Mild and symptom-free months in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps treated with dupilumab.

BACKGROUND: Commonly reported outcomes of clinical trials in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) may have limited relatability for patients. OBJECTIVE: To enhance the patient relatability of outcomes in dupilumab clinical trials for CRSwNP, daily symptom scores were used to determine new patient­centered endpoints: mild-to-no-symptom months (MSM) and symptom-free months (SFM). METHODS: Post hoc analysis of patients receiving dupilumab 300 mg or placebo every 2 weeks for 24 weeks (SINUS-24 study; NCT02912468) or 52 weeks (SINUS­52; NCT02898454). Patients recorded symptom severity scores daily for each of nasal congestion, loss of smell, and anterior and posterior rhinorrhea on a scale of 0-3 (0 = no symptoms; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe). We assessed the proportions of patients reporting only mild or no symptoms (MSM) or no symptoms (SFM) throughout the 28­day periods prior to randomization, Week 24 (pooled studies), and Week 52 (SINUS­52). RESULTS: Significantly more dupilumab­treated than placebo-treated patients achieved MSM for all four symptoms (Week 24: 31.0% vs 4.4%; OR 12.9 [6.4, 25.8]; Week 52: 38.3% vs 2.6%; OR 15.6 [5.9, 41.0]; both P < .0001). Additionally, significantly more dupilumab-treated than placebo­treated patients achieved SFM for at least one of the four symptoms (Week 24: 35.4% vs 10.8%; odds ratio [OR] 4.9 [95% confidence interval 3.1, 7.8]; Week 52: 50.0% vs 9.2%; OR 9.1 [4.6, 17.9]; both P < .0001). CONCLUSION: One-third of patients with severe CRSwNP treated with dupilumab achieved MSM for all four cardinal symptoms (nasal congestion, loss of smell, and anterior and posterior rhinorrhea). Moreover, half of patients achieved SFM for at least one of the four symptoms. These results support the benefit of dupilumab in improving patient­centered outcomes.

Nasal brushing molecular endotyping distinguishes patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps with better response to dupilumab.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of pathophysiologic diversity in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), but data characterizing the molecular endotypes of CRSwNP and their association with treatment are lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify gene signatures associated with CRSwNP endotypes, clinical features, and dupilumab treatment response. METHODS: Nasal brushing samples were collected from 89 patients randomized to dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks or placebo in the SINUS-52 trial (NCT02898454). Microarrays were used to identify transcriptional clusters and assess the relationship between gene expression and baseline clinical features and clinical response to dupilumab. Endotype signatures were determined using differential expression analysis. RESULTS: Two distinct transcriptional clusters (C1 and C2) were identified, both with elevated type 2 biomarkers. At baseline, C2 patients had higher mean Nasal Polyp Score and higher type 2 biomarker levels than C1 patients. At week 24, significant improvements in clinical outcomes (dupilumab vs placebo) were observed in both clusters, although the magnitude of improvements was significantly greater in C2 than in C1, and more C2 patients demonstrated clinically meaningful responses. Gene set enrichment analysis supported the existence of 2 molecular endotypes: C2 was enriched in genes associated with type 2 inflammation (including periostin, cadherin-26, and type 2 cysteine protease inhibitors), while C1 was enriched in genes associated with T cell activation and IL-12 production. CONCLUSIONS: Two distinct gene signatures associated with CRSwNP clinical features were identified; the endotype signatures were associated with clinical outcome measures and magnitude of dupilumab response.

Dupilumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (LIBERTY-CSU CUPID): Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials.

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent pruritic wheals (hives) and/or angioedema. Patients with CSU could remain symptomatic despite standard-of-care H1 antihistamines (H1-AH) or anti-IgE (omalizumab) treatment. Dupilumab blocks IL-4/IL-13 signaling and is approved for multiple type 2/atopic indications. OBJECTIVE: We conducted two phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials comparing dupilumab with placebo in patients with symptomatic CSU despite H1-AH. METHODS: In LIBERTY-CSU CUPID Study A, patients were omalizumab-naive (n = 138, aged ≥6 years). In Study B, patients were omalizumab-intolerant/incomplete responders (n = 108, aged ≥12 years). The primary end point was either change from baseline over 7 days in the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) or Itch Severity Score (ISS7) at week 24, with the other as a key secondary end point, depending on regional regulatory requirements. Studies were pooled for safety assessment. RESULTS: In Study A, UAS7 and ISS7 improved with dupilumab versus placebo (difference -8.5 [95% CI, -13.2 to -3.9; P = .0003] and -4.2 [95% CI, -6.6 to -1.8; P = .0005]). In Study B, tested at α = 0.043 after interim analysis, UAS7 improved (difference -5.8 [95% CI, -11.4 to -0.3; P = .0390]), with a numerical trend in ISS7 (difference -2.9 [95% CI, -5.7 to -0.07; nominal P = .0449, not significant]). Pooled safety data were consistent between dupilumab and placebo and with the known dupilumab safety profile. CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab reduced urticaria activity by reducing itch and hives severity in omalizumab-naive patients with CSU uncontrolled with H1-AH. Although the primary end point for Study B was not met, dupilumab effects were small in patients who were omalizumab-intolerant/incomplete responders.

