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Cereals are an important source of nutrients, especially used in complementary feeding. The objective of this study is to review the nutritional composition of cereal-based foods for infants from 4 months and toddlers that are offered in Spain and Ecuador, countries selected because of the opportunity to work in them, and due to their socio-economic differences (industrialized and developing countries, respectively). The number of these products was 105 cereals in Spain and 22 in Ecuador. The products were classified as gluten-free cereals, five cereals, eight cereals, multigrain cereals, and cookies. A 25 g serving was used to determine the percentage in which the samples analyzed can cover the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) for micronutrients in infants from 7 months and toddlers according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Nutritional information per 100 g of dry product was collected according to medium, minimum, and maximum units, and nutrient density was calculated. The age range in which these products are recommended is different in both countries. The nutritional composition presents some differences; Spanish cereals show a lower content of sodium, added sugars, hydrolyzed cereals, and maltodextrin than Ecuadorian cereals. Commercialized cereals could contribute to satisfying the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers; however, they can also be a source of non-recommended components.
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Grão Comestível , Alimentos Infantis , Valor Nutritivo , Equador , Lactente , Humanos , Espanha , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recomendações Nutricionais , Micronutrientes/análiseRESUMO
This study evaluated the intestinal effects of alkalinized filtered water in lean and obese adult Zucker rats. For 3 months, 12-week-old rats consumed either tap water or filtered alkalinized tap water from Madrid city. Weight gain was monitored, changes in metabolism were evaluated by indirect calorimetry, and total antioxidant capacity and levels of inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma. Feces were collected, their microbial composition was analyzed and histological analysis of the small and large intestine was performed, assessing the general state of the mucosa (MUC2), the inflammatory state (F4/80) and the presence of oxidative modifications in protein 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results obtained showed that the consumption of alkalinized filtered water improved the composition of the intestinal microbiome and the state of the intestinal mucosa, reducing both local and systemic inflammation and the level of oxidative stress. These changes were accompanied by a better maintenance of the oxidative status in rats. No differences were observed in antioxidant capacity nor in weight gain. The incorporation of probiotics in the diet had a significant impact on the microbiome. These effects were indicative of an improvement in general metabolic, oxidative and inflammatory status.
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Unhealthy dietary habits and sedentarism coexist with a rising incidence of excess weight and associated comorbidities. We aimed to analyze the dietary and drinking patterns of patients with excess weight, their main characteristics, plausible gender differences and impact on cardiometabolic risk factors, with a particular focus on the potential contribution of beer consumption. Data from 200 consecutive volunteers (38 ± 12 years; 72% females) living with overweight or class I obesity attending the obesity unit to lose weight were studied. Food frequency questionnaires and 24 h recalls were used. Reduced-rank regression (RRR) analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns (DPs). Anthropometry, total and visceral fat, indirect calorimetry, physical activity level, comorbidities and circulating cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed. Study participants showed high waist circumference, adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, pro-inflammatory adipokines and low anti-inflammatory factors like adiponectin and interleukin-4. A low-fiber, high-fat, energy-dense DP was observed. BMI showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation with energy density (r = 0.80) as well as percentage of energy derived from fat (r = 0.61). Excess weight was associated with a DP low in vegetables, legumes and whole grains at the same time as being high in sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, fat spreads, and processed meats. RRR analysis identified a DP characterized by high energy density and saturated fat exhibiting negative loadings (>-0.30) for green leafy vegetables, legumes, and fruits at the same time as showing positive factor loadings (>0.30) for processed foods, fat spreads, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweets. Interestingly, for both women and men, wine represented globally the main source of total alcohol intake (p < 0.05) as compared to beer and distillates. Beer consumption cannot be blamed as the main culprit of excess weight. Capturing the DP provides more clinically relevant and useful information. The focus on consumption of single nutrients does not resemble real-world intake behaviors.
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Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Dieta , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Aumento de Peso , Verduras , Dieta com Restrição de Gorduras , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatic disorders are often complex and multifactorial, modulated by genetic and environmental determinants. During the last years, the hepatic disease has been progressively established from early stages in life. The use of genetic risk scores (GRS) to predict the genetic susceptibility to a particular phenotype among youth has gained interest in recent years. Moreover, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood biomarker is often considered as hepatic screening tool, in combination with imaging techniques. The aim of the present study was to develop an ALT-specific GRS to help in the evaluation of hepatic damage risk in European adolescents. METHODS: A total of 972 adolescents (51.3% females), aged 12.5-17.5 years, from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study were included in the analyses. The sample incorporated adolescents in all body mass index (BMI) categories and was divided considering healthy/unhealthy ALT levels, using sex-specific cut-off points. From 1212 a priori ALT-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from candidate gene selection, a first screening of 234 SNPs univariately associated was established, selecting seven significant SNPs (p < .05) in the multivariate model. An unweighted GRS (uGRS) was developed by summing the number of reference alleles, and a weighted GRS (wGRS), by multiplying each allele to its estimated coefficient. RESULTS: The uGRS and wGRS were significantly associated with ALT (p < .001). The area under curve was obtained integrating BMI as clinical factor, improving the predictive ability for uGRS (.7039) and wGRS (.7035), using 10-fold internal cross-validation. CONCLUSIONS: Considering BMI status, both GRSs could contribute as complementary tools to help in the early diagnosis of hepatic damage risk in European adolescents.
