The Efficacy of Oral Etoricoxib in Pain Control During Colposcopy-Directed Cervical Biopsy: A Randomized Control Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of oral etoricoxib administration before colposcopic procedure for pain relief during and after colposcopy. METHODS: A prospective double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at the colposcopy unit of Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand from August 2022 to January 2023. The participants were women undergoing colposcopy. They were allocated into two groups: etoricoxib group and control group. Thirty minutes prior to colposcopy, the participants received etoricoxib or placebo tablet. A numerical rating scale was used to evaluate pain upon speculum insertion, 3% acetic acid application, directed cervical biopsy (CDB), endocervical curettage (ECC), and 10 minutes and 24 hours after colposcopy. RESULT: One hundred and ten women were recruited and were divided equally into study and control groups. The mean age of participants was 42.6 years old. One-fourth of cases (29/110) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more histology. Subjects in etoricoxib group had less median pain scores during CDB, ECC, and 10-minute and 24-hour post procedure than the control group with statistical significance. Both groups had comparable side effects. CONCLUSION: Administration of oral etoricoxib 30 minutes before colposcopy could reduce pain during and up to 24-hour post colposcopy with minimal side effects.

Laparoscopic Dissection of Extensive Secondary Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a minimal invasive surgical (MIS) technique for curative excision of extensive secondary disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL). DESIGN: The Institutional Review Board of Human Investigation and Ethics Committee of Chang Gung Medical Foundation ruled that approval was not required for this study. PATIENT: Woman aged 46 years. INTERVENTIONS, MEASUREMENTS, AND MAIN RESULTS: In MIS the myoma has to be divided into small fragments for piecemeal retrieval through a small incision [1] with a widely used technique called morcellation (confined or unconfined) [2]. DPL is a rare sequellae after laparoscopic morcellation. Because this entity is rarely reported, this video demonstrates laparoscopic technique for safe removal of DPL post laparoscopic myomectomy and morcellation. A 46-year-old woman with a past history of laparoscopic myomectomy with specimen retrieval by a power morcellation 8 years ago presented with abdominal discomfort. Computed tomography revealed multiple iso-dense lesions in the uterine corpus and pelvic cavity. Upon laparoscopy multiple nodules were identified at the previous myomectomy scar, pelvic peritoneum, ovarian surface, and over the small bowel. A total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy along with excision of all visible lesions was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In this video we demonstrate a safe retroperitoneal approach for complete excision of DPL. Laparoscopic hysterectomy or myomectomy with unconfined morcellation appears to be associated with the risk of DPL [3]. Complete tissue fragment retrieval will minimize the sequelae of morcellation. Hence, myoma remnants should be carefully extracted and confined morcellation should be considered. Because DPL causes significant distortion of pelvic anatomy, thorough knowledge of pelvic surgical anatomy and retroperitoneal approach for complete excision of all lesions is recommended.

Fractional CO2 Laser for Vulvovaginal Atrophy.

Objective: To evaluate the short term efficacy and safety of Fractional CO2 laser for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. Material and Method: From March 2015 to October 2015, 112 menopausal women were recruited. All women with VVA were treated by using Fractional CO2 laser; power 30 watts, 1-3 stacks with 360° vaginal probe for 3 consecutive times, 4 weeks apart. Before laser treatment, the subjective measurement of VVA symptoms was evaluated by using a questionnaire and the objective measurements were evaluated by using pH paper and VMI. Visual analog pain-score was used to scaling their discomfort during and immediately after each treatment. At 3 months after the last procedure, the subjective and objective measurements were re-assessed. Any short-term and long-term adverse events were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS program with p-value <0.05. Results: The median of pre-screening VVA symptom score was 4 and the most bothersome symptom was the "feeling of dryness around vulvar". There was a significant reduction of the score after laser treatment. The average percentage of pretreatment VMI was 34.7±16.1% and at one and three months after complete laser course, it was significantly increased with the mean change of 25.0±12.2% and 34.8±15.5%, respectively. For the vaginal pH, the average pH before treatment was 7.5±1.0 and the average decrement after 3 months was 0.9±1.3 with statistical significance, p-value <0.01. There were no serious complications and all were satisfied with the treatment. Conclusion: Fractional CO2 laser could ameliorate the VVA symptoms with at least 3 months of long lasting improvement of vaginal health with safety.