Dupilumab sustains lung function improvements in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: TRAVERSE (NCT02134028), a phase 3 open-label extension study, assessed dupilumab safety and efficacy in patients with asthma aged ≥12 years who completed a previous dupilumab asthma study. This analysis evaluated changes in multiple lung function parameters in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma with elevated type 2 biomarkers (baseline eosinophils ≥150 cells·µL-1 or fractional exhaled nitric oxide ≥25 ppb) who completed QUEST (parent study) and 2 years of dupilumab treatment in TRAVERSE. METHODS: Endpoints analyzed included: pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75 %), and pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC at parent study baseline (PSBL) at Weeks 0, 2, 48, and 96 in TRAVERSE, as well as pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1 slopes in QUEST and TRAVERSE. Statistical analyses were descriptive. RESULTS: Dupilumab improved pre-bronchodilator FEV1, FVC, and FEF25-75 % in QUEST; these improvements were sustained in TRAVERSE. In QUEST patients who received placebo, dupilumab initiation in TRAVERSE resulted in rapid lung function improvements. Mean (standard deviation) changes from PSBL at TRAVERSE Weeks 48 and 96 in pre-bronchodilator FEV1 were 0.52 (0.59) and 0.45 (0.49) L in the dupilumab/dupilumab group and 0.47 (0.42) and 0.44 L (0.45) in the placebo/dupilumab group, respectively. Similar trends were observed for FVC and FEF25-75 %. Dupilumab also improved FEV1 slopes in QUEST and TRAVERSE. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab demonstrated sustained improvements across multiple spirometric lung function measurements for up to 3 years; patients who received placebo in QUEST experienced rapid lung function improvement upon initiation of dupilumab in TRAVERSE.

Blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide are prognostic and predictive biomarkers in childhood asthma.

BACKGROUND: Blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) are prognostic biomarkers for exacerbations and predict lung function responses to dupilumab in adolescents and adults with asthma. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relationship between baseline blood eosinophils and Feno and response to dupilumab in children with asthma. METHODS: Children aged 6 to 11 years with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma (n = 408) were randomized to receive dupilumab 100/200 mg by body weight or volume-matched placebo every 2 weeks for 52 weeks. Annualized exacerbation rate (AER) reduction and least squares mean change in prebronchodilator percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppFEV1) at week 12 were assessed according to cutoff baseline levels for Feno (<20 ppb vs ≥20 ppb) and blood eosinophil count (<150, ≥150 to <300, ≥300 to <500, and ≥500 cells/µL). Quadrant analyses in populations defined by biomarker thresholds and spline models across continuous end points assessed the relationship with Feno and eosinophil count. Interaction testing evaluated the independent roles of Feno and blood eosinophils as predictive markers. RESULTS: Exacerbation risk and magnitude of AER reduction increased in subgroups with higher baseline biomarker levels. Quadrant analyses revealed that disease of patients with either elevated Feno or eosinophil counts demonstrated a clinical response to dupilumab. Interaction testing indicated blood eosinophil counts or Feno independently added value as predictive biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: In children with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma, blood eosinophil counts and Feno are clinically relevant biomarkers to identify those at risk for asthma exacerbations, as well as those with disease with clinical response to dupilumab. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Liberty Asthma VOYAGE ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02948959.

Dupilumab Improves Lung Function Parameters in Pediatric Type 2 Asthma: VOYAGE Study.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled asthma in growing children can impair lung growth that may lead to adverse complications in later life. Dupilumab, a human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor for IL-4 and IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To extensively evaluate the effect of dupilumab on lung function in children (6-11 years) with moderate-to-severe asthma enrolled in phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA VOYAGE (NCT02948959). METHODS: Children with asthma were randomized 2:1 to add-on dupilumab 100/200 mg by bodyweight or placebo every 2 weeks, for 52 weeks. We analyzed spirometry parameters in children with type 2 asthma (blood eosinophils ≥150 cells/µL or fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] ≥20 parts per billion [ppb] at baseline) and within subgroups defined by baseline blood eosinophils or FeNO values. RESULTS: A total of 116 (49%) dupilumab-treated children and 59 (52%) on placebo had impaired lung function (prebronchodilator percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [ppFEV1] <80%) at baseline. Dupilumab improved pre- and postbronchodilator ppFEV1 as early as week 2, sustained for up to 52 weeks (least-squares mean difference vs placebo at week 52: 7.79 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.36-11.22; P < .001 and 4.37 points; 95% CI: 0.95-7.78; P = .01, respectively). Sustained improvements were also observed in other lung function parameters, including pre- and postbronchodilator forced vital capacity (FVC), prebronchodilator forced expiratory flow, and FEV1/FVC ratio across all populations. CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab led to significant, sustained lung function improvements across a range of lung function measures in children (6-11 years) with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe type 2 asthma.