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Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Fatores de Risco , Alelos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: We aimed to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of physical activity (PA) levels and PA patterns with metabolic syndrome score (MetS) in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 175 children (82 females) and 188 adolescents (95 females) were included. Objective PA levels and patterns were determined by accelerometry. MetS was computed from waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels. Different linear regression models were implemented to examine the associations of PA with MetS. RESULTS: Vigorous PA, moderate-vigorous PA, number of bouts per day in 10 min (N10), and total time in bouts per day in 10 min (T10) were negatively associated with MetS in male children and adolescents at cross-sectional level (ß ranging from -0.005 to -0.164, all p < 0.05). Total time in bouts per day in 20 min in male children, and vigorous PA and N10 in female children were longitudinally and negatively associated with MetS (ß ranging from -0.011 to -0.247, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Associations of PA and MetS were observed at cross-sectional level in males and longitudinally in female children. The associations in PA patterns were found when patterns were grouped into bouts of 10 min. Therefore, for future studies of PA with health markers in the pediatric population, it would be advisable to choose bouts of shorter duration.
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BACKGROUND: While there is evidence that physical activity, sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep may all be associated with modified levels of inflammatory markers in adolescents and children, associations with one movement behaviour have not always been adjusted for other movement behaviours, and few studies have considered all movement behaviours in the 24-hour day as an exposure. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to explore how longitudinal reallocations of time between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), SB and sleep are associated with changes in inflammatory markers in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 296 children/adolescents participated in a prospective cohort study with a 3-year follow-up. MVPA, LPA and SB were assessed by accelerometers. Sleep duration was assessed using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children questionnaire. Longitudinal compositional regression models were used to explore how reallocations of time between movement behaviours are associated with changes in inflammatory markers. RESULTS: Reallocations of time from SB to sleep were associated with increases in C3 levels (difference for 60 min/d reallocation [d60] = 5.29 mg/dl; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 10.29) and TNF-α (d60 = 1.81 mg/dl; 95% CI = 0.79, 15.41) levels. Reallocations from LPA to sleep were also associated with increases in C3 levels (d60 = 8.10 mg/dl; 95% CI = 0.79, 15.41). Reallocations from LPA to any of the remaining time-use components were associated with increases in C4 levels (d60 ranging from 2.54 to 3.63 mg/dl; p < 0.05), while any reallocation of time away from MVPA was associated with unfavourable changes in leptin (d60 ranging from 3088.44 to 3448.07 pg/ml; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Reallocations of time between 24-h movement behaviours are prospectively associated with some inflammatory markers. Reallocating time away from LPA appears to be most consistently unfavourably associated with inflammatory markers. Given that higher levels of inflammation during childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood, children and adolescents should be encouraged to maintain or increase the level of LPA to preserve a healthy immune system.
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Exercício Físico , Sono , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Estudos Prospectivos , Comportamento Sedentário , Acelerometria , InflamaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For the last 25 years, the debate on the benefit-risk balance of moderate alcohol consumption has been ongoing. This study explored the relationships between the pattern of alcohol consumption and subjective quality of life in healthy adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants were 247 healthy adults aged 25-45 years, with a moderate alcohol consumption, classified in three groups of alcohol intake: None (N = 37; <0.7 g/day), Low (N = 87; 0.7-<5 g/day) and Medium (N = 123; 5-16 g/day in women and 5-28 g/day in men). Information was collected with questionnaires including: alcoholic beverage frequency and pattern, quality of life (SF-36v2), anxiety, depression, health condition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and sleep time. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age of participants was 35.9 (6.3). In the Medium group, the mean alcohol intake was 10.98 ± 4.84 g/day on weekly bases and 24.7 ± 15.2 g/day on weekend days. Beer was the main contributor to total daily alcohol consumption. The percentage of subjects in the Medium group that showed a weekend average intake higher than moderate was 58.5% in exclusively weekend consumers and 48.2% in those who are not exclusive-weekend consumers (p = 0.278). Regarding markers of quality of life and mental health, the results did not show any significant association with alcohol consumption. In conclusion, in subjects that show weekly bases moderate intake of alcohol, weekend-day consumption levels can be high; however, no association of an overall moderate alcohol consumption pattern with quality of life was found.
