The hot spots and global trends of prevention and treatment in postoperative delirium (POD) from 2004 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis.

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is an acute postoperative syndrome of the central nervous system that seriously affects the prognosis of patients. Many vital advances have been made in the study of the management of POD. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of research on the prevention and treatment of POD over the past 20 years to consolidate current research focal points and emerging trends in this domain. Methods: We searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for literature published between 2004 and 2023. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Microsoft Excel, Scimago Graphica, and the R tool "bibliometrix" were used to analyze and visualize annual publications, countries, organizations, journals, authors, keywords, and references. Results: A total of 1848 eligible publications were identified, with a general uptrend observed in both annual publications and citations. The USA was the most profitable country, ranking first in total publications. The most active institution was Harvard Medical School. Inouye, Sharon K was the most prolific scholar due to her numerous publications and citations. According to the co-occurrence network, the strongest citation bursts and co-cited references analysis fresh hot topics included "dexmedetomidine," "neuroinflammation," "haloperidol prophylaxis," and "guideline." Conclusions: Research on prevention and treatment of POD is gaining significant momentum worldwide. Current hot spots include early perioperative prevention strategies and integrated multi-method treatments. Effective drugs for it is one of the directions in the future. The management of pediatric patients with POD has caused concern in recent years. This bibliometric analysis is poised to guide future research trajectories in this field.

Oxycodone enhances antitumor effect of paclitaxel on human breast cancer SKBR3 cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND: The influences of Oxycodone (OXY) combined with Paclitaxel (PTX) on breast cancer cells are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effects of OXY combined with PTX on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of human breast cancer SKBR3 cells and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of SKBR3 cells were assessed by CCK-8, colony formation assay, flowcytometric, Transwell assay and scratch assays, respectively. In addition, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of related proteins in these cells. The autophagic bodies were observed under a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) significantly inhibited the viability, colony-forming, migration, and invasion of SKBR3 cells as compared to the control group. Furthermore, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) markedly induced the apoptosis of SKBR3 cells and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) and PTX inhibited the proliferation of SKBR3 cells synergistically as compared to PTX group in vitro. Moreover, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) significantly elevated the PTX-induced apoptosis in SKBR3 cells via downregulating the expression of N-cadherin, Becline-1 LC3-Ⅱ, p-Akt and p-mTOR and upregulating E-cadherin expression. Compared with the control group, OXY (1 mM) treatment induced autophagy in SKBR3 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that OXY can enhance the antitumor effect of PTX on breast cancer in vitro. Hence, the combination of OXY with PTX may serve as a potential strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.

Efficacy and safety of perioperative application of esketamine on postoperative depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative depression has a profound impact on patients' postoperative rehabilitation and overall quality of life. Preventing postoperative depression is of significant value because conventional antidepressants have a slow onset of action. Esketamine showed prompt and sustained antidepressant efficacy. Nevertheless, the safety and effectiveness of perioperative esketamine in preventing postoperative depression are still unknown. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the safety and effectiveness of perioperative intravenous esketamine in relation to its ability to prevent postoperative depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials were searched in the following databases: Web of Science, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and Embase. The primary outcome assessed is the postoperative depression scores. Postoperative pain ratings and adverse effects constituted secondary outcomes. Subgroup analyses were carried out on the basis of multiple variables, including the absence or presence of preoperative depression, the mode of esketamine administration, the dosage of esketamine, and the type of anesthesia. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies encompassed 1161 patients who received esketamine intervention, whereas 1106 patients served as controls. Esketamine was efficacious in reducing postoperative depression scores when administered perioperatively, and the esketamine group maintained a lower postoperative depression score than the control group more than four weeks after surgery. Esketamine effectively alleviated postoperative pain scores without increasing the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, nightmares, and dissociation. CONCLUSION: The administration of esketamine during the perioperative has the potential to decrease postoperative depression and pain scores without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.