Assessment of long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in children with asthma (LIBERTY ASTHMA EXCURSION): an open-label extension study.

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab efficacy and safety in children aged 6-11 years with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma were shown in the VOYAGE study-a 52-week, multinational, multicentre, phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in children with moderate-to-severe asthma who previously participated in the VOYAGE study. METHODS: 365 of 408 children with moderate-to-severe asthma from VOYAGE enrolled in EXCURSION, a 52 week, open-label extension study conducted at 70 centres across 17 countries. 240 children continued with add-on dupilumab (dosed according to bodyweight: 100 mg for those weighing ≤30 kg and 200 mg for those weighing more than 30 kg at EXCURSION baseline) once every 2 weeks administered by subcutaneous injection (dupilumab/dupilumab group) and 125 children on placebo during VOYAGE initiated dupilumab (100 or 200 mg, according to bodyweight), once every 2 weeks administered by subcutaneous injection (placebo/dupilumab group). Following a protocol amendment, for a subset of children weighing 30 kg or less, the dose was changed to 300 mg once every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint for the open-label extension study was the number and proportion of patients with any treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) during the 52-week study period in the overall population (defined as children aged 6-11 years old with moderate-to-severe asthma who previously completed VOYAGE). Statistical analyses were descriptive. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03560466; EXCURSION). FINDINGS: Children who completed VOYAGE were eligible to enrol in EXCURSION between June 21, 2018 and Aug 18, 2020. During EXCURSION, the safety profile and proportion of patients reporting TEAEs were consistent with those observed during the parent study (VOYAGE). In the overall population, 232 (63·6%) of 365 patients experienced at least one TEAE (dupilumab/dupilumab: 147 [61·3%]; placebo/dupilumab: 85 [68·0%]). The most frequently reported TEAEs were nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, and upper respiratory tract infections. INTERPRETATION: In EXCURSION, long-term treatment with dupilumab was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile. FUNDING: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Efficacy and safety of dupilumab up to 52 weeks in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic oesophagitis (LIBERTY EoE TREET study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-term management options that specifically target the underlying inflammation in eosinophilic oesophagitis are needed. Dupilumab blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13; we aimed to assess its long-term efficacy and safety in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic oesophagitis enrolled in part B of the LIBERTY EoE TREET study who continued to part C (part B-C). METHODS: LIBERTY EoE TREET was a three-part, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study conducted at 65 hospitals and private clinics across ten countries in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA. Adults or adolescents (aged ≥12 years) with a diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis by endoscopic biopsy (peak oesophageal intraepithelial eosinophil count ≥15 eosinophils per high-power field [eos/hpf]) from at least one oesophageal region despite 8 weeks of high-dose proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and a Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) score of at least 10 at baseline were eligible. In part B, patients were randomly (1:1:1) assigned to receive subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg either weekly or every 2 weeks or weekly placebo until week 24. Randomisation was done centrally by interactive voice response system/web response system (IVRS/IWRS) in blocks and stratified according to age (<18 years vs ≥18 years) and use of PPI at randomisation (yes vs no). Patients, study sponsors, and investigators involved in the study were masked to the randomisation outcome. Eligible patients who received placebo in part B and continued to part C were randomly assigned again (1:1) to either weekly dupilumab (placebo/weekly dupilumab group) or dupilumab every 2 weeks (placebo/dupilumab every 2 weeks), with matching placebo alternating with dupilumab doses. Patients who were randomly assigned to one of the dupilumab dose regimens in part B remained on the same regimen in part C for an additional 28 weeks (weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group or dupilumab every 2 weeks/dupilumab every 2 weeks group). Treatment assignment in part C was managed by IVRS/IWRS to maintain blinding of treatment assignment in part B. The primary endpoint of this trial has been reported; here, we report the week 52 outcomes of part B-C. Efficacy and safety analyses were done in the part C safety-analysis set, which included all patients who were randomised in part B, entered part C, and received any study drug in part C. This completed trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03633617. FINDINGS: Between Aug 12, 2019, and March 11, 2021, 240 patients were randomly assigned into part B, of whom 227 (74 in placebo group, 74 in weekly dupilumab group, and 79 in dupilumab every 2 weeks group) continued into part B-C and were included in the current analysis. 37 patients switched from placebo to weekly dupilumab, and 37 from placebo to dupilumab every 2 weeks; 74 patients continued on weekly dupilumab and 79 continued on dupilumab every 2 weeks. Of the patients who entered part B-C, 75 (33%) were adolescents, 145 (64%) male, 82 (36%) female, and 206 (91%) White. At week 52, 55 (85%) patients in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group, 25 (68%) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group, 54 (74%) in the every 2 weeks dupilumab/every 2 weeks dupilumab group, and 23 (72%) in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group achieved a peak oesophageal intraepithelial eosinophil count of 6 eos/hpf or less. Mean percent change from part B baseline in peak eosinophil count was -95·9% (95% CI -96·9 to -94·9) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group, -84·2% (-98·3 to -70·2) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group, -84·8% (-94·3 to -75·2) in the every 2 weeks dupilumab/every 2 weeks dupilumab group, and -91·2% (-95·9 to -86·5) in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group at week 52. At week 52, mean change from part B baseline in eosinophilic oesophagitis Histology Scoring System (HSS) grade score was -1·0 point (95% CI -1·1 to -0·9) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group and -0·9 points (-1·0 to -0·8) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group; mean change in eosinophilic oesophagitis HSS stage score was -0·9 points (-1·0 to -0·8) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group and -0·9 points (-1·0 to -0·8) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group. Similar improvements were observed in the every 2 weeks dupilumab groups. Mean absolute change from part B baseline in DSQ score was -30·3 points (95% CI -34·5 to -26·1) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group, -27·3 points (-32·1 to -22·4) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group, -20·9% (-25·4 to -16·3) in the every 2 weeks dupilumab/every 2 weeks dupilumab group, and -23·7% (-29·1 to -18·3) in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group at week 52. Mean change from part B baseline in endoscopic reference score was -5·4 points (95% CI -6·1 to -4·6) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group, -6·1 points (-7·3 to -4·9) in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group, -5·2% (-6·0 to -4·4) in the every 2 weeks dupilumab/every 2 weeks dupilumab group, and -4·3% (-5·4 to -3·1) in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group at week 52. During part B-C, one (3%) patient in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group, one (1%) in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group, and one (3%) in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group received rescue medication. One (3%) patient in the placebo/every 2 weeks dupilumab group and one (1%) in the dupilumab every 2 weeks/dupilumab every 2 weeks group underwent a rescue oesophageal dilation procedure. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were injection-site reactions (ten [14%] in the weekly dupilumab/weekly dupilumab group and four [11%] in the placebo/weekly dupilumab group). INTERPRETATION: Improvements in histological, symptomatic, endoscopic, and molecular features of eosinophilic oesophagitis observed after 24 weeks of weekly dupilumab treatment were maintained or continued to improve to week 52. These findings reinforce the importance of weekly dupilumab, rather than every 2 weeks, for the improvement of symptoms in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic oesophagitis. FUNDING: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Efficacy of dupilumab in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with fungal sensitization.

