Challenges in diagnosis of calcaneal fractures: an examination using the WIDI SIM platform.

INTRODUCTION: The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone. Diagnosis is often challenging due to subtle radiographic changes and requires timely identification to prevent complications, including subtalar arthritis, neurovascular injury, malunion, osteomyelitis, and compartment syndrome. Treatment varies based on fracture type, with non-surgical methods for non-displaced stress fractures and surgical interventions for displaced or intra-articular fractures. METHODS: This study utilized the Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging Simulation (WIDI SIM) platform, an emergency imaging simulation designed to assess radiology resident preparedness for independent call. During an 8-hour simulation, residents were tested on 65 cases across various imaging modalities of varying complexity, including normal studies. A single, unique case of calcaneal fracture was included within the simulation in four separate years of testing. Cases were assessed using a standardized grading rubric by subspecialty radiology faculty, with errors subsequently classified by type. RESULTS: A total of 1279 residents were tested in five separate years on the findings of calcaneal fractures of 5 different patients. Analysis revealed a consistent pattern of missed diagnoses across all training years, primarily attributed to observational errors. There was limited improvement with training progression as all training years exhibited similar average performance levels. CONCLUSIONS: Calcaneal fractures pose a diagnostic challenge due to their frequent subtle radiographic findings, especially in stress fractures. Simulation-based evaluations using WIDI SIM highlighted challenges in radiology residents' proficiency in diagnosing calcaneal fractures. Addressing these challenges through targeted education and exposure to diverse cases is essential to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce complications with calcaneal fractures.

An assessment of radiology resident competency in identifying suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis: an examination using the WIDI SIM platform.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis is a retropharyngeal space infection almost exclusively seen in the young (4-8 years old) pediatric population. It can be misdiagnosed as a retropharyngeal abscess, leading to unnecessary invasive treatment procedures. This retrospective study aims to assess radiology residents' ability to independently identify CT imaging findings and make a definitive diagnosis of suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis in a simulated call environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging Emergent/Critical Care Radiology Simulation (WIDI SIM) is a computer-aided emergency imaging simulation proven to be a reliable method for assessing resident preparedness for independent radiology call. The simulation included 65 cases across various imaging modalities of varying complexity, including normal studies, with one case specifically targeting suppurative retropharyngeal adenitis identification. Residents' free text responses were manually scored by faculty members using a standardized grading rubric, with errors subsequently classified by type. RESULTS: A total of 543 radiology residents were tested in three separate years on the imaging findings of suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis using the Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging simulation web-based testing platform. Suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis was consistently underdiagnosed by radiology residents being tested for call readiness irrespective of the numbers of years in training. On average, only 3.5% of radiology residents were able to correctly identify suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis on a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore a potential gap in radiology residency training related to the accurate identification of suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis, highlighting the potential need for enhanced educational efforts in this area.

Radiology resident competency in detecting basilar artery occlusion: a simulation-based assessment.

PURPOSE: Basilar artery strokes are rare but can have characteristic imaging findings that can often be overlooked. This retrospective study aims to assess radiology residents' ability to identify CT imaging findings of basilar artery occlusion in a simulated call environment. METHODS: The Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging Emergent/Critical Care Radiology Simulation (WIDI SIM)-a tested and reliable computer-aided emergency imaging simulation-was employed to assess resident readiness for independent radiology call. The simulations include 65 cases of varying complexity, including normal studies, with one case specifically assessing basilar artery stroke. Residents were presented with a single, unique case of basilar artery occlusion in two separate years of testing and were only provided with non-contrast CT images. Residents' free text responses were manually scored by faculty members using a standardized grading rubric, with errors subsequently classified by type. RESULTS: A total of 454 radiology residents were tested in two separate years on the imaging findings of basilar artery occlusion using the Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging simulation web-based testing platform. Basilar artery occlusion was consistently underdiagnosed by radiology residents being tested for call readiness irrespective of the numbers of years in training. On average, only 14% of radiology residents were able to correctly identify basilar artery occlusion on non-contrast CT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore a potential gap in radiology residency training related to the detection of basilar artery occlusion, highlighting the potential need for increased educational efforts in this area.