Oxytocin ameliorates cognitive impairments by attenuating excitation/inhibition imbalance of neurotransmitters acting on parvalbumin interneurons in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of sepsis, and it also induces alterations in brain neurotransmission, thereby contributing to the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are pivotal contributors to cognitive processes in various central dysfunctions including SAE. Oxytocin, known for its ability to augment the firing rate of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and directly stimulate inhibitory interneurons to enhance the tonic inhibition of pyramidal neurons, has prompted an investigation into its potential effects on cognitive dysfunction in SAE. In the current study, we administered intranasal oxytocin to the SAE mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behavioral assessments, including open field, Y-maze, and fear conditioning, were used to evaluate cognitive performance. Golgi staining revealed hippocampal synaptic deterioration, local field potential recordings showed weakened gamma oscillations, and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated decreased PV expression in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus following LPS treatment, which was alleviated by oxytocin. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining of PV co-localization with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 or vesicular GABA transporter indicated a balanced excitation/inhibition effect of neurotransmitters on PV interneurons after oxytocin administration in the SAE mice, leading to improved cognitive function. In conclusion, cognitive function improved after oxytocin treatment. The number of PV neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region and the balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission on PV interneurons, as well as changes in local field potential gamma oscillations in the hippocampal CA1 region, may represent its specific mechanisms.

Efficacy and safety of perioperative application of esketamine on postpartum depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

Postpartum depression (PPD) seriously impairs the physical and mental health of mothers and their offspring, so how to prevent the occurrence of PPD has essential significance. Esketamine is a common general anesthetic that produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. However, the efficacy and safety of perioperative esketamine administration for PPD prevention remain uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effect of perioperative intravenous esketamine on PPD. Randomized controlled trials were included. The primary outcome was the prevalence of PPD and postpartum Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores and esketamine-related adverse effects. Seven studies included 669 patients treated with esketamine and 619 comparisons. Esketamine could effectively reduce EPDS scores and the incidence of PPD after cesarean section. Even at 42 days postpartum, the incidence of PPD was still significantly lower in the esketamine group. Esketamine did not increase the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and drowsiness. In the esketamine low-dose subgroup, postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly lower in the esketamine group. The two groups had no significant difference in postoperative pain scores. In conclusion, using esketamine during the perioperative period can reduce the incidence of PPD without increasing adverse effects.

Oxycodone enhances antitumor effect of paclitaxel on human breast cancer SKBR3 cells in vitro

Abstract Background: The influences of Oxycodone (OXY) combined with Paclitaxel (PTX) on breast cancer cells are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effects of OXY combined with PTX on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of human breast cancer SKBR3 cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods: The proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of SKBR3 cells were assessed by CCK-8, colony formation assay, flowcytometric, Transwell assay and scratch assays, respectively. In addition, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of related proteins in these cells. The autophagic bodies were observed under a transmission electron microscope. Results: OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) significantly inhibited the viability, colony-forming, migration, and invasion of SKBR3 cells as compared to the control group. Furthermore, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) markedly induced the apoptosis of SKBR3 cells and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) and PTX inhibited the proliferation of SKBR3 cells synergistically as compared to PTX group in vitro. Moreover, OXY (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) significantly elevated the PTX-induced apoptosis in SKBR3 cells via downregulating the expression of N-cadherin, Becline-1 LC3-II, p-Akt and p-mTOR and upregulating E-cadherin expression. Compared with the control group, OXY (1 mM) treatment induced autophagy in SKBR3 cells. Conclusions: The present study indicates that OXY can enhance the antitumor effect of PTX on breast cancer in vitro. Hence, the combination of OXY with PTX may serve as a potential strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.