BACKGROUND: Fungal sensitization (FS) exacerbates asthma in patients who have elevated type 2 inflammatory response. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation in multiple diseases. OBJECTIVE: This post hoc analysis, funded by the manufacturers of dupilumab, was conducted to assess dupilumab efficacy in patients from the phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST trial (NCT02414854) and TRAVERSE open-label extension (NCT02134028) study who had uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with type 2 inflammatory phenotype (defined as blood eosinophil count ≥150 cells/µL or FeNO ≥25 ppb) and with FS (defined as IgE specific to Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus or Cladosporium herbarum >0.35 IU/mL). METHODS: We evaluated annualized rate of severe exacerbations (AER), change from baseline in pre-bronchodilator (BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ), asthma control (per 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire [ACQ-5]) and biomarker levels (blood eosinophil count, fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO], total IgE, fungal-specific IgEs, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine [TARC] and eotaxin-3). RESULTS: Dupilumab vs. placebo reduced AER, improved pre-BD FEV1 and asthma control (ACQ-5), and reduced serum IgE levels, blood eosinophil count, TARC, eotaxin-3 and FeNO in patients both with and without FS after 52 weeks of treatment in QUEST. Reductions in asthma exacerbation rates and improvements in all other variables were sustained over the TRAVERSE open-label extension study. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab demonstrated efficacy during prolonged treatment in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with FS.

Effect of Dupilumab on Type 2 Biomarkers in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps: SINUS-52 Study Results.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), asthma, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (NSAID-ERD) are frequent coexisting conditions and share type 2 inflammatory pathophysiology, with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 as key cytokines. Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the shared receptor for IL-4 and IL-13. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate dupilumab's effect on type 2 inflammation biomarkers in patients with CRSwNP with/without coexisting asthma or NSAID-ERD from the SINUS-52 (NCT02898454) study. METHODS: Patients received treatment with dupilumab or placebo for 52 weeks. Blood and urinary biomarkers were evaluated through 52 weeks, and nasal secretions and mucosa brushings through 24 weeks. RESULTS: Of 447 patients, 60% had coexisting asthma and 27% had coexisting NSAID-ERD. At baseline, blood eotaxin-3, eosinophils, and periostin, nasal secretion eotaxin-3, and urinary leukotriene E4 were significantly higher in patients with coexisting NSAID-ERD than without. Dupilumab reduced eotaxin-3, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, periostin, and total immunoglobulin E in blood, eotaxin-3, periostin, IL-5, and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal secretions, and leukotriene E4 in urine. Reductions were generally similar or greater in the subgroups with asthma and NSAID-ERD than without. Dupilumab also reduced MUC5AC and mast cell counts in nasal mucosa brushings. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab reduced local and systemic type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in patients with CRSwNP, including mast cells in nasal mucosa and cysteinyl leukotrienes in urine. These findings provide insight into the processes driving CRSwNP and the mechanisms of dupilumab's therapeutic effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME: SINUS-52 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02898454. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02898454.

