettes assessing clinical situations frequently encountered in general practice and identified as at risk of antibiotic misuse. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing was defined as the rate of answers in line with the current guidelines, computed by individuals and by specific questions. Physician's characteristics associated with individual appropriate antibiotic prescribing (< 50%, 50-75% and > 75% appropriateness) were identified by multivariate ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: In June 2023, 60,067 physicians had registered on the CDSS. Among the 13,851 physicians who answered all case vignettes, the median individual appropriateness level of antibiotic prescribing was 77.8% [Interquartile range, 66.7%-88.9%], and was < 50% for 1,353 physicians (10%). In the multivariate analysis, physicians' characteristics associated with appropriateness were prior use of the CDSS (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.56-1.87), being a general practitioner vs. other specialist (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.20-1.49), working in primary care (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27), mentoring students (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.21) age (OR = 0.69 per 10 years increase, 95% CI 0.67-0.71). CONCLUSION: Individual appropriateness for antibiotic prescribing was high among CDSS users, with a higher rate in young general practitioners, previously using the system. CDSS could improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care.

Individual appropriateness for antibiotic prescribing is high among CDSS users.CDSS use could passively improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care.Factors associated with appropriateness for antibiotic prescribing for primary care diseases are: prior use of CDSS, general practice speciality vs. other specialities, younger age and mentoring of students.

Effectiveness and safety of cefazolin versus cloxacillin in endocarditis due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus spp.: a multicenter propensity weighted cohort study.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness and safety of cefazolin versus cloxacillin for the treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococci (MSS). METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected on patients treated for a definite MSS endocarditis who received cefazolin or cloxacillin for at least 10 consecutive days in six French hospitals between January-1 2014 and December-31 2020. The primary endpoint was treatment failure defined as a composite of death within 90 days of starting antibiotherapy, or embolic event during antibiotherapy, or relapse of IE within 90 days of stopping antibiotherapy. We used Cox regression adjusted for the inverse probability of treatment weighting of receiving cefazolin. RESULTS: 192 patients were included (median age 67.8 years). IE was caused by S.aureus in 175 (91.1%) and by coagulase-negative staphylococci in 17 (8.9%). Ninety-four patients (48.9%) received cefazolin, and 98 (51%) received cloxacillin. 34 patients (34.7%) with cefazolin and 26 (27.7%) with cloxacillin met the composite primary endpoint, with no significant differences between groups (adjusted HR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.03). There were no significant differences in secondary efficacy endpoints or biological safety events. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of cefazolin did not significantly differ from cloxacillin for the treatment of MSS endocarditis.

Mutation Rate of AmpC ß-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales and Treatment in Clinical Practice: A Word of Caution.

In a retrospective multicenter study of 575 patients with bloodstream infections or pneumonia due to wild-type AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales, species with low in vitro mutation rates for AmpC derepression were associated with fewer treatment failures due to AmpC overproduction (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.5 [95% CI, .2-.9]). However, compared to cefepime/carbapenems, using third-generation cephalosporins as definitive therapy remained associated with this adverse outcome (15% vs 1%).

Can Chatbot Artificial Intelligence Replace Infectious Diseases Physicians in the Management of Bloodstream Infections? A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The development of chatbot artificial intelligence (AI) has raised major questions about their use in healthcare. We assessed the quality and safety of the management suggested by Chat Generative Pre-training Transformer 4 (ChatGPT-4) in real-life practice for patients with positive blood cultures. METHODS: Over a 4-week period in a tertiary care hospital, data from consecutive infectious diseases (ID) consultations for a first positive blood culture were prospectively provided to ChatGPT-4. Data were requested to propose a comprehensive management plan (suspected/confirmed diagnosis, workup, antibiotic therapy, source control, follow-up). We compared the management plan suggested by ChatGPT-4 with the plan suggested by ID consultants based on literature and guidelines. Comparisons were performed by 2 ID physicians not involved in patient management. RESULTS: Forty-four cases with a first episode of positive blood culture were included. ChatGPT-4 provided detailed and well-written responses in all cases. AI's diagnoses were identical to those of the consultant in 26 (59%) cases. Suggested diagnostic workups were satisfactory (ie, no missing important diagnostic tests) in 35 (80%) cases; empirical antimicrobial therapies were adequate in 28 (64%) cases and harmful in 1 (2%). Source control plans were inadequate in 4 (9%) cases. Definitive antibiotic therapies were optimal in 16 (36%) patients and harmful in 2 (5%). Overall, management plans were considered optimal in only 1 patient, as satisfactory in 17 (39%), and as harmful in 7 (16%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of ChatGPT-4 without consultant input remains hazardous when seeking expert medical advice in 2023, especially for severe IDs.

Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Nasopharyngeal Viruses in Immunocompromised Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure.