Co-Existing Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma with Mature Cystic Teratoma: A Rare Case Report.

Background: Mature cystic teratoma is the most common benign germ cell ovarian tumor. Malignant transformation is uncommon. The pathology is mostly composed of squamous cell carcinoma. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma should be differentiated between malignant transformation and the coincidental occurrence. Case Report: A case of an early stage mucinous ovarian cancer co-existing with mature cystic teratoma at the same ovarian side was reported. A 57-year-old woman presented with incidental palpable pelvic mass for two weeks. Right ovary consisted of multiloculated cyst and mature cystic teratoma. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy for a large ovarian cyst evaluation. Mucinous ovarian cancer was diagnosed as FIGO stage IC3 after operation. Histopathology report showed mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and mature cystic teratoma of the right ovary. There was no additional abdominal abnormality. Immunohistochemistry staining supported the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of colon or intestinal type of mucinous ovarian cancer. Further investigation for locating other primary cancer site was then performed. The result was negative. The intestinal-type mucinous ovarian cancer co-existing with mature cystic teratoma of the right ovary was the final histopathological reading. The patient was then started on carboplatin/paclitaxel combination chemotherapy for 6 cycles after surgery. The patient showed complete remission at the end of the chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion: This was a rare case of mucinous ovarian cancer co-existing with mature cystic teratoma. Clinical acumen, immunochemistry staining and metastatic survey investigation played important roles for the final diagnosis.

Bevacizumab, Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Combination Treatment in Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer: The First Experience in Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growthfactor (VEGF), has been approvedfor concurrent treatment with first line chemotherapy in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. CASE REPORT: A case of an advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) receiving a combination of bevacizumab, carboplatin andpaclitaxel chemotherapy was reported. A 44-year-old woman was presented with abdominal discomfort and distention for 4 months. Bilateral 12 cm diameter ovarian tumors were diagnosed as FIGO stage IIIc after surgical staging operation. Histopathology report showed the mixed type of serous and endometriod adenocarcinoma. The patient was then started on carboplatin/paclitaxel combination chemotherapy for 6 cycles after surgery every 3 weeks. Bevacizumab (7.5 mg/ m2) was concurrently administered with chemotherapy every 3 weeks startingfrom the 2nd cycle. A complete remission was achieved after the end of the chemotherapy treatment. Bevacizumab was continued for one year after the completion of the standard chemotherapy. Bone marrow suppression, hypertension and proteinuria were not found during Bevacizumab treatment. At bevacizumab treatment completion, a platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer was diagnosed at the two weeks postprogram routine check-up. The patient was counseled to start second line chemotherapy treatment and has yet to come back with her decision. CONCLUSION: Combination of bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxelfor first line chemotherapy in advanced EOC in this case had no serious side effects and need further study.

Incidental finding of abnormal cervical pathology in hysterectomy specimens after normal preoperative Papanicolaou smears in Thammasat University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: To investigate abnormal cervical histopathology (ACH) from hysterectomy specimens with normal preoperative Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records from May 2009 to April 2012 were retrospectively reviewed of subjects from whom hysterectomy specimens were taken in Thammasat University Hospital. All had normal preoperative Pap smears. ACH was the primary outcome. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 483 subjects with an average age of 50.5 years were recruited. Benign cases of enlarged uterus and pelvic mass were present in 94% (430/483). Endometrial and ovarian cancer were found at 6.2 and 4.7%, respectively. In hysterectomy specimens there were 19 (4%) cases of ACH. Silent ACH with benign disease, endometrial and ovarian cancers were 1.2% (5/430), 33.3% (10/30) and 17.4% (4/23), respectively. The negative predictive value (NPV) and false negative rate of Pap smears were 96 and 4%, respectively. ACH in malignant cases were 27.9% (12/43) and 20% (2/10) in adequate (APS) and inadequate (IPS) Pap collection groups, respectively. ACH in benign condition were 0.68% (2/292) and 2.2% (3/138) in APS and IPS, respectively. ACH was more often found in hysterectomy specimens with indication of malignancy than benign conditions with statistical significance. One third of preoperative stage I endometrial cancer cases had cervical involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Silent ACH in normal preoperative Pap smear was 4 %. Inadequate Pap smear collection is still the major problem in this study. Reducing inadequate Pap smear collection could reduce the false negative rate.