Dupilumab for COPD with Type 2 Inflammation Indicated by Eosinophil Counts.

BACKGROUND: In some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type 2 inflammation may increase exacerbation risk and may be indicated by elevated blood eosinophil counts. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation. METHODS: In a phase 3, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with COPD who had a blood eosinophil count of at least 300 per microliter and an elevated exacerbation risk despite the use of standard triple therapy to receive dupilumab (300 mg) or placebo subcutaneously once every 2 weeks. The primary end point was the annualized rate of moderate or severe exacerbations of COPD. Key secondary and other end points that were corrected for multiplicity were the change in the prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and in the scores on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ; range, 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating a better quality of life) and the Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD (E-RS-COPD; range, 0 to 40, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms). RESULTS: A total of 939 patients underwent randomization: 468 to the dupilumab group and 471 to the placebo group. The annualized rate of moderate or severe exacerbations was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.93) with dupilumab and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.30) with placebo (rate ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.86; P<0.001). The prebronchodilator FEV1 increased from baseline to week 12 by a least-squares (LS) mean of 160 ml (95% CI, 126 to 195) with dupilumab and 77 ml (95% CI, 42 to 112) with placebo (LS mean difference, 83 ml; 95% CI, 42 to 125; P<0.001), a difference that was sustained through week 52. At week 52, the SGRQ score had improved by an LS mean of -9.7 (95% CI, -11.3 to -8.1) with dupilumab and -6.4 (95% CI, -8.0 to -4.8) with placebo (LS mean difference, -3.4; 95% CI, -5.5 to -1.3; P = 0.002). The E-RS-COPD score at week 52 had improved by an LS mean of -2.7 (95% CI, -3.2 to -2.2) with dupilumab and -1.6 (95% CI, -2.1 to -1.1) with placebo (LS mean difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -1.8 to -0.4; P = 0.001). The numbers of patients with adverse events that led to discontinuation of dupilumab or placebo, serious adverse events, and adverse events that led to death were balanced in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with COPD who had type 2 inflammation as indicated by elevated blood eosinophil counts, those who received dupilumab had fewer exacerbations, better lung function and quality of life, and less severe respiratory symptoms than those who received placebo. (Funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; BOREAS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03930732.).

Dupilumab in patients with prurigo nodularis: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials.

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with intensely pruritic nodules. The LIBERTY-PN PRIME and PRIME2 phase 3 trials enrolled adults with PN with ≥20 nodules and severe itch uncontrolled with topical therapies. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Patients were randomized 1:1 to 300 mg dupilumab or placebo subcutaneously every 2 weeks for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was pruritus improvement, measured by proportion of patients with a ≥4-point reduction in Worst Itch Numeric Rating Scale (WI-NRS) from baseline at week 24 (PRIME) or week 12 (PRIME2). Key secondary endpoints included nodule number reduction to ≤5 at week 24. PRIME and PRIME2 enrolled 151 and 160 patients, respectively. Both trials met all the pre-specified primary and key secondary endpoints. A ≥4-point WI-NRS reduction at week 24 in the dupilumab and placebo arms was achieved by 60.0% and 18.4% of patients, respectively, in PRIME (95% confidence interval (CI), 27.8-57.7 for the difference, P < 0.001) and at week 12 by 37.2% and 22.0% of patients, respectively, in PRIME2 (95% CI, 2.3-31.2; P = 0.022). Dupilumab demonstrated clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in itch and skin lesions versus placebo in PN. Safety was consistent with the known dupilumab safety profile.ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT04183335 and NCT04202679 .

Clinical Efficacy among Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Clinical Features of Obstructive Lung Disease: Post Hoc Analysis of the Phase III SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 Studies.

Purpose: To provide a descriptive summary of clinical efficacy and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and clinical features of obstructive lung disease in the Phase III dupilumab studies SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 (NCT02912468, NCT02898454). Patients and Methods: Patients met a "broad" definition of having clinical features of obstructive lung disease with any of 3 criteria: (i) pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.70 and smoking history; (ii) patient-reported medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); or (iii) asthma with >10 pack-years' smoking history. A "narrow" definition including criteria (i) or (ii) was also analyzed. CRSwNP and HRQoL measures were evaluated in all patients and lung function (FEV1; FEV1/FVC ratio) was captured and analyzed only in those patients who had a self-reported history of asthma. Results: Across both studies, 131 patients met the "broad" definition, of whom 90 also had asthma, and 115 patients met the "narrow" definition, of whom 74 had asthma. CRSwNP outcomes and HRQoL were improved with dupilumab vs placebo in both the broad and narrow subgroups. Among the 90 patients who met the broad definition and had asthma, dupilumab improved pre-bronchodilator FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio at Week 16 (least squares mean differences vs placebo: 0.38 L [95% confidence interval: 0.17, 0.59; p = 0.0004] and 4.8% [1.7%, 7.9%; p = 0.0024], respectively) sustained through Week 24. Similar results were seen in the "narrow" subgroup with asthma. Conclusion: In a population of patients with CRSwNP and clinical features of obstructive lung disease, dupilumab improved CRSwNP and HRQoL outcomes, and, among those with a history of asthma, also improved lung function. These results support further analyses of dupilumab in patients with evidence of type 2 inflammation and obstructive lung disease such as COPD.