BACKGROUND: In immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), the clinical significance of respiratory virus detection in the nasopharynx remains uncertain. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is viral detection in nasopharyngeal swabs associated with causes and outcomes of ARF in immunocompromised patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This preplanned post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial enrolled immunocompromised patients admitted to 32 ICUs for ARF between May 2016 and December 2017. Nasopharyngeal swabs sampled at inclusion were assessed for 23 respiratory pathogens using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Causes of ARF were established by managing physicians and were reviewed by three expert investigators masked to the multiplex PCR assay results. Associations between virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs, causes of ARF, and composite outcome of day 28 mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), or both were assessed. RESULTS: Among the 510 sampled patients, the multiplex PCR assay results were positive in 103 patients (20.2%), and a virus was detected in 102 samples: rhinoviruses or enteroviruses in 35.5%, coronaviruses in 10.9%, and flu-like viruses (influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus) in 52.7%. The cause of ARF varied significantly according to the results of the multiplex PCR assay, especially the proportion of viral pneumonia: 50.0% with flu-like viruses, 14.0% with other viruses, and 3.6% when no virus was detected (P < .001). No difference was found in the composite outcome of day 28 mortality, IMV, or both according to positive assay findings (54.9% vs 54.7%; P = .965). In a pre-established subgroup analysis, flu-like virus detection was associated with a higher rate of day 28 mortality, IMV, or both among recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation compared with those without detected virus. INTERPRETATION: In immunocompromised patients with ARF, the results of nasopharyngeal multiplex PCR assays are not associated with IMV or mortality. A final diagnosis of viral pneumonia is retained in one-third of patients with positive assay results and in one-half of the patients with a flu-like virus.

Advances in antibacterial treatment of adults with high-risk febrile neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: High-risk febrile neutropenia (HR-FN) is a life-threatening complication in patients with haematological malignancies or receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Since the last international guidelines were published over 10 years ago, there have been major advances in the understanding and management of HR-FN, including on antibiotic pharmacokinetics and discontinuation/de-escalation strategies. OBJECTIVES: Summarizing major advances in the field of antibacterial therapy in patients with HR-FN: empirical therapy, pharmacokinetics of antibiotics and antibiotic stewardship. SOURCES: Narrative review based on literature review from PubMed. We focused on studies published between 2010 and 2023 about the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials, management of antimicrobial administration, and discontinuation/de-escalation strategies. We did not address antimicrobial prophylaxis, viral or fungal infections. CONTENT: Several high-quality publications have highlighted important modifications of antibiotic pharmacokinetics in HR-FN, with standard dosages exposing patients to underdosing. These recent clinical and population pharmacokinetics studies help improve management protocols with optimized initial dosing and infusion rules for ß-lactams, vancomycin, daptomycin and amikacin; they highlight the potential benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring. A growing body of evidence also shows that antibiotic discontinuation/de-escalation strategies are beneficial for bacterial ecology and patients' outcome. We further discuss methods and limitations for implementation of such protocols in haematology. IMPLICATIONS: We highlight recent information about the management of antibacterial therapy in HR-FN that might be considered in updated guidelines for HR-FN management.

Effectiveness of third-generation cephalosporins or piperacillin compared with cefepime or carbapenems for severe infections caused by wild-type AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: A multi-centre retrospective propensity-weighted study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment regimen for infections caused by wild-type AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales remains controversial. This study compared the outcomes of bloodstream infections (BSI) and pneumonia according to the type of definitive antibiotic therapy: third-generation cephalosporin (3GC), piperacillin ± tazobactam, cefepime or carbapenem. METHODS: All cases of BSI and pneumonia caused by wild-type AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales over 2 years in eight university hospitals were reviewed. Patients who received definitive therapy consisting of either a 3GC (3GC group), piperacillin ± tazobactam (piperacillin group), or cefepime or a carbapenem (reference group) were included in this study. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was treatment failure due to infection by emerging AmpC-overproducing strains. Propensity-score-based models were used to balance confounding factors between groups. RESULTS: In total, 575 patients were included in this study: 302 (52%) with pneumonia and 273 (48%) with BSI. Half (n=271, 47%) received cefepime or a carbapenem as definitive therapy, 120 (21%) received a 3GC, and 184 (32%) received piperacillin ± tazobactam. Compared with the reference group, 30-day mortality was similar in the 3GC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-1.31)] and piperacillin (aHR 1.20, 95% CI 0.86-1.66) groups. The likelihood of treatment failure was higher in the 3GC (aHR 6.81, 95% CI 3.76-12.4) and piperacillin (aHR 3.13, 95% CI 1.69-5.80) groups. The results were similar when stratifying the analysis on pneumonia or BSI. CONCLUSION: Treatment of included BSI or pneumonia caused by wild-type AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales with 3GC or piperacillin ± tazobactam was not associated with higher mortality, but was associated with increased risk of AmpC overproduction leading to treatment failure compared with cefepime or a carbapenem.