Research Trends and Hot Spots of Allopregnanolone Research in the Last 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Background: Allopregnanolone is a kind of neuroactive steroid or neurosteroid in the central nervous system that acts as an endogenenous GABAA receptor positive modulator. However, at present, no comprehensive bibliometric analysis regarding allopregnanolone research is available. In our study, we intend to analyze the research trends and hot spots related to allopregnanolone in the past 20 years. Methods: We searched for allopregnanolone related articles and reviews between 2004 and 2023 from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Then, the bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Microsoft Excel 2019, as well as the online bibliometric analysis platform (http://bibliometric.com/). Results: A total of 1841 eligible publications were identified. The number of annual publications and citations was generally on the rise. Among countries, the United States ranked first in overall publications, citations, international cooperation, and the number of research institutions. The University of North Carolina was the most active institution, conducting numerous preclinical and clinical work that focusing on allopregnanolone treatment for diverse psychiatric or neurologic disorders. As for authors, Dr. Frye CA, Morrow AL, and Pinna G were identified as the top three prolific scholars due to their great publications and citations. Based on the publication clusters and citation bursts analysis, the keyword co-occurrence network, the strongest citation bursts, and co-cited references analysis, the hot spots in recent years included "depression", "postpartum depression", "GABAA receptor", and so on. Conclusion: Allopregnanolone is still a popular area of research, and the United States leads the way in this area. Dr. Frye CA, Morrow AL, Pinna G, and their teams contributed greatly to the mechanism study and translation study of allopregnanolone. The use of allopregnanolone for the treatment of psychiatric or neurologic disorders, especially postpartum depression, is the current hot spot. However, the underlying mechanisms of anti-depression are still not clear, deserving more in-depth research.

Evaluation of clinical effects of Esketamine on depression in patients with missed miscarriage: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with missed miscarriages are usually accompanied by varying degrees of depression, which is closely related to the patient's prognosis. We investigated whether Esketamine could alleviate postoperative depression symptoms in patients with missed miscarriages who underwent painless curettage. METHODS: This study was a randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blind, single-center trial. A total of 105 patients with preoperative 1d (EPDS) ≥ 10 were randomly assigned to the Propofol; Dezocine; Esketamine group. Patients record EPDS at 7 and 42 days after the operation. Secondary outcomes included VAS for 1 h postoperation, total propofol usage, adverse reactions, And the expressions of inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. RESULTS: Compared with the P and D group, patients in the S group had lower EPDS scores at 7 day (8.63 ± 3.14, 9.17 ± 3.23 vs. 6.34 ± 2.87 P = 0.0005) and 42 days (9.40 ± 2.67, 8.49 ± 3.05 vs.5.31 ± 2.49 P < 0.0001) after the operation. Respectively, Compared with the P group, the VAS scores (3.51 ± 1.12 vs. 2.80 ± 0.83, 2.40 ± 0.81, P = 0.0035) and the dosage of propofol used during operation (198.7 ± 47.48 vs. 145.5 ± 19.31, 142.9 ± 21.01 P < 0.0001) were lower in the D and S groups, and lower postoperative inflammatory response at 1 day after surgery. Other outcomes among the three groups were not found to the difference. CONCLUSIONS: Esketamine effectively treated postoperative depressive symptoms of patients with a missed miscarriage, decreasing propofol consumption and inflammatory response.

Deficit of perineuronal net induced by maternal immune activation mediates the cognitive impairment in offspring during adolescence.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is considered a risk factor for neurodevelopment in the offspring, resulting in behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, adolescence is a vulnerable period for developing different psycho-cognitive deficits. Here, we aimed to observe the cognitive consequences of prenatal MIA exposure in adolescents and explored the underlying mechanisms. We divided dams into CON and MIA groups after inducing a mouse model of MIA using lipopolysaccharide (120 µg/kg) on gestational day 15. Open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were performed on postnatal day (PD) 35-37. The expression of hippocampal Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)+ perineuronal net (PNN), parvalbumin (PV), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(Iba-1) were evaluated using immunofluorescence, and the expression of matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) in the hippocampus was assessed using the western blot. Following the infusion of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) into CA1 in the offspring from the CON group on PD 30, they were divided into ChABC and Sham groups. OF, EPM, and NOR were performed on PD 35-37. Compared to the CON group, decreased exploration time of the novel object and preference ratio were observed in the MIA group. Meanwhile, the MIA group presented significantly decreased WFA+ PNN in CA1, increased Iba-1+ microglia, and MMP-9 in the hippocampus. Additionally, the density of PV+ neurons and GFAP+ astrocytes was comparable between both groups. After digesting the PNN, the exploration time of novel object and preference ratio decreased in the ChABC group compared to the Sham group. Conclusively, the PNN deficit in CA1 caused by prenatal MIA might, at least partially, induce cognitive impairment in adolescents. Microglia and MMP-9 may also be potential candidates for PNN deficit after MIA.