Dupilumab pharmacokinetics and effect on type 2 biomarkers in children with moderate-to-severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 inflammation is common in children with asthma. Dupilumab, a human antibody, blocks the signaling of interleukin -4 and -13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation. In the LIBERTY ASTHMA VOYAGE (NCT02948959) study, dupilumab reduced severe asthma exacerbations and improved lung function in children aged 6 to 11 years with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma. OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics of dupilumab and type 2 biomarker changes in children with type 2 asthma in VOYAGE. METHODS: Patients were randomized to dupilumab 100 mg (≤30 kg) or 200 mg (>30 kg) or placebo every 2 weeks for 52 weeks. Dupilumab concentrations and changes in type 2 biomarkers were assessed at each visit. RESULTS: Dupilumab concentrations in serum reached a steady state by week 12, with mean concentrations of 51.2 mg/L and 79.4 mg/L in children receiving dupilumab 100 mg every 2 weeks and 200 mg every 2 weeks, respectively (therapeutic range in adults and adolescents: 29-80 mg/L). Reductions in type 2 biomarkers were comparable between regimens, and greater in patients treated with dupilumab vs placebo. In children treated with dupilumab 100 mg and 200 mg every 2 weeks, the median percent changes (Q1-Q3) from baseline at week 52 were, respectively, -78.6% (-86.3 to -69.80) and -78.6% (-84.9 to -70.1) for serum total immunoglobulin E, -53.6% (-66.4 to -34.6) and -43.7% (-58.6 to -28.5) for thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; -25.7% (-60.0 to 27.6) and -33.3% (-60.6 to 16.6) for blood eosinophils, and -47.7% (-73.8 to 18.9) and -55.6% (-73.6 to -20.0) for fractional exhaled nitric oxide. CONCLUSION: Weight-tiered dose regimens achieved mean concentrations within the dupilumab therapeutic range. The median decreases in type 2 biomarker levels were similar between dose regimens. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02948959.

Dupilumab in Adults and Adolescents with Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocks interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling, which have key roles in eosinophilic esophagitis. METHODS: We conducted a three-part, phase 3 trial in which patients 12 years of age or older underwent randomization in a 1:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous dupilumab at a weekly dose of 300 mg or placebo (Part A) or in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive 300 mg of dupilumab either weekly or every 2 weeks or weekly placebo (Part B) up to week 24. Eligible patients who completed Part A or Part B continued the trial in Part C, in which those who completed Part A received dupilumab at a weekly dose of 300 mg up to week 52 (the Part A-C group); Part C that included the eligible patients from Part B is ongoing. The two primary end points at week 24 were histologic remission (≤6 eosinophils per high-power field) and the change from baseline in the Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) score (range, 0 to 84, with higher values indicating more frequent or more severe dysphagia). RESULTS: In Part A, histologic remission occurred in 25 of 42 patients (60%) who received weekly dupilumab and in 2 of 39 patients (5%) who received placebo (difference, 55 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 71; P<0.001). In Part B, histologic remission occurred in 47 of 80 patients (59%) with weekly dupilumab, in 49 of 81 patients (60%) with dupilumab every 2 weeks, and in 5 of 79 patients (6%) with placebo (difference between weekly dupilumab and placebo, 54 percentage points; 95% CI, 41 to 66 [P<0.001]; difference between dupilumab every 2 weeks and placebo, 56 percentage points; 95% CI, 43 to 69 [not significant per hierarchical testing]). The mean (±SD) DSQ scores at baseline were 33.6±12.41 in Part A and 36.7±11.22 in Part B; the scores improved with weekly dupilumab as compared with placebo, with differences of -12.32 (95% CI, -19.11 to -5.54) in Part A and -9.92 (95% CI, -14.81 to -5.02) in Part B (both P<0.001) but not with dupilumab every 2 weeks (difference in Part B, -0.51; 95% CI, -5.42 to 4.41). Serious adverse events occurred in 9 patients during the Part A or B treatment period (in 7 who received weekly dupilumab, 1 who received dupilumab every 2 weeks, and 1 who received placebo) and in 1 patient in the Part A-C group during the Part C treatment period who received placebo in Part A and weekly dupilumab in Part C. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, subcutaneous dupilumab administered weekly improved histologic outcomes and alleviated symptoms of the disease. (Funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03633617.).

