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OBJECTIVES: An integrative taxonomic description of Aponurus laguncula (Lecithasteridae), a digenean parasitic species of Chaetodipterus faber (Acanthuriformes) from Brazilian Southeast, is provided. Morphological techniques, as whole mounted slides, histology and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular analyses supported that integrative description. METHODS: Fifteen digenean specimens were stained in hydrochloric carmine and mounted on permanent slides. Two specimens were stained in hematoxylin and eosin following histological routine processing. Four parasites were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, critical point dried with carbon dioxide and coated with gold to scanning electron microscopy analysis. Sequence of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) gene was generated and used to construct a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. RESULTS: Morphological description and morphometric data obtained in present study were in accordance with previous studies of the species. Use of another morphological techniques, as scanning electron microscopy and histology, corroborated the observed features of whole mounted slides. Also, they provided a better observation of previous reported characteristics and new features reporting, such as an elongated hermaphroditic duct, a smooth tegument and cells that compose the prostatic gland. The molecular sequence obtained in the present study formed a robust clade with available sequences of species of Aponurus. CONCLUSIONS: The integrative taxonomic approach successfully combined morphological observations, including both previously reported features and new descriptions from histological and electron microscopy analyses, with molecular data to identify these specimens as A. laguncula. Moreover, the detailed characterization of structures, such as the gonads in A. laguncula, that would be challenging to analyze using a single technique, was possible. Further molecular studies with less conserved genetic markers should be conducted to understand phylogenetic relationships between Aponurus species.
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Over the last century, the Atacama Desert has been exploited due to the mineral resources in this environment. These anthropogenic effects have primarily been linked to the development of the mining industry, the impact of which remains uncertain. Here, we use high-resolution geochemical characterization and magnetic properties analysis from the sedimentary core of Inka Coya Lake, located in the Atacama Desert, to assess the anthropogenic impact in this metallogenic region. The geochemistry and magnetic properties changed with core depth. Elements, such as Cu, Ni, and Zn, increased during the lake's most recent period. Additionally, an increase in mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) and a decrease in magnetic susceptibility depending on the frequency (χfd%) may be attributed to fine iron oxide grains originating from industrial and urban sources. Moreover, indices of pollution classified the sediment of Inka Coya Lake as slightly polluted and strongly polluted with Ni, and Cu, respectively. This could reflect a period of pollution caused by the increase in the production of copper sulfide. These results highlight the possible impact of mining activities in the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert, which affects surrounding areas through dispersive processes, even reaching high altitudes, and provides a scientific basis for the prevention of environmental pollution from mining and the protection of the sediment and water source in the Atacama Desert.
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OBJECTIVES: The present work aims to expand the knowledge of the digenean species Prosogonotrema bilabiatum (Sclerodistomidae), a parasite of Chaetodipterus faber (Acanthuriformes) from Brazil, with an integrative taxonomic approach, using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and molecular biology. METHODS: Forty-one digenean specimens were stained with hydrochloric carmine for morphological studies. Eleven parasites were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, critical point dried with carbon dioxide, and coated with gold for scanning electron microscopy analysis. Four specimens were processed following histological routine and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gomori trichrome. DNA extracted was amplified using 28S partial primer D1-D3. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were performed for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Morphometric and morphological data of the specimens studied ranged in accordance as observed in previous descriptions of the species. Observations from scanning electron microscopy and histology corroborated with those observed in stained whole mounts. Molecular analysis showed that specimens of P. bilabiatum from Brazil clustered with another two sequences of this species from different hosts and localities, with a high node support value. CONCLUSIONS: The integrative taxonomic approach allowed to record and describe new characteristics of P. bilabiatum related to the tegument, the structure and the arrangement of its tissues. The use of molecular markers confirmed that specimens identified as P. bilabiatum from different hosts and localities are all conspecific. Further studies, mainly molecular with less conserved genetic markers, should be carried out to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of Prosogonotrema with Hemiuroidea.