Abnormal theta oscillation aggravated by chronic stress in the CA1 may mediate the deterioration of fear memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide.

Both environmental stress and immune challenge can induce abnormal neurobehavior. However, the impact of chronic stress on immune challenge-related neurobehavioral abnormalities is still controversial. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of chronic stress on immune challenge-related neurobehavioral abnormalities and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. During the first set of experiments, mice were reared under normal condition (NC) or chronic stress (CS) for 4 consecutive weeks. They were allocated to the following four groups: NC + normal saline (NS) group, CS + NS group, NC + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and CS + LPS group. Open field, elevated plus maze, fear conditioning, novel object recognition, and forced swimming tests were performed, and their tissues were harvested. During the second set of experiments, after rearing the mice under the above conditions for 3 weeks, microelectrodes were implanted into the CA1 of the hippocampus. After recovery for 1 week under the respective environmental conditions, the mice were allocated to four groups, as in the first experiments. The basal (home cage) and task (fear conditioning)-related local field potential (LFP) were recorded. In the present study, LPS significantly induced a decrease in the freezing to context and discrimination ratio. However, only the freezing to context was further reduced by prior chronic stress. This suggested that chronic stress worsened fear memory impairment induced by acute LPS challenge. Consistent with the change in fear memory, LPS significantly decreased the expression of PV in the CA1, which was further downregulated by prior chronic stress. On the other hand, LPS inhibited the power of both basal and task-related θ oscillations in the CA1. Only the task-related θ power was further decreased by chronic stress. In conclusion, our study showed that the phenotypic loss of PV interneurons and the decrease in the power of the θ oscillation in the CA1 aggravated by chronic stress may mediate, at least in part, the deterioration of fear memory impairment induced by LPS.

Efficacy and safety of systematic corticosteroids among severe COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The benefits and harms of corticosteroids for patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unclear. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from December 31, 2019 to October 1, 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated corticosteroids in severe COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up. Secondary outcomes included a composite disease progression (progression to intubation, ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU transfer, or death among those not ventilated at enrollment) and incidence of serious adverse events. A random-effects model was applied to calculate risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Seven RCTs involving 6250 patients were included, of which the Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial comprised nearly 78% of all included subjects. Results showed that corticosteroids were associated with a decreased all-cause mortality (27.3 vs. 31.1%; RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73-0.99; P = 0.04; low-certainty evidence). Trial sequential analysis suggested that more trials were still required to confirm the results. However, such survival benefit was absent if RECOVERY trial was excluded (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.65-1.06; P = 0.13). Furthermore, corticosteroids decreased the occurrence of composite disease progression (30.6 vs. 33.3%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64-0.92; P = 0.005), but not increased the incidence of serious adverse events (3.5 vs. 3.4%; RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.39-3.43; P = 0.79).