Dupilumab in children aged 6 months to younger than 6 years with uncontrolled atopic dermatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Current systemic treatments for children younger than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis that is uncontrolled with topical therapies might have suboptimal efficacy and safety. Dupilumab is approved for older children and adults with atopic dermatitis and for other type 2 inflammatory conditions. We aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of dupilumab with concomitant low-potency topical corticosteroids in children aged 6 months to younger than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial was conducted in 31 hospitals, clinics, and academic institutions in Europe and North America. Eligible patients were aged 6 months to younger than 6 years, with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (Investigator's Global Assessment [IGA] score 3-4) diagnosed according to consensus criteria of the American Academy of Dermatology, and an inadequate response to topical corticosteroids. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to subcutaneous placebo or dupilumab (bodyweight ≥5 kg to <15 kg: 200 mg; bodyweight ≥15 kg to <30 kg: 300 mg) every 4 weeks plus low-potency topical corticosteroids (hydrocortisone acetate 1% cream) for 16 weeks. Randomisation was stratified by age, baseline bodyweight, and region. Patient allocation was done via a central interactive web response system, and treatment allocation was masked. The primary endpoint at week 16 was the proportion of patients with IGA score 0-1 (clear or almost clear skin). The key secondary endpoint (coprimary endpoint for the EU and EU reference market) at week 16 was the proportion of patients with at least a 75% improvement from baseline in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI-75). Primary analyses were done in the full analysis set (ie, all randomly assigned patients, as randomly assigned) and safety analyses were done in all patients who received any study drug. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03346434. FINDINGS: Between June 30, 2020, and Feb 12, 2021, 197 patients were screened for eligibility, 162 of whom were randomly assigned to receive dupilumab (n=83) or placebo (n=79) plus topical corticosteroids. At week 16, significantly more patients in the dupilumab group than in the placebo group had IGA 0-1 (23 [28%] vs three [4%], difference 24% [95% CI 13-34]; p<0·0001) and EASI-75 (44 [53%] vs eight [11%], difference 42% [95% CI 29-55]; p<0·0001). Overall prevalence of adverse events was similar in the dupilumab group (53 [64%] of 83 patients) and placebo group (58 [74%] of 78 patients). Conjunctivitis incidence was higher in the dupilumab group (four [5%]) than the placebo group (none). No dupilumab-related adverse events were serious or led to treatment discontinuation. INTERPRETATION: Dupilumab significantly improved atopic dermatitis signs and symptoms versus placebo in children younger than 6 years. Dupilumab was well tolerated and showed an acceptable safety profile, similar to results in older children and adults. FUNDING: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Effect of Dupilumab on Blood Eosinophil Counts in Patients With Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps, Atopic Dermatitis, or Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Transient increases in blood eosinophil counts have been observed in dupilumab clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: To assess eosinophil counts and eosinophilia-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) across 11 dupilumab clinical trials, comparing adult and adolescent patients with asthma and adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. METHODS: Eosinophil counts, rates of eosinophilia-related TEAEs or treatment-emergent eosinophilia (>1,500 cells/µL), discontinuations, clinical symptoms, and efficacy in patients with asthma or CRSwNP with treatment-emergent eosinophilia are presented. RESULTS: Transient increases in mean eosinophil counts were observed in dupilumab-treated patients with asthma (mean range across studies at baseline: 349-370 cells/µL; week 4: 515-578 cells/µL), CRSwNP (baseline: 440-448 cells/µL; week 16: 595 cells/µL), and atopic dermatitis (baseline: 434-600 cells/µL; week 4: 410-710 cells/µL), followed by a decline starting by week 24 to baseline or lower. No increases were seen in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (baseline: 310 cells/µL; week 4: 230 cells/µL). In dupilumab-treated patients across all studies, rates of eosinophilia TEAEs were 0% to 13.6%. Clinical symptoms associated with increased eosinophils were rare (seven of 4,666 dupilumab-treated patients, including six cases of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) and occurred only in patients with asthma or CRSwNP. Eosinophilia was not associated with reduced dupilumab efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Transient increases in eosinophil counts with dupilumab treatment did not affect efficacy and were rarely of clinical consequence. It remains important for physicians to base judgment on individual patient history and baseline eosinophil counts and to be alert to hypereosinophilic symptoms.

Dupilumab Demonstrates Rapid Onset of Response Across Three Type 2 Inflammatory Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 inflammatory diseases often coexist in patients. Dupilumab targets type 2 inflammation and has demonstrated treatment benefits in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) with an acceptable safety profile. OBJECTIVE: This post hoc analysis across five phase 3 studies in patients with moderate to severe AD or asthma, or severe CRSwNP, evaluated time of onset and duration of the treatment response. METHODS: Patients received subcutaneous dupilumab 200/300 mg or placebo. Assessments included the Eczema Area and Severity Index, Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale, and Dermatology Life Quality Index in AD; pre-bronchodilator FEV1, daily morning peak expiratory flow, and symptom scores in asthma; and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, daily nasal congestion, and loss of smell scores in CRSwNP. RESULTS: At week 2 after the initiation of dupilumab versus placebo, 67.8% versus 36.5% of AD patients achieved a clinically meaningful benefit (Eczema Area and Severity Index: 50% or greater improvement; Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale: 3 point or greater improvement; or Dermatology Life Quality Index: 4 point or greater improvement) (P < .001). Moreover, 61.6% versus 39.9% of asthma patients achieved improvements in pre-bronchodilator FEV1 of 100 mL or greater and 48.8% versus 26.3% achieved 200 mL or greater improvement (both P < .001); 33.2% versus 5.6% of CRSwNP patients regained a sense of smell (P < .001). Treatment effects further improved or were sustained to the end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically meaningful responses were achieved rapidly after the first dupilumab dose in AD, asthma, or CRSwNP and were sustained throughout treatment (see Video in this article's Online Repository at www.jaci-inpractice.org).