Bubbles in the belly: How well do radiology trainees recognize pneumatosis in pediatric patients on plain film?

OBJECTIVES: Pneumatosis intestinalis is a radiographic finding that refers to the presence of gas within the walls of the small or large bowel. This sign is diagnostic in the setting of premature infants with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis. Earlier detection of NEC on X-ray is vital to improve the overall management in these infants. The identification of pneumatosis intestinalis concerning for necrotizing enterocolitis by the "on-call" trainee is critical in the care of the preterm infant. Our objective was to study trainees' ability to identify pneumatosis on an emergent overnight film. METHODS: The Emergent/Critical Care Imaging SIMulation (WIDI SIM) is a strategically designed computer-aided simulation of an emergency imaging experience that has been rigorously tested and proven to be a reliable means for assessing radiology trainee preparedness to competently and independently cover radiology call. One test case each year included requires the trainee to accurately identify pneumatosis on a plain radiograph of the abdomen in a neonate. RESULTS: A total of 463 radiology trainees from 32 distinct training programs across the country were given a case of pneumatosis using the WIDI simulation web-based testing platform. On average only 28% of radiology trainees were able to correctly identify pneumatosis intestinalis on plain film. Although the sample sizes in the upper-level trainees were smaller, those with greater number years of training performed better. CONCLUSIONS: Further training must be given to radiology trainees to accurately recognize pneumatosis and report concerns for necrotizing enterocolitis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This paper is the first to describe and assess the ability of the "on-call" radiology trainee to accurately recognize pneumatosis and report concerns for necrotizing enterocolitis. Our paper includes the largest cohort of radiology trainees evaluated to this date.

Rate of resident recognition of nonaccidental trauma: how well do residents perform?

BACKGROUND: A resident working under the entrustable professional activity of a graduated independent coverage model must identify nonaccidental trauma and notify clinicians of this concern to facilitate potential removal of the child from harm. The resident's role in identifying child abuse has not previously been studied. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess radiology residents' ability to identify radiographic imaging findings of nonaccidental trauma in a simulated call environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging Emergent/Critical Care Radiology Simulation (WIDI SIM) is a strategically designed computer-aided simulation of an emergency imaging experience that has been rigorously tested and proven to be a reliable means for assessing resident preparedness to competently and independently cover radiology call. The residents are provided with 65 cases of varying difficulty, including normal studies. Those cases include ones that require the resident to accurately identify skeletal findings of nonaccidental trauma. The residents respond using free text that is then scored manually by faculty members utilizing a robust grading rubric. Missed cases are then categorized by observation error and/or interpretative errors. RESULTS: A total of 675 radiology residents were given a case of nonaccidental trauma using the WIDI simulation web-based test platform between 2014 and 2017. Child abuse was consistently underdiagnosed by radiology residents being tested for call readiness irrespective of the numbers of years in training. Correct diagnostic score averages per year ranged from 10% to 79%. In year 1, 71% of residents correctly diagnosed nonaccidental trauma with a total of 101 participants. In year 2, 130 residents participated with only 20% answering correctly. In year 3, there were 201 participants with 79% correctly diagnosing nonaccidental trauma. In year 4, only 10% of 243 residents accurately diagnosed nonaccidental trauma. Residents from various stages of training were tested. Cases used with leading histories provided, accounted for a higher correct call rate. CONCLUSION: Radiology residency programs may be deficient in teaching residents to accurately recognize and report child abuse. This deficiency has potential implications for programs where a radiology attending is not present after hours as it raises the concern that child abuse may be missed by residents taking independent call. These data further question whether graduating radiologists are competent to recognize nonaccidental trauma and demonstrates the need for additional mandatory training during radiology residency.