Rinsing sampling of core needle biopsy for flow cytometric analysis: A favorable method for lymphoma diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Conventional protocols utilize core needle biopsy (CNB) or fine needle aspiration (FNA) to produce cell suspension for flow cytometry (FCM) is a diagnostic challenge for lymphoid malignancies. We aim to develop an alternative CNB rinsing technique (RT) to produce cell suspension for FCM during this mini-invasive procedure of CNB for lymphoma diagnosis. METHODS: FNA and CNB specimens from the same lesion of 93 patients with suspected lymphoma were collected under the guidance of B-ultrasound simultaneously. The fresh CNB samples were prepared to cell suspension by RT for FCM immunophenotyping analysis (Group CNB-RT). Then, the CNB tissues after performing the RT process and the fresh FNA tissues were processed by conventional tissue cell suspension (TCS) technique to obtain the cell suspensions (Groups of CNB-TCS & FNA-TCS), respectively, as comparison. The diagnostic efficacies, as well as the concordances of the FCM results with reference to the morphologic diagnoses were compared in these three groups. RESULTS: RT could yield sufficient cells for FCM immunophenotyping analysis, though a lower cell numbers compared to TCS technique. The diagnostic concordance was comparable in group CNB-RT (91.1%) to the group CNB-TCS (88.9%) and group FNA-TCS (88.4%) (p = 0.819). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CNB-RT (91.1%; 100%) was not inferior to that of CNB-TCS (88.9%; 100%) and FNA-TCS (88.4%; 98.8%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the CNB-RT presented non-inferior diagnostic concordance and efficacy as compared to the TCS technique. CNB-RT has the potential to produce cell suspension for FCM immunophenotyping while preserving tissue for lymphoma diagnosis and research.

Hippocampal complement C3 might contribute to cognitive impairment induced by anesthesia and surgery.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a well-recognized complication after major surgery in the elderly, but its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood. In the present study, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with tandem mass tags to identify differentially expressed proteins and perform further functional studies on protein of interest. Here, we showed that hippocampal complement C3 was significantly upregulated after surgery, which was accompanied by marked decreases in synaptic related proteins and density. In aged patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, we also found significantly increased plasma level of C3b postoperatively and were negatively associated with cognitive performance. Notably, selective inhibition of complement C3 by compstatin was able to rescue synaptic and cognitive impairments induced by surgery in aged mice. Collectively, our study confirms that surgery can induce cognitive impairments, and the possible mechanisms might be related to abnormal complement signaling and synaptic disruption.

Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 ameliorates perioperative neurocognitive disorders, suppressing neuroinflammation in the hippocampus in aged mice.

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are characterized by deficits in cognitive functions in the elderly following anesthesia and surgery. Effective clinical interventions for preventing this disease are limited. Growing evidence demonstrates that activation of NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore hypothesized that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to neuroinflammation and the subsequent cognitive impairments that occurred in an animal model of PND. In this study, 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to an exploratory laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia to mimic clinical human abdominal surgery. For interventional studies, mice received NLRP3 specific inhibitor MCC950 (10 mg/kg) or the vehicle only intraperitoneally. Behavioral studies were performed at 6 and 7 d after surgery using open field and fear conditioning tests, respectively. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA1) positive cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and cleaved caspase-1 were measured at 3 days post-surgery. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) were measured at 7 days post-surgery. Our data indicates that surgery-induced cognitive impairments were associated with significant increases in IL-1ß, IL-18, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IBA1-positive cells and GFAP-positive cells, and decreases in BDNF and PSD95 expression in the hippocampus. Notably, administration with MCC950 attenuated inflammatory changes and rescued surgery-induced cognitive impairments. Our study suggests that surgery induces neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits that are partly attributed to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus of aged mice.

Overinhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons might contribute to depression-like behavior and working memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge.

Systemic inflammation induces cognitive impairments via unclear mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that a subset of neurons that express parvalbumin (PV) play a critical role in regulation of cognitive and emotional behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test whether disruption of PV interneuron mediates systemic inflammation-induced depression-like behavior and working memory impairment by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Here we showed that LPS induces depression-like behavior and working memory impairment, coinciding with increased PV expression, enhanced GABAergic transmission, and impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. Notably, systemic administration of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine was able to interfere with PV expression and reverse depression-like behavior and working memory impairment, which is probably mediated by reversing impaired LTP. In addition, flumazenil, a competitive antagonist acting at the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor, also ameliorated these abnormal behaviors. Collectively, our study added growing evidence to the limited studies that overinhibition mediated by PV interneurons might play a critical role in LPS-induced depression-like behavior and working memory impairment.