Silent abnormal placentation linkage to peripartum hysterectomy: Thammasat University Hospital 6-year study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, indications, types and complications of peripartum hysterectomy at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective peripartum hysterectomy (PH) study. Data came from parturient who delivered at Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand between January 2007 and December 2012. RESULTS: In the period of 6 years, there were 37 cases of PH among 28,023 parturient. The overall prevalence of PH was 1.32 per 1,000 deliveries with average parturientage of 30. Nineteen hysterectomies were performed after vaginal delivery (1.1/1,000) and the remaining 18 hysterectomies were performed after cesarean section (1.67/1,000). Seven cases (18.9%) were performed as subtotal and the remaining 30 cases (81.1%) as total hysterectomy Major indication of PH was uterine atony (75.7%, 28/37) followed by abnormal placentation (10.8%, 4/37) and uterine rupture (5.4%, 2/37). From hysterectomy specimens, placenta accreta, placenta increta and placenta percreta were found in 5, 3, and 3 cases, respectively. Two cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were later discovered from hysterectomy specimens. Three cases of placentapercreta were associated with pre-operative diagnosis of placenta adherent, uterine rupture and placenta previa. The average estimated blood loss was 2,416 ml. The overall surgical complication rate was 35.1% (13/37). The rate of reoperation, maternal death, wound infection, gut obstruction and lung complications were 16.2, 8.1, 2.7, 2.7 and 2.7 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Peripartum hysterectomy is a major hazardous procedure carrying a high mortality and morbidity rate. In this study, maternal mortality was 8.1%. Silent abnormal placentation was found in 21.2 percent (7/33) of hysterectomy specimen.

Maternal acceptance, attitude and knowledge on human papilloma virus vaccination for their daughters.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the basic knowledge scores, attitudes and acceptability to HPV immunization before and after acknowledge about HPV, cervical cancer and vaccine to study group. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An anonymous survey was applied to women attending the outpatient clinic, Thammasat University Hospital from April 2010 to October 2010. Basic knowledge about cervical cancer, HPV, HPV vaccine, attitudes and acceptability to HPV immunization were collected via a self administered questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 173 mothers completed the survey responses rate of 86.5% (173/200). There is no difference in characteristic and lifestyles of the responders. The basic knowledge scores was higher in the subjects who had higher education level and regular cervical screening history. Most of subjects (> 85%) recognized that HPV is associated with cervical cancer but more than half of them confused about route of transmission. Basic knowledge scores is increased in all acceptability group (strongly agree to strongly disagree) after be informed about HPV and vaccine was observed. Most subjects (78.6%) agree to their daughters' vaccination indicating the high vaccine acceptances. The leading factors to maternal acceptances were free vaccination, negative attitudes such as sexual behavior of daughters and positive attitudes such as vaccine efficacy. DISCUSSION: HPV vaccine acceptance seems to be depended on cost and efficacy than maternal knowledge. The vaccine is not widely used. The cost-effectiveness analysis should be provided by government. Education and communication in public media are aimed for increasing coverage of vaccination in the future. CONCLUSION: Maternal acceptances of vaccine depend on high efficacy and low cost.