Full Resolution Simulation for Evaluation of Critical Care Imaging Interpretation; Part 1: Fixed Effects Identify Influences of Exam, Specialty, Fatigue, and Training on Resident Performance.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To describe our full-resolution simulation of critical care imaging coupled with posthoc grading of resident's interpretations and present results from the fixed effects terms in a comprehensive mixed regression model of the resulting scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The system delivered full resolution DICOM studies via clinical-grade viewing software integrated with a custom built web-based workflow and reporting system. The interpretations submitted by participating residents from 47 different programs were graded (scores of 0-10) on a case by case basis by a cadre of faculty members from our department. The data from 5 yearly (2014-2018) cycles consisting of 992 separate 65 case, 8 hour simulation sessions were collated from the transaction records. We used a mixed (hierarchical) statistical model with nine fixed and four random independent variables. In this paper, we present the results from the nine fixed effects. RESULTS: There were 19,916/63,839 (27.0%, CI 26.7%-27.4%) scores in the 0-2 range (i.e., clinically significant miss). Neurological cases were more difficult with adjusted scores 2.3 (CI 1.9-3.2) lower than body/musculoskeletal cases. There was a small (0.3, CI 0.20-0.38 points) but highly significant (p<0.0001) decrease in score for the final 13/65 cases (fifth quintile) as evidence of fatigue during the last hour of an 8 hour shift. By comparing adjusted scores from mid-R1 (quarter 3) to late-R3 (quarter 12) we estimate the training effect as an increase of 2.2 (CI 1.90-2.50) points. CONCLUSION: Full resolution simulation based evaluation of critical care radiology interpretation is being conducted remotely and efficiently at large scale. Analysis of the resulting scores yields multiple insights into the interpretative process.

Full Resolution Simulation for Evaluation of Critical Care Imaging Interpretation; Part 2: Random Effects Reveal the Interplay Between Case Difficulty, Resident Competence, and the Training Environment.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To further characterize empirical data from a full-resolution simulation of critical care imaging coupled with post hoc grading of resident's interpretations by senior radiologists. To present results from estimating the random effects terms in a comprehensive mixed (hierarchical) regression model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After accounting for 9 fixed effects detailed in Part 1 of this paper, we estimated normally distributed random effects, expressed in terms of score offsets for each case, resident, program, and grader. RESULTS: The fixed effects alone explained 8.8% of score variation and adding the random effects increased explanatory power of the model to account for 36% of score variation. As quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 28.5%; CI: 25.1-31.6) the majority of score variation is directly attributable to the case at hand. This "case difficulty" measure has reliability of 95%. Individual residents accounted for much of the remaining score variation (ICC = 5.3%; CI: 4.6-5.9) after adjusting for all other effects including level of training. The reliability of this "resident competence" measure is 82%. Residency training program influence on scores was small (ICC = 1.1%; CI: 0.42-1.7). Although a few significantly high and low ones can be identified, reliability of 73% militates for caution. At the same time, low intraprogram variation is very encouraging. Variation attributable to differences between graders was minimal (ICC = 0.58%; CI: 0.0-1.2) which reassures us that the method of scoring is reliable, consistent, and likely extensible. CONCLUSION: Full resolution simulation based evaluation of critical care radiology interpretation is being conducted remotely and efficiently at large scale. A comprehensive mixed model of the resulting scores reliably quantifies case difficulty and resident competence.

Definitive Radiotherapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Glottic Larynx.

BACKGROUND: Depending on the extent of disease, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the glottis is managed with surgery, radiotherapy (RT), or a combination of these modalities. Patients with advanced disease may receive concomitant chemotherapy in conjunction with definitive or postoperative RT. METHODS: The treatment policies of the University of Florida and patient outcomes are reviewed. RESULTS: The likelihood of cure after RT for carcinoma in situ (Tis) to T2 glottic SCC varies from 70% to 94% depending on tumor stage. Consideration should be given to adding weekly cisplatin for patients with T2b SCC because of the high local recurrence rate after RT alone. The probability of cure is about 65% to 80% for select low-volume (≤ 3.5 cc) T3 to T4 glottic SCC after RT. These patients should be considered for concomitant weekly cisplatin. Higher-volume tumors, particularly those with airway compromise, should be treated with laryngectomy and postoperative RT. CONCLUSION: Definitive RT is an excellent treatment for select patients with laryngeal cancer.

Lessons from a standardized program using PET-CT to avoid neck dissection after primary radiotherapy for N2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.