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Doenças dos Peixes , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Peixes/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genéticaRESUMO
Little is known about the contribution of psychosocial factors related to mental healthcare use among Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Therefore, this study assessed relationships between acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, mental healthcare service use, and preferences for seeking care. Linear and logistic regression models and chi-square tests were performed to analyze survey data from 78 Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Women were recruited in collaboration with promotoras and completed measures of acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, and mental healthcare use and preferences. Overall, 29.5% of the sample reported clinically significant depressive symptomatology. Acculturative stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms (b = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.27,0.59) after controlling for years in the U.S., primary language, and demographic characteristics. In addition, acculturative stress was associated with lower odds of mental healthcare use (OR = 0.96) after controlling for years in the U.S. and depressive symptoms. However, this association was no longer statistically significant when controlling for health insurance status and access to transportation. Mexican-origin women with high levels of acculturative stress were significantly more likely to seek care from a psychiatrist/psychologist than their peers (54.3% vs. 45.7%); however, this preference was not indicative of their use of mental healthcare services. Results suggest that acculturative stress is a risk factor for depressive symptoms and might contribute to a delay in seeking mental healthcare services in Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Thus, interventions for this group should address aspects of acculturative stress as a strategy to increase mental health services use.
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Depressão , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Humanos , Feminino , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/terapia , Depressão/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Fazendeiros/psicologia , California , AculturaçãoRESUMO
AIMS: After primary radiotherapy, biochemical recurrence is defined according to the Phoenix criteria as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value >2 ng/ml relative to the nadir. Several studies have shown that prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-ligand positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can help in detecting recurrence in patients with low PSA values. This study aimed to assess the detection rate and patterns of PSMA-ligand PET/CT uptake in patients with suspected biochemical recurrence after primary radiotherapy and with PSA levels below the Phoenix threshold. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The meta-analysis was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Articles providing data on patients with suspected prostate cancer recurrence after primary radiotherapy with a PSA value below the Phoenix threshold and who underwent PSMA-ligand PET/CT were included. Quality assessment was carried out using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool (QUADAS-2). RESULTS: In total, five studies were included, recruiting 909 patients (202 with PSA ≤2 ng/ml). The PSMA-ligand detection rate in the patients with ≤2 ng/ml ranged from 66 to 83%. The most frequent source of PSMA-ligand PET/CT uptake was local recurrence, followed by lymph node metastasis and bone metastasis. PSMA-ligand PET/CT uptake due to local-only recurrence was more likely in patients with PSA ≤2 ng/ml compared with PSA > 2 ng/ml: risk ratio 0.72 (95% confidence interval 0.58-0.89), P = 0.003. No significant differences were observed in the detection of PSMA-ligand uptake in other areas. Limitations include a lack of biopsy confirmation, cohort reports with small sample sizes and a potentially high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: A significant detection of PSMA-ligand-avid disease was observed in patients with PSA levels below the Phoenix threshold. There was a higher likelihood of detecting local-only uptake when the PSA value was ≤2 ng/ml. The findings suggest that a critical review of the Phoenix criteria may be warranted in the era of PSMA-ligand PET/CT and highlight the need for further prospective trials.
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Antígeno Prostático Específico , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Próstata/patologia , Ligantes , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In this work, a new approach to construct self-assembled hybrid systems based on natural PSII-enriched thylakoid membranes (PSII BBY) is demonstrated. Superfine m-WO3 NPs (≈1-2 nm) are introduced into PSII BBY. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements showed that even the highest concentrations of NPs used did not degrade the PSII BBY membranes. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), it is shown that the organization of PSII BBY depends strongly on the concentration of NPs applied. This proved that the superfine NPs can easily penetrate the thylakoid membrane and interact with its components. These changes are also related to the modified energy transfer between the external light-harvesting antennas and the PSII reaction center, shown by absorption and fluorescence experiments. The biohybrid system shows stability at pH 6.5, the native operating environment of PSII, so a high rate of O2 evolution is expected. In addition, the light-induced water-splitting process can be further stimulated by the direct interaction of superfine WO3 NPs with the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. The water-splitting activity and stability of this colloidal system are under investigation. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The phenomenon of the self-organization of a biohybrid system composed of thylakoid membranes enriched in photosystem II and superfine WO3 nanoparticles is studied using AFM and TEM. A strong dependence of the organization of PSII complexes within PSII BBY membranes on the concentration of NPs applied is observed. This observation turns out to be crucial to understand the complexity of the mechanism of the action of WO3 NPs on modifications of energy transfer from external antenna complexes to the PSII reaction center.