Prevalence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) pap smears: hospital based, dynamic population area.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2-3 (high-grade CIN) among women with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASC-US) Pap smear. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective medical record review of220 women with ASC-US cervical Pap smear, including age, menstruation status, parity, placed of residence, occupation, main complaint, and definite histopathological result between July 2007 and January 2010 was done. RESULTS: The prevalence of high-grade CIN2 and CIN 3 in Thammasat University Hospital were 8.6% and 3.2% respectively No cancer was found in the present study. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of high-grade CIN between the patients who were 50 years old or more and those who were younger. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of high-grade CIN in women with ASC-US was 11.8%. Immediate colposcopy is recommended in women with ASC-US

Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology by liquid based cytology in the antenatal care clinic, Thammasat University Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology by liquid based cytology (LBC) in pregnant women who attended the antenatal care clinic at Thammasat University Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: LBC was performed on specimens from the collecting vial containing preserved cell solution (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) in pregnant women who attended antenatal care at the antenatal care clinic, Thammasat University Hospital between March and July 2010. One hundred forty three pregnant women were recruited in the present study. All cytological reports were reviewed by senior cytopathologists for accurate diagnosis using the Bethesda System 2001 criteria. Patients with abnormal results as "abnormal squamous/glandular cells of undetermined significant" or more over were referred for colposcopic examination. RESULTS: One hundred forty three pregnant women participated in the present study. The average age was 27.09 years. There were 10 abnormal Pap smear results with four, five, and one cases of ASC-US, LSIL and HSIL respectively The prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in this investigation was 7% with 0.7% high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplacia. Only 6% of participants had the correct understanding of the necessity of Pap smear testing. Thirty-one percent of multiparous pregnant women in the present study had no previous Pap smear screening. The majority of participants had coitarche before the age of 20. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in pregnant patients attending the antenatal care clinic at Thammasat University Hospital was 7%. The cervical cytology and related education were highly recommended in antenatal care clinic to increase cervical cancer screening coverage among reproductive age women.

A 1-year experience with liquid-based and conventional papanicolaou smear in Thammasat University Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears as detected by liquid-based (LBP) and conventional (CPP) techniques in women who were patients in the gynecologic clinic, Thammasat University Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective analysis of cervical cancer screening, histopathological findings and operative procedures was done between January 2009 and December 2009. Of the 6,332 participants who underwent gynecological examination and cervical screening and had a Pap smear result as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse would be performed a further colposcopic examination. RESULTS: A total of 6,332 women were screened for cervical cancer in the one year period. A total of 169 abnormal Pap smears were found. Of 497 (8%) and 5,835 (92%) women were screened by LBP and CPP, respectively. The mean age of patients was 39.45 years old (14-90) and 1,550 (24.5%) women were post menopausal. The Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was 4.0 and 2.6% in the LBP and CPP groups, respectively. Among LBP group, patients with atypical smear and LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) were 11 (2.29%) and 9 (1.8%), respectively. While CPP group, patient with atypical smear, LSIL, HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and cancer were 73 (1.25%), 49 (0.84%), 25 (0.43%) and 2 (0.03%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abnormal Pap smear in women who attended gynecologic clinic of Thammasat University Hospital was 4.0% and 2.6 % per LBP and CPP group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of atypical smear and false positive result between LBP and CPP.

Failed conservative treatment of synchronous primary cancer of endometrium and ovary in a young Thai woman: a case report.

A case of well differentiated endometriod adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with a synchronous endometriod and clear cell adenocarcinoma of both ovaries was reported. Recently, a 28-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding was diagnosed to have only FIGO stage IaG1 (FIGO 2000) cancer of the endometrium. After 3 months of high dose progestin treatment, 15 cm bilateral ovarian tumors later diagnosed as FIGO stage IIIa ovarian cancer (mixed endometriod and clear cell adenocarcinoma) were detected, and later surgically removed. The patient then was started on Placitaxel/Carboplatin combination chemotherapy for 6 cycles after surgery. The synchronous cancers of endometrium and ovary are usually presented in woman with median age of 50 with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. These low grade tumors and better prognosis are the norm in contrast to the authors' case with clear cell component and higher stage of ovarian cancer in young lean Thai woman.

Do health care providers have a lower prevalence of abnormal pap smears than the general public?