Two-hit model of postintensive care syndrome induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge and subsequent chronic unpredictable stress in mice.

Postintensive care syndrome (PICS) is defined as a new or worsening impairment in cognition, mental health, and physical function after critical illness. However, there is still a lack of a clinically relevant animal model. Thus, development of a PICS model is essential for understanding the mechanism underlying PICS and screening treatment methods for this neuropsychiatric disorder. The purpose of this study was to establish a clinically relevant PICS model based on the two-hit concept, in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg) injection was served as the first hit and subsequent modified chronic unpredictable stress as the second hit. In order to pharmacologically verify the proposed model of PICS, we studied the effectiveness of fluoxetine to reverse the behavioral and molecular abnormalities in this model. In the present study, body- and adrenal weight changes proved our model was effective, as reflected by body weight loss, increased adrenals weight, and a significantly increased level of plasma corticosterone. Moreover, our PICS model displayed reproducible anxiety- and depression like behavior and cognitive impairments. Neurobiological investigations revealed a significant up-regulation of the microglial marker CD68 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the hippocampus of stressed mice. Notably, chronic treatment with fluoxetine for three weeks reversed most of the affected parameters. In summary, we believe that we have developed a new model of PICS that is clinically relevant, which could advance the mechanism research and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Acute ketamine administration attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior by reversing abnormal regional homogeneity in the nucleus accumbens.

Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects, but no study to date has investigated changes in resting-state brain activity following ketamine administration in inflammation-induced depression. The purpose of this study was to use blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI to explore changes in the resting-state brain activity in a rat model of depression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) challenge and to examine whether acute ketamine administration can reverse LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. Here, we showed LPS-induced depressive-like behavior as evidenced by significantly reduced motility in the forced swim test. In addition, LPS-induced increases in plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines were not completely reversed by acute ketamine administration, suggesting that ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects independently of a possible interference with LPS-induced inflammatory signaling. However, increased regional homogeneity (ReHo) was observed in some brain regions of LPS-exposed animals, including bilateral caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, which were parts of the mood-regulating circuit. Moreover, ReHo values of bilateral caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens showed significant positive correlations with immobility time. Notably, the LPS-induced depressive-like behavior and increase of ReHo value in the right nucleus accumbens was reversed by acute ketamine administration. In summary, this study suggests that acute ketamine administration is capable of attenuating LPS-induced depressive-like behavior, at least partially by reversing abnormal ReHo in the right nucleus accumbens.

[Molecular characterization of cotton leaf Curl Multan virus and its satellite DNA that infects Hibiscus rosa-sinensis].

Virus isolate G6 was obtained from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis showing yellow and leaf curl symptoms in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The complete nucleotide sequence of DNA-A was determined to be 2 737 nucleotides encoding six potential ORFs. Comparison showed that G6 DNA-A had more than 89% sequence identify with all isolates of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV) and shared the highest sequence identify (96.1%) with CLCuMV isolate 62. G6 DNA-A had 87.1%-89.8% sequence identity with those of CLCuRV isolates, while less than 87% identities with other begomoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of G6 DNA-A and selected begomoviruses showed that G6 was most closely related to CLCuMV isolates, and they clustered together as a separate branch. Satellite DNA molecule (G6 DNAbeta) was found to be associated with G6 using the primers beta01 and beta02. G6 DNAbeta contains 1346 nucleotides, with a potential functional ORF (C1) in complementary sense DNA. Pairwise comparison indicated that G6 DNAbeta had the highest sequence identities with CLCuMV DNAbeta (92.1%) and CLCuRV DNAbeta (88.7%), but less than 80% sequence identities with other reported satellite DNA molecules. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that G6 DNAbeta was most closely related to CLCuMV DNAbeta and the two DNAbetas clustered together as a separate branch, and formed the main branch with DNAbeta of CLCuRV and MYVV-Y47. It is concluded that G6 infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is an isolate of CLCuMV.