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Nanopartículas , Tilacoides , Tilacoides/química , Tilacoides/metabolismo , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/análise , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Transferência de Energia , Água/análiseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: N-Acetylcysteine has been proposed for the treatment of COVID-19 thanks to its mucolytic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Our aim is to evaluate its effect on patients admitted with COVID-19 in mortality terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective single-center cohort study. All patients admitted to our hospital for COVID-19 from March to April 2020 have been considered. RESULTS: A total of 378 patients were included, being 196 (51.9%) men, with an average age of 73.3±14.5 years. 52.6% (199) received treatment with N-Acetylcysteine. More than 70% presented coughs, fever, and/or dyspnea. The global hospital mortality was 26.7%. A multivariate analysis through logistic regression identified the age of patients [older than 80; OR: 8.4 (CI95%:3-23.4)], a moderate or severe radiologic affectation measured by the RALE score [OR:7.3 (CI95%:3.2-16.9)], the tobacco consumption [OR:2.8 (CI95%:1.3-6.1)] and previous arrhythmia [OR 2.8 (CI95%: 1.3-6.2)] as risk factor that were independently associated with mortality during the admission. The treatment with N-Acetylcysteine was identified as a protective factor [OR: 0.57 (CI95%: 0.31-0.99)]. Asthma also seems to have a certain protective factor although it was not statistically significant in our study [OR: 0.19 (CI95%: 0.03-1.06)]. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 treated with N-acetylcysteine have presented a lower mortality and a better evolution in this study. Future prospective studies or randomized clinical trials must confirm the impact of N-Acetylcysteine on COVID-19 patients.
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COVID-19 , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acetilcisteína/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
There is scarce information on the vibrational and thermal properties of small Ni clusters. Here, the outcomes of ab initio spin-polarized density functional theory calculations on the size and geometry effects upon the vibrational and thermal properties of Nin (n = 13 and 55) clusters, are discussed. For theses clusters a comparison is presented between the closed shell symmetric octahedral (Oh) and the icosahedral (Ih) geometries. The results indicate that the Ih isomers are lower in energy. Besides, ab initio molecular dynamics runs at T = 300K show that Ni13 and Ni55 clusters transform from their initial Oh geometries towards the corresponding Ih ones. For Ni13, we also consider the lowest energy less symmetric layered 1-3-6-3 structure, and the cuboid, recently observed experimentally for Pt13, which is competitive in energy but is unstable, as phonon analysis reveals. We calculate their vibrational density of states (νDOS) and heat capacity, and compare with the Ni FCC bulk counterpart. The characteristic features of the νDOS curves of these clusters are interpreted in terms of the clusters' sizes, the interatomic distance contractions, the bond order values as well as the internal pressure and strains of the clusters. We find that the softest possible frequency of the clusters is size and structure-dependent, being the smallest for the Oh ones. We identify mostly shear, tangential type displacements involving mainly surface atoms for the lowest frequency of the spectra of both Ih and Oh isomers. For the maximum frequencies of these clusters the central atom shows anti-phase movements against groups of nearest neighbor atoms. An excess of heat capacity at low temperatures with respect to the bulk is found, while at high temperatures a constant limiting value, close but lower to the Dulong and Petit value, is determined.
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Temperatura Alta , Simulação de Dinâmica MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The future of minimally invasive surgery in revisional surgery is experiencing changes with new equipment such as the magnetic assistance that can be used with single port devices in order to perform an incisionless surgery (Luengas R, Galindo J, Castro M, et al. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2021;17(1):147-152). Magnetic assistance through an auxiliary grasper with two internal magnets serves beyond liver retraction in different steps of the surgery improving the surgical field by obtaining a better visualization and triangulation. PURPOSE: Expose the feasibility of using two internal magnetic graspers by single port performing a conversion surgery of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). METHODS: A 36-year-old female patient underwent a SG in 2015 and consults in 2021 because of severe GERD with a 33-point GERD-HRQL score. She has preoperative evaluation for a conversion surgery from SG to RYGB. Using a single port device through the umbilicus, an additional 5 mm trocar was placed in the left side of the abdomen. Two internal magnets were introduced through the umbilicus, and they were controlled by two external magnets placed over the abdomen with an articulated arm. The first magnet was used for liver retraction and the second one to perform both anastomoses, close the intermesenteric and Petersen defect, acting as an auxiliary grasper. The ethical committee approval was obtained through an informed consent from the participant included in the study.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Derivação Gástrica , Refluxo Gastroesofágico , Laparoscopia , Obesidade Mórbida , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Laparoscopia/efeitos adversos , Reoperação/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Derivação Gástrica/efeitos adversos , Gastrectomia/efeitos adversos , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/etiologia , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The parasite biodiversity of mouse opossums in Brazil remains incompletely explored. We describe a new species of Subulura (Ascaridida: Subuluroidea) from the large intestine of the white-bellied woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa constantiae, based on the results of light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also partially sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) gene of the new species, using molecular phylogenetic analyses to determine its relationships within the Subuluroidea superfamily. As molecular data on subuluroid species are extremely limited, few inferences could be drawn from our phylogenies. Our SEM observations showed the detailed morphology of the cephalic extremity, precloacal pseudo-sucker, caudal papillae, phasmids and vulva. Subulura eliseae sp. n. differs from the other four Subulura parasites species of marsupials by the number of caudal papillae and the structure dimensions, and size of the spicule. Moreover, S. eliseae sp. n. has ten pairs of caudal papillae, which is unique compared to other species. We present morphometric and molecular data on this new species, contributing to future studies on subuluroids.