BACKGROUND: Most Thai people believe that health care providers have a lower risk of any disease than their patients. This belief may lull Thai health care providers into accepting the false belief that they are at a lower risk of having the precancerous conditions that lead to cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study compares the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears from health care providers (HC) and non health care providers (NHC) by using the standard liquid-based Pap smear processing at Thammasat University Hospital's pathology department, Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Both health care providers (HC) and non health care providers (NHC) were patients at the outpatient clinic, Thammasat University Hospital. They were screened for cervical cancer by using liquid-based Pap smear (LBP). Cytological diagnoses and specimen adequacy were classified using the Bethesda system 2001. All subjects who had abnormal cytology more than atypical squamous cells or atypical glandular cells were counseled to have performed a colposcopic directed biopsy for confirmation of pathology. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 250 liquid-base Pap smears were processed and evaluated at the Gynecology clinic, Thammasat University Hospital from April 2008 to May 2008. RESULTS: The groups of HC and NHC consisted of 122 and 128 women, respectively. In general, both the HC and NHC groups were similar in their age, religion, income and education level distributions. The range of ages was between 16 and 75 years, with the mean age equal to 40.2 +/- 10.5 years. Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was 9.8% in HC and 9.4% in NHC (p-value = 0.90). HC showed atypical change (ASC, AGC), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) at 0.8%, 1.6% and 7.4%, respectively. NHC had an incidence of atypical change, LSIL and HSIL at 0.8%, 0.8% and 7.8%. HC had an equal incidence of abnormal Pap smears prevalence to NHC. Further, the percentage of HC and NHC groups with histological confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 were not significantly different (4.92% vs. 6.25%, p-value = 0.70), likewise CIN 2/3 (1.64% vs. 1.56%, p-value = 1.00). According to our study the rate of abnormal Pap smears observed in both health care providers and clients was essentially the same. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of abnormal Pap smears in health care providers was statistically equivalent to that in their clients.

Can self vaginal douching for high risk HPV screening replace or assist efficacy of cervical cancer screening?

OBJECTIVE: To study the accuracy of self vaginal douching and collection for HPV types 16, 18, 31 and 33 in women visiting Thammasat Hospital for the explicit purpose of cervical screening. METHODS: A pelvic examination and Pap smear were performed for all women who came for cervical screening. Specimens were also collected by self vaginal douching before cervical screening and sent to the cell and molecular biology laboratory for analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31 and 33 using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 3.6% overall from 250 women in this study. Twenty-four (9.6%) women had an abnormal cytology screening result. No cancer was found. Four women had a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 14 had a low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) from colposcopic biopsy. Self vaginal douching for HPV 16, 18, 31 and 33 was used to predict abnormal Pap smear. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 12.5%, 97.5%, 33.3% and 91.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: From our analysis of self-vaginal douching for HPV detection using cases from Thammasat university hospital, it cannot replace the Pap smear.

The accuracy of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis with loop electrosurgical excisional procedure under colposcopic vision.

OBJECTIVE: The colposcopic vision guided loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) was studied for the effective diagnosis of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: A total of 199 patients participated in this study. Individual cases were from gynecologic outpatients at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand. These had diagnoses for CIN and were selected for treatment with colposcopic guided LEEP. The average age of patients in this study was 45. Menopausal women represented 31%, (61/199) of the patients. The most frequently found Pap smear result among these women (44%, 88/199), was that of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The next most frequent Pap smear result (32%, 64/199) was low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Patients' medical records and outcomes were evaluated for consistency of pathological examination between colposcopic directed biopsy and LEEP. Discrepancies between initial diagnosis and the final diagnosis were also analyzed. RESULTS: The colposcopic guided LEEP accurately determined 100% of the cervical cancer cases and 84.8 % of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cases. Involvement of the ectocervical or endocervical margin regions was found to be 5% and 10% respectively, in this study. Excessive bleeding complication, either during the excision and/or postoperative recovery was found in 3% and 6% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: LEEP under colposcopic vision is a recommended technique for ambulatory management of precancerous lesion and early diagnosis of cervical cancer. This technique significantly reduces rate of positive ectocervical cone margin involvement.