OBJECTIVES: To report the results of a standardized program using positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) approximately 12 weeks after primary radiotherapy to determine the need for a planned neck dissection in patients with radiographic N2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients with T1-4 and hemineck radiographic stage N2A-B SCC of the oropharynx for whom the only indication for planned neck dissection was a positive PET-CT performed ∼12 weeks after completing primary treatment with radiotherapy. RESULTS: Results of PET-CT to identify residual neck disease were as follows: sensitivity and positive predictive value, 0%; specificity, 89%; negative predictive value, 91%; potential neck recurrence from using this 12-week PET-CT program, 2%. The time between negative PET-CT and detection of neck recurrence was 0.5, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.0 years. The rate of successful (>1 year) salvage of neck recurrence was 25% (1/4). CONCLUSIONS: PET-CT approximately 12 weeks after radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer is an excellent way to identify patients who do not need neck dissection. Approximately half of neck recurrences present over 1 year after negative PET-CT and the chance of successful salvage is low.

Impact of radiographic findings on for prognosis skin cancer with perineural invasion.

OBJECTIVES: Update our experience using radiotherapy (RT) for head-and-neck squamous or basal cell carcinoma with clinical perineural invasion (PNI) and correlate radiographic findings with outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 65 patients with cT4N0 head-and-neck skin cancers with clinical PNI from 1965 to 2009 (N0 disease, 59; N1 disease, 6). Treatment included RT alone (N=18), RT with concurrent chemotherapy (N=14), surgery and postoperative RT (N=26), or postoperative RT with concurrent chemotherapy (N=5), and preoperative RT and surgery (N=2). Patients were stratified by imaging-negative disease (N=11), minimal or moderate peripheral disease (N=18), and macroscopic and/or central disease (N=36). Median RT dose was 72.6 Gy (50.4 to 79.2 Gy). Median follow-up overall and for living patients was 5.4 and 11.6 years, respectively. RESULTS: Five-year outcomes for imaging-negative disease versus minimal/moderate peripheral disease versus macroscopic/central disease were: local control, 81% versus 60% versus 47% (P=0.23); local-regional control, 80% versus 54% versus 47% (P=0.22); neck control, 100% versus 89% versus 93% (P=0.45); and distant metastasis-free survival, 89% versus 100% versus 93% (P=0.57), respectively. Five-year survival rates for imaging-negative disease versus minimal/moderate peripheral disease versus macroscopic/central disease were: overall survival, 82% versus 50% versus 52% (P=0.26), and cause-specific survival, 100% versus 58% versus 65% (P=0.08). Twenty-two (34%) patients had 1 or more severe (grade ≥3) late complications. CONCLUSIONS: There is a nonsignificant trend towards improved local control for imaging-negative patients and patients with minimal/moderate peripheral disease compared with macroscopic/central disease. Although survival appears better for imaging-negative patients, extent of imaging-positive PNI did not impact overall or cause-specific survival.

Advances in diagnostic modalities to detect occult lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Regional metastasis is a prominent feature of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is an important prognostic factor. The currently available imaging techniques for assessment of the neck have limitations in accuracy; thus, elective neck dissection has remained the usual choice of management of the clinically N0 neck (cN0) for tumors with significant (≥20%) incidence of occult regional metastasis. As a consequence, the majority of patients without regional metastasis will undergo unnecessary treatment. The purpose of this review was to discuss new developments in techniques that potentially improve the accuracy of the assessment of the neck in patients with HNSCC. Although imaging has improved in the last decades, a limitation common to all imaging techniques is a lack of sensitivity for small tumor deposits. Therefore, complementary to improvements in imaging techniques, developments in more invasive diagnostic procedures, such as sentinel node biopsy (SNB) will add to the accuracy of diagnostic algorithms for the staging of the neck.

Impact of primary tumor volume on local control after definitive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: The impact of primary tumor volume (pTV) on local control after definitive radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is unclear. METHODS: Pertinent literature was reviewed to address the impact of pTV on local control after definitive RT for HNSCC. RESULTS: Reproducibility of pTV calculations is probably influenced by interobserver variability and may be reduced by relying on experienced observers. The impact of pTV on local control after definitive RT is probably influenced by primary site. A relatively limited impact of pTV on local control after RT for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) might be attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity. CONCLUSION: pTV may be a useful parameter to select patients for treatment with definitive RT, particularly for those with laryngeal SCCs. Patients with high-volume primary cancers, in which the probability of local control with a functional larynx is low, are likely better treated with surgery.