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Ascaridídios , Parasitos , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Camundongos , Gambás , Filogenia , Floresta ÚmidaRESUMO
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the nerve growth factor family which is generated mainly by the brain. Its main role involve synaptic modulation, neurogenesis, neuron survival, immune regulation, myocardial contraction, and angiogenesis in the brain. Together with the encephalon, some peripheral tissues synthesize BDNF like skeletal muscle. On this tissue, this neurotrophin participates on cellular mechanisms related to muscle function maintenance and plasticity as reported on recent scientific works. Moreover, during exercise stimuli the BDNF contributes directly to strengthening neuromuscular junctions, muscle regeneration, insulin-regulated glucose uptake and ß-oxidation processes in muscle tissue. Given its vital relevance on many physiological mechanisms, the current mini-review focuses on discussing up-to-date knowledge about BDNF production in skeletal muscle and how this neurotrophin impacts skeletal muscle biology.
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Background: Although there is broad agreement that perceived risks determine risk-taking behavior, previous research has shown that this association may not be as straightforward as expected. The main objective of this study was to investigate if the levels of impulsivity can explain part of these controversial findings. Method: A total of 1579 participants (Mage = 23.06, from 18 to 60 years; 69.4% women) were assessed for levels of risk perception, risk-taking avoidance, and impulsivity. Results: The results showed that while impulsivity was significantly and negatively related to both risk perception and risk-taking avoidance, the relationship with risk-taking avoidance was significantly stronger than with risk perception. The levels of impulsivity predicted risk-taking avoidance even when controlling for risk perception. Conclusions: These findings indicate that impulsivity can differentially affect risk perception and risk-taking. We propose that the stronger influence of impulsivity on risk-taking is due to the greater reliance of risk-taking, compared with risk perception, on automatic processes guided by impulses and emotions.
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The present paper describes a new species of Dermadena (Digenea) parasitizing Pseudobalistes naufragium in Puerto Pizarro, northern Peru, using light and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Additionally, molecular analysis was also performed to determine the phylogenetic affinities of Dermadena within the Lepocreadiidae. The new species is differentiated from Dermadena spatiosa, Dermadena stirlingi and Dermadena lactophrysi by presenting a curved and well-developed external seminal vesicle. Also, SEM revealed numerous dome-shaped tegument protuberances forming glandular papillae with transversal wrinkles arranged roughly in concentric rows around the acetabular region, varying in size from large at the middle of the body to small at the margin. In the molecular phylogeny, the new species formed a well-supported clade with sequences of species from the Lepocreadiidae, confirming that it belongs to this family.
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Tetraodontiformes , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Oceano Pacífico , Filogenia , América do Sul , Trematódeos/genética , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterináriaRESUMO
Didelphis albiventris is the opossum with the largest geographic distribution in Brazil and has a wide spectrum of helminth parasites. This study aimed to describe the species composition and analyse the structure of helminth communities of D. albiventris in two extremes of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. The influence of host sex, body mass, age, helminth species richness and locality on the abundance and prevalence of the most prevalent helminth species was investigated. Ninety-five per cent of the animals were infected with at least one species. Nine helminth species were found: the nematodes Aspidodera raillieti, Cruzia tentaculata, Trichuris didelphis and Trichuris minuta in the large intestine; Turgida turgida in the stomach; Travassostrongylus orloffi and Viannaia hamata; and the trematodes Brachylaima advena and Rhopalias coronatus in the small intestine. Three helminth morphospecies were also recovered: the nematodes Hoineffia sp. and Viannaia sp. and a cestode in the small intestine. Cruzia tentaculata and V. hamata were the species with the highest mean abundances and intensities, while the most prevalent species were A. raillieti, C. tentaculata, T. turgida and V. hamata, forming the central nucleus of the helminth component community. The analysis of the helminth metacommunity structure indicated a Gleasonian pattern for the total set of infracommunities, corroborating the beta diversity indices, which indicated more species replacement than loss between localities and infracommunities, although at a low level. The results indicated a stronger influence of host attributes than geographical distance on the community structure.