Dupilumab Reduces Oral Corticosteroid Use in Patients With Corticosteroid-Dependent Severe Asthma: An Analysis of the Phase 3, Open-Label Extension TRAVERSE Trial.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with severe asthma require chronic corticosteroid treatment to maintain asthma control. RESEARCH QUESTION: Are the reduction in oral corticosteroid (OCS) use and the clinical efficacy observed with dupilumab treatment maintained long-term in patients with severe OCS-dependent asthma? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The LIBERTY ASTHMA TRAVERSE study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02134028) was a multinational, multicenter, single-arm, open-label extension study in patients ≥ 12 years of age with asthma who participated in previous dupilumab studies. Treatment consisted of dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks for up to 96 weeks. In this analysis, we present the data from patients who initially enrolled in the LIBERTY ASTHMA VENTURE study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02528214), a 24-week placebo-controlled study of dupilumab in patients with OCS-dependent severe asthma, and continued in the TRAVERSE study. The subgroups analyzed were: those who received dupilumab in both (dupilumab/dupilumab group) and those who received placebo in the VENTURE study and dupilumab in the TRAVERSE study (placebo/dupilumab group). Outcomes included OCS use, exacerbation rates, and measures of lung function and asthma control. RESULTS: Ninety patients treated with dupilumab/dupilumab and 97 patients treated with placebo/dupilumab in the VENTURE study were enrolled and treated in the TRAVERSE study, with a mean OCS dosage of 11.0 mg/d (dupilumab) and 11.6 mg/d (placebo) at VENTURE study baseline. At TRAVERSE week 0, the mean daily OCS dosage was 3.1 mg/d and 6.4 mg/d (percentage decrease from the VENTURE study baseline, 68.8% and 41.3%) for the dupilumab/dupilumab group and placebo/dupilumab group, respectively, and decreased to 2.2 mg/d and 4.9 mg/d (78.3% and 53.4%) at week 48 and to 1.2 mg/d and 3.0 mg/d (89.3% and 74.4%) at week 96, respectively. Exacerbation rates were low during the TRAVERSE study. Further improvements from the VENTURE to TRAVERSE studies also were seen in FEV1 and 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire scores. Safety findings were consistent with the known dupilumab safety profile. INTERPRETATION: In the open-label TRAVERSE study, dupilumab demonstrated the ability to sustain the OCS dosage reduction from the parent OCS-sparing study, while maintaining a low exacerbation rate and improved lung function. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; Nos.: NCT02134028 (TRAVERSE) and NCT02528214 (VENTURE); URL: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov.

Dupilumab improves health related quality of life: Results from the phase 3 SINUS studies.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a predominantly type 2-mediated inflammatory disease with high symptom burden and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This report aimed to comprehensively understand the effects of dupilumab on domains of HRQoL, their individual elements, and health status in patients with severe CRSwNP from phase 3 SINUS-24 (NCT02912468) and SINUS-52 (NCT02898454) trials. METHODS: Patients were randomized to dupilumab (n = 438) or placebo (n = 286) for 24 weeks (SINUS-24), or 52 weeks (SINUS-52). Disease-specific HRQoL using 22-item sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22), and health status using EuroQoL-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) was evaluated in the pooled intention-to-treat (ITT) population (Week 24), SINUS-52 ITT (Week 52) and in the subgroups with/without asthma; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (NSAID-ERD); and prior sinus surgery. RESULTS: At baseline, patients had poor disease-specific HRQoL and general health status and identified "Decreased sense of smell/taste" and "Nasal blockage" as the most important symptoms. Dupilumab significantly improved SNOT-22 total, domain (Nasal, Sleep, Function, Emotion, and Ear/facial), and 22-item scores, and EQ-VAS, at Week 24 vs placebo (all p < .0001), with continued improvements to Week 52 in SINUS-52. Improvements occurred irrespective of comorbid asthma, NSAID-ERD, or prior surgery. A significantly greater proportion of dupilumab-treated patients exceeded clinically meaningful thresholds for SNOT-22 total score and EQ-VAS vs placebo (all subgroups p < .05 except patients without surgery at Week 24). CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab treatment led to significant clinically meaningful improvements across all aspects of disease-specific HRQoL, and general health status in patients with severe CRSwNP.