Dual beta-lactam treatment: Pros and cons.

The battle against microscopic pathogens has always baffled the scientific community. Nowadays, multidrug-resistant microorganisms lead to high in-hospital mortality, increased hospital stays, and high health-related costs. Treating infections due to these high-resistance pathogens with a low number of antibiotic molecules creates the need for new strategies. Although some already think of a "postantibiotic era" with bacteriophages as the main futuristic weapon in antibacterial armament, others rethink the usage of the already existent drugs. Dual beta-lactam therapy has been used for quite some time as an empirical therapy for some severe infections such as endocarditis or meningitis. However, studies regarding the use of a beta-lactam combination stopped being made a long time ago, and it seems the scientific community has no interest in evaluating this as a treatment option. Could this strategy be applied to treat infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria? Could this be the answer while waiting for the "postantibiotic era"? What kind of pathogens could we fight using dual beta-lactams? What are the downsides of this strategy? These are some of the questions the authors try to answer in this review. In addition, we try to convince our peers to turn once more into researching beta-lactam combinations and exploring its potential benefits.

Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Case Report and Literature Review.

We present a case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae spondylodiscitis in an otherwise healthy man, occurring 1 year after exposure. The patient was cured after 6 weeks of treatment with amoxicillin followed by ciprofloxacin without surgery. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause severe osteoarticular infections with a delayed presentation following exposure to the pathogen.

Outbreaks of COVID-19 in Nursing Homes: A Cross-Sectional Survey of 74 Nursing Homes in a French Area.

In this multi-centric cross-sectional survey conducted in nursing homes of the French Alps, from 1 March to 31 May 2020, we analyze the relationship between the occurrence of an outbreak of COVID 19 among residents and staff members. Out of 225 eligible nursing homes, 74 (32.8%) completed the survey. Among 5891 residents, the incidence of confirmed or probable COVID-19 was 8.2% (95CI, 7.5% to 8.9%), and 22 (29.7%) facilities had an outbreak with at least 3 cases. Among the 4652 staff members, the incidence of confirmed or probable COVID-19 was 6.3% (95CI, 5.6% to 7.1%). A strong positive correlation existed between residents and staff members for both numbers of cases (r2 = 0.77, p < 0.001) and the incidence (r2 = 0.76, p < 0.001). In univariate analyses, cases among the staff were the only factor associated with the occurrence of an outbreak among residents (OR = 11.2 (95CI, 2.25 to 53.6)). In bivariate analysis, this relationship was not influenced by any nursing home characteristics, nor the action they implemented to mitigate the COVID-19 crisis. Staff members were, therefore, likely to be a source of contamination and spread of COVID-19 among nursing home residents during the first wave of the pandemic.

Effect of Professional and Extra-Professional Exposure on Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Workers of the French Alps: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study.

We aimed to report SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence after the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare workers, and to explore factors associated with an increased infection rate. We conducted a multicentric cross-sectional survey from 27 June to 31 September 2020. For this survey, we enrolled 3454 voluntary healthcare workers across four participating hospitals, of which 83.4% were female, with a median age of 40.6 years old (31.8-50.3). We serologically screened the employees for SARS-CoV-2, estimated the prevalence of infection, and conducted binomial logistic regression with random effect on participating hospitals to investigate associations. We estimated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 5.0% (95 CI, 4.3%-5.8%). We found the lowest prevalence in health professional management support (4.3%) staff. Infections were more frequent in young professionals below 30 years old (aOR = 1.59, (95 CI, 1.06-2.37)), including paramedical students and residents (aOR = 3.38, (95 CI, 1.62-7.05)). In this group, SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was up 16.9%. The location of work and patient-facing role were not associated with increased infections. Employees reporting contacts with COVID-19 patients without adequate protective equipment had a higher rate of infection (aOR = 1.66, (95 CI, 1.12-2.44)). Aerosol-generating tasks were associated with a ~1.7-fold rate of infection, regardless of the uptake of FFP2. Those exposed to clusters of infected colleagues (aOR = 1.77, (95 CI, 1.24-2.53)) or intra-familial COVID-19 relatives (aOR = 2.09, (95 CI, 1.15-3.80)) also had a higher likelihood of infection. This report highlights that a sustained availability of personal protective equipment limits the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate to what is measured in the general population. It also pinpoints the need for dedicated hygiene training among young professionals, justifies the systematic eviction of infected personnel, and stresses the need for interventions to increase vaccination coverage among any healthcare workers.

Hesitancy towards COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers: A Multi-Centric Survey in France.