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Didelphis , Helmintíase Animal , Helmintos , Nematoides , Animais , Florestas , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Lymphedema is a chronic disease with a high incidence in our society. In this paper, we present a review with the latest advances in imaging techniques and surgical reconstructive treatment of lymphedema (lymphovenous anastomosis, vascularized lymph node transfer, and prophylactic lymphedema surgery). In addition, a protocol is established based on a multidisciplinary team (composed of physiatrists, plastic surgeons, radiologists and nuclear medicine radiologists) to optimize the treatment of these patients.
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Linfedema , Microcirurgia , Humanos , Linfedema/cirurgia , Microcirurgia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a surgery with low rate complications. However, it is not exempt from them, and 1-6% suffer complications such as postoperative bleeding. Many intraoperative techniques have been evaluated to reduce postoperative bleeding, like the oversewing or reinforcement of the staple line. This study aims to evaluate the rate of postoperative bleeding in the oversewing of the staple line of the gastric remnant group versus the stapling only group. METHODS: This is a 2-center, case-control study. We randomly selected two groups who underwent RYGB or OAGB: group A (n = 225) with oversewing from 2019 to 2020 and group B (n = 225) with stapling only between the period of 2017-2018; both groups with similar demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The overall mean age was 37.39 ± 9.6 years and mean BMI was 41.59 ± 8.6 kg/m2; the postoperative bleeding rate was significantly lower (p < 0,05) in patients with oversewing of the staple line of the gastric remnant. Operative time was shorter for the stapling only group and the difference between the mean operative time was 10.6 min. CONCLUSIONS: Oversewing the staple line of the gastric remnant significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative bleeding regardless of BMI. Being a cost-effective technique compared to others available despite the increase in operating time.
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The genus Boehmiella was initially described as a member of the family Trichostrongylidae. Subsequently, it was assigned to the subfamily Haemonchinae in the family Haemonchidae. We analyzed parasites of spiny tree-rats, Mesomys hispidus, collected in the Amazon rainforest, which were identified as B. wilsoni based on integrative taxonomy. Using morphology, morphometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we added new data to the original description of the species. We also inferred phylogenetic hypotheses for its relationships within the Trichostrongylina, based on partial nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes, through Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In conclusion, B. wilsoni does not belong to the family Haemonchidae, nor is it closely related to any other trichostrongylin family, and therefore, we propose the establishment of a new family, Boehmiellidae fam. nov., to which the genus Boehmiella is allocated.
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AIMS: To determinate if offspring of alcohol-dependent patients (OA) process affective stimuli and alcohol-related cues in a different manner than control subjects do. METHODS: Event-related potentials (early posterior negativity [EPN]/ late positive potential [LPP]) and event-related oscillations (Theta) were obtained by electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during the viewing of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images with positive, negative and neutral valence, as well as alcohol-related cues. The total sample was comprised of 60 participants, divided into two groups: one group consisted of OA (30) and the control group of participants with negative family history of alcohol use disorders (30). RESULTS: Theta power analysis implies a significant interaction between condition, region and group factors. Post-hoc analysis indicates an increased theta power for the OA at different regions, during pleasant (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right temporal); unpleasant (frontal, central, occipital); alcohol (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right and left temporal) and neutral (occipital) cues. There are no group differences regarding any of the event-related potential measurements (EPN/LPP). CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of alterations in the processing of affective stimuli and alcohol-related information, evidenced by changes in theta brain oscillations. These alterations are characterized by an increased emotional reactivity, evidenced by increased theta at posterior sites. There is also an increased recruitment of emotion control, which could be a compensation mechanism, evidenced by increased theta power at anterior sites during affective stimuli and alcohol cues.