Skin carcinoma of the head and neck with perineural invasion.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to update the experience treating cutaneous squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck with incidental or clinical perineural invasion (PNI) with radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1965 to 2007, 216 patients received RT alone or with surgery and/or chemotherapy. RESULTS: The 5-year overall, cause-specific, and disease-free survivals for incidental and clinical PNIs were 55% vs 54%, 73% vs 64%, and 67% vs 51%. The 5-year local control, local-regional control, and freedom from distant metastases for incidental and clinical PNIs were 80% vs 54%, 70% vs 51%, and 90% vs 94%. On univariate and multivariate (P = .0038 and .0047) analyses, clinical PNI was a poor prognostic factor for local control. The rates of grade 3 or higher complication in the incidental and clinical PNI groups were 16% and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy plays a critical role in the treatment of this disease. Clinical PNI should be adequately irradiated to include the involved nerves to the skull base.

Radiotherapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

PURPOSE: To explain the concepts that radiation oncologists need to understand to manage patients with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA). To accomplish this goal we first describe our institution's experience with radiotherapy for JNA and then use this data set as a framework for explaining the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of this uncommon tumor. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We studied the outcomes of all 24 patients treated with radiotherapy for JNA at our institution. All patients had at least 4 years of follow-up (median follow-up, 18 years). The standard dose in the first half of the series was 30 Gy in 22 treatments (1.43 Gy/treatment). After observing recurrences with this schedule, the prescription was changed to 35 to 36 Gy at 1.8 Gy/treatment. In all cases, the target volume was the primary site without an attempt to cover the regional nodes. RESULTS: All recurrences were at the primary site and presented within 5 years of completing radiotherapy. There appeared to be a dose response for tumor control: 77% with 30 to 32 Gy versus 91% with 35 to 36 Gy. All recurrences following radiotherapy were successfully salvaged with surgery. The only complications from radiotherapy were cataracts in 2 patients. No patient had a significant growth abnormality or second tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery is the best treatment for JNA when cure is likely with low morbidity, but the threshold for using radiotherapy should be low because moderate-dose radiotherapy cures about 90% of patients with a low risk of serious complications. We recommend 36 Gy at 1.8 Gy per treatment in most cases. Elective nodal irradiation is not necessary. Radiographic response should be almost complete within a year of radiotherapy. Patients should be followed with cross-sectional imaging every 6 months for at least 5 years.

Cricoid pressure results in compression of the postcricoid hypopharynx: the esophageal position is irrelevant.

BACKGROUND: Sellick described cricoid pressure (CP) as pinching the esophagus between the cricoid ring and the cervical spine. A recent report noted that with the application of CP, the esophagus moved laterally more than 90% of the time, questioning the efficacy of this maneuver. We designed this study to accurately define the anatomy of the Sellick maneuver and to investigate its efficacy. METHODS: Twenty-four nonsedated adult volunteers underwent neck magnetic resonance imaging with and without CP. Measurements were made of the postcricoid hypopharynx, airway compression, and lateral displacement of the cricoid ring during the application of CP. The relevant anatomy was reviewed. RESULTS: The hypopharynx, not the esophagus, is what lies behind the cricoid ring and is compressed by CP. The distal hypopharynx, the portion of the alimentary canal at the cricoid level, was fixed with respect to the cricoid ring and not mobile. With CP, the mean anterioposterior diameter of the hypopharynx was reduced by 35% and the lumen likely obliterated, and this compression was maintained even when the cricoid ring was lateral to the vertebral body. CONCLUSIONS: The location and movement of the esophagus is irrelevant to the efficiency of the Sellick's maneuver (CP) in regard to prevention of gastric regurgitation into the pharynx. The hypopharynx and cricoid ring move together as an anatomic unit. This relationship is essential to the efficacy and reliability of Sellick's maneuver. The magnetic resonance images show that compression of the alimentary tract occurs with midline and lateral displacement of the cricoid cartilage relative to the underlying vertebral body.

Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To discuss our experience with the diagnostic evaluation in patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCAs) of the head and neck metastatic to the cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site. METHODS: Between June 1983 and December 2008, 236 patients were evaluated with lymph node biopsy, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck, and panendoscopy with directed biopsies. Additional studies included fluorodeoxyglucose-single photon emission computed tomography (FDG-SPECT) in 26 patients and FDG-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) or FDG-PET/CT in 21 patients. Seventy-nine patients underwent an ipsilateral (72) or bilateral (seven) tonsillectomy. RESULTS: An occult primary site was detected in 126 patients (53.4%); six patients had two synchronous primary cancers. The most common primary sites were in the tonsillar fossa (59 patients; 44.7%) and the base of tongue (58 patients; 43.9%). The primary site was found in 21 (29.2%) of the 72 patients with no suspicious findings on physical exam and/or radiographic evaluation compared with 105 (64.0%) of 164 remaining patients. Tonsillectomy revealed the primary cancer in 35 (44.3%) of 79 patients. FDG-SPECT and FDG-PET or FDG-PET/CT was the sole method of primary site detection in only one patient (2.1%) of 47 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic evaluation should include a thorough physical examination, CT and/or MRI of the head and neck, and panendoscopy with directed biopsies. Unilateral or bilateral tonsillectomy should be performed on patients with adequate lymphoid tonsillar tissue. FDG-PET or FDG-PET/CT should be considered for those with indeterminate findings on physical examination and/or head and neck CT and/or MRI if those sites are located outside of the oropharynx.

Cochlear nerve diameter in normal hearing ears using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: Deficient cochlear nerves (CN) have been associated with poor cochlear implant performance. Normative data on CN diameter based on radiographic imaging have not been published. The objectives of this study were to determine if CN diameter could be reproducibly measured on parasagittal constructive interference in steady state (CISS)-sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to establish a normative range for CN diameter. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of MRI images by two independent blinded observers. METHODS: Thirty patients (45 ears) with a CISS-sequence MRI done for auditory complaints in patients with normal hearing in one ear were included. CN diameters were measured in a parasagittal plane just medial to the internal auditory canal (IAC) fundus by two independent observers. Cross-sectional areas were calculated and interobserver agreement was evaluated. RESULTS: The CN was identified in 100% of studied ears. In 93%, the diameters were able to be measured by both observers. In 7% of ears, the cochlear nerve was unable to be measured secondary to the proximity of the CN to IAC wall. The CN vertical diameter (1.4 mm +/- 0.21 mm), horizontal diameter (1.0 mm +/- 0.15 mm), and cross-sectional area (1.1 mm +/- 0.26 mm(2)) were normally distributed. There was good interobserver correlation for each measure. CONCLUSIONS: CN diameter can be reliably measured at the IAC fundus. This study establishes normative radiographic data for the CN diameter. These data may be used to evaluate the cause and treatment prognosis in patients with sensorineural hearing loss.

Definitive radiotherapy for T1-T2 squamous cell carcinoma of pyriform sinus.

PURPOSE: To report the long-term results after definitive radiotherapy (RT) for T1-T2 pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data from 123 patients with T1-T2 pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma treated with RT with or without neck dissection between November 1964 and June 2003 were analyzed. The median follow-up for all patients was 3.2 years, and the median follow-up for living patients was 10.7 years. RESULTS: The 5-year local control, locoregional control, freedom from distant metastasis, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rate was 85%, 70%, 75%, 61%, and 35%, respectively. The ultimate local control rate, including successful salvage of RT failure, for T1 and T2 cancer patients was 96% and 94%, respectively. The overall local control rate with a functional larynx was 83%. Pretreatment computed tomography tumor volume data were available for 55 patients. The median computed tomography tumor volume was 4.2 cm(3) (range, 0-22.4). Local control was worse for patients with a tumor volume >6.5 cm(3) compared with those with a smaller tumor volume. Of the 123 patients, 16% developed moderate to severe acute (2%), late (9%), or postoperative (5%) complications. CONCLUSIONS: Local control with larynx preservation after definitive RT for T1-T2 pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma likely results in local control and survival similar to that after total laryngectomy or larynx-conserving surgery. Two-thirds of our living patients retained a functional larynx.