Vaccination programs against COVID-19 are being scaled up. We aimed to assess the effects of vaccine characteristics on vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in a multi-center survey conducted within French healthcare facilities from 1 December 2020 to 26 March 2021. We invited any healthcare workers naïve of COVID-19 vaccination to complete an online self-questionnaire. They reported on their socio-demographic characteristics, as well as their perception and beliefs towards vaccination. We measured their willingness to get vaccinated in eight scenarios for candidates' vaccines presented sequentially (1 to 4-point scale). Candidates' vaccines varied for efficacy (25%, 50%, 100%), length of immunization (1 year or lifetime), frequency (<1/100, <1/10,000), and severity (none, moderate, severe) of adverse events. We analyzed 4349 healthcare workers' responses with interpretable questionnaires. The crude willingness to get vaccinated was 53.2% and increased over time. We clustered the trajectories of responses using an unsupervised classification algorithm (k-means) and identified four groups of healthcare workers: those willing to get vaccinated in any scenario (18%), those not willing to get vaccinated at all (22%), and those hesitating but more likely to accept (32%) or reject (28%) the vaccination depending on the scenario. In these last two subgroups, vaccine acceptance was growing with age, educational background and was higher among men with condition. Compared to an ideal vaccine candidate, a 50% reduced efficacy resulted in an average drop in acceptance by 0.8 (SD ± 0.8, -23.5%), while it was ranging from 1.4 (SD ± 1.0, -38.4%) to 2.1 (SD ± 1.0, -58.4%) in case of severe but rare adverse event. The acceptance of a mandatory immunization program was 29.6% overall and was positively correlated to the willingness to get vaccinated, ranging from 2.4% to 60.0%. Even if healthcare workers represent a heterogeneous population, most (80%) could accept the vaccination against COVID-19. Their willingness to get the vaccine increased over time and as immunization programs became available. Among hesitant professionals, the fear of adverse events was the main concern. Targeted information campaigns reassuring about adverse events may increase vaccine coverage, in a population with a strong opinion about mandatory immunization programs.

Safety and efficacy of fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. A French prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a cause of chronic diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients. Fumagillin has been approved in France for its treatment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and safety of fumagillin in a real-life setting. METHODS: As required by the French Medicine Agency, all patients receiving fumagillin were enrolled in a prospective study to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Stool examination with identification of E. bieneusi by PCR was performed at baseline, end of treatment and monthly thereafter for 6 months. Safety was monitored up to 6 months and full blood counts were monitored up to 42 days after treatment initiation. The primary endpoint was safety. Parasite clearance and relapses were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2018, 166 patients received fumagillin, including 6 children. Patients were transplant recipients (84%), HIV-infected patients (13%) or had another cause of immunosuppression (5%). Serious adverse events were reported in 41 patients (25%), mainly thrombocytopenia (15%) and neutropenia (5%), with two haemorrhagic events leading to one death. Severe thrombocytopenia (<50 G/L) developed in 50 patients (29.6%), neutropenia (<1 G/L) in 20 patients (11.8%) and severe anaemia (<8 g/dL) in 21 patients (12.4%). At the end of treatment, 94% of patients with available stool examination (n = 132) had no spores detected. Among 99 patients with available follow-up after the end of treatment, three parasite relapses were documented. CONCLUSIONS: E. bieneusi microsporidiosis was mainly diagnosed in transplant recipients. Fumagillin was associated with haematological toxicity but showed high efficacy with a low relapse rate.

Impaired Decision Making and Loss of Inhibitory-Control in a Rat Model of Huntington Disease.

Cognitive deficits associated with Huntington disease (HD) are generally dominated by executive function disorders often associated with disinhibition and impulsivity/compulsivity. Few studies have directly examined symptoms and consequences of behavioral disinhibition in HD and its relation with decision-making. To assess the different forms of impulsivity in a transgenic model of HD (tgHD rats), two tasks assessing cognitive/choice impulsivity were used: risky decision-making with a rat gambling task (RGT) and intertemporal choices with a delay discounting task (DD). To assess waiting or action impulsivity the differential reinforcement of low rate of responding task (DRL) was used. In parallel, the volume as well as cellular activity of the amygdala was analyzed. In contrast to WT rats, 15 months old tgHD rats exhibited a poor efficiency in the RGT task with difficulties to choose advantageous options, a steep DD curve as delays increased in the DD task and a high rate of premature and bursts responses in the DRL task. tgHD rats also demonstrated a concomitant and correlated presence of both action and cognitive/choice impulsivity in contrast to wild type (WT) animals. Moreover, a reduced volume associated with an increased basal cellular activity of the central nucleus of amygdala indicated a dysfunctional amygdala in tgHD rats, which could underlie inhibitory dyscontrol. In conclusion, tgHD rats are a good model for impulsivity disorder that could be used more widely to identify potential pharmacotherapies to treat these invasive symptoms in HD.