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Bebidas Alcoólicas , Qualidade de Vida , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Cerveja , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Comportamentos Relacionados com a SaúdeRESUMO
We aimed to analyse the longitudinal association between physical fitness (PF) and body composition (BC) with a metabolic risk score (Met4) in children and adolescents and to elucidate whether the association between PF and Met4 differs when using relativized or absolute fitness variables. A total of 188 children (86 females) and 195 adolescents (97 females) were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was determined by the 20-m shuttle run test, and muscular fitness (MF) was determined by hand grip and standing long jump tests. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index (Kg/m2) was calculated. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were assessed to compute body fat percentage. Met4 was computed from systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels. Relative CRF was longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female children (ß = -0.031, p = 0.025), while absolute CRF was positively associated with Met4 in male children and adolescents (ß = 0.000, p < 0.05). Relative upper and lower-body MF were longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female adolescents (ß = -1.347, ß = -0.005, p < 0.05), while absolute lower-body MF was positively associated with Met4 in male children (ß = 0.000, p = 0.019). BC was longitudinally and positively associated with Met4 in male children (ß-ranging from 0.011 to 0.055, all p < 0.05) and male adolescents (ß-ranging from 0.011 to 0.046, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: BC is more strongly associated with Met4 than PF in children and adolescents. An optimal body weight status should be considered the main objective of health-promoting programs at childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, the way of expressing the fitness variables determines the direction of the association with Met4. What is Known: ⢠Physical fitness is an important health indicator in children and adolescents, with great amount of previous evidence supporting the preventive role of maintaining optimal levels of both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness for future cardiometabolic issues. What is New: ⢠The way of reporting physical fitness variables can affect the associations between physical fitness features and cardiometabolic outcomes. Since body composition variables have a great impact on both physical fitness and cardiometabolic health, relativizing physical fitness performance by body composition could lead to erroneous conclusions.
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Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Força da Mão , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Massa Corporal , Composição Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Introduction: There is currently a great controversy about the lack of definition regarding the concept of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages from the point of view of health, since, in turn, it should be a socially accepted consumption. Although still there is not a global agreement about the definition of "moderate consumption", it is considered as such the amount below 10-12 g alcohol/day for women and no more than 20-24g alcohol/day for men. These differences are because that women are not capable as men to metabolise alcohol. According to the scientific evidence, moderate consumption of beer seems to be accepted to maintain an adequate quality of the diet, as it provides vitamins B (vitamin B6, B12 and folates) and minerals (magnesium) among other nutrients, as well as poliphenols and complex carbohydrates. In terms of health, a moderate beer consumption may play a protective role at cardiovascular levels, associated with an enhanced lipid profile. It should be highlighted the possible beneficial effects of a moderate consumption of fermented beverages (such as beer) is associated with other factors, such as gender, age, as well as the pattern of consumption throughout life.
Introducción: Actualmente existe una gran controversia relativa a la falta de definición respecto a lo que se considera un consumo moderado de bebidas alcohólicas desde el punto de vista de la salud, ya que, a su vez, debería ser un consumo socialmente aceptado. Aunque no existe una definición universalmente consensuada de consumo moderado, se considera como tal la cantidad por debajo de 10-12 g de alcohol al día para mujeres y de no más de 20-24 g alcohol al día para hombres. Estas diferencias se deben a la menor capacidad de las mujeres para metabolizar el alcohol. De acuerdo con la evidencia científica, parece aceptarse que el consumo moderado de cerveza puede colaborar en mantener una adecuada calidad de la dieta, ya que aporta vitaminas del complejo B (vitamina B6, B12 y folatos) y minerales (magnesio), entre otros nutrientes, así como polifenoles y carbohidratos complejos. En referencia a la salud, se ha atribuido a la cerveza un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular, asociado a un mejor perfil lipídico. Todo ello podría indicar un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular. También es importante señalar que el posible efecto beneficioso de un consumo moderado de bebidas fermentadas (como la cerveza) está asociado a otros factores como el sexo, la edad y el patrón de consumo a lo largo de la vida.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Cerveja , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Cerveja/análise , Dieta , Etanol , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
We investigated which determinants (socioeconomic, early life factors, body composition changes, fitness changes and/or physical activity changes) best predicted longitudinal outcomes in cardiometabolic risk profile (Z-score change) in adolescents with OW/OB who underwent a 13-month multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention. A total of 165 adolescents (13-16 y; 46% boys) from the EVASYON study were included. Socioeconomic variables and early life factors were obtained from the medical records. Body composition was assessed using anthropometry. Fitness and physical activity were measured with field-based tests and questionnaires. Cardiometabolic risk factors (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure and waist circumference) were derived from standard methods in the hospital. Body weight changes, sex and mother's education were selected in the stepwise process as the most important determinants of changes in cardiometabolic risk profile (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.002; R2 = 0.14, p = 0.013; and R2 = 0.14, p = 0.017, respectively). Both boys and girls showed a lower cardiometabolic risk score with the reduction in body weight (r = 0.535, p = 0.009 and r = 0.506, p = 0.005, respectively). There was no interaction between sex and body weight change (p = 0.614). In conclusion, the simple measure of changes in body weight should be considered to track changes in cardiometabolic risk profile in adolescents with OW/OB.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Sobrepeso , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Sobrepeso/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The family environment influences food consumption and behaviours, which impact adolescent's eating habits, diet and health. Young individuals who frequently eat family meals are less likely to develop risk- and behaviour-related outcomes as obesity. AIM: To assess the relationship between the family meal environment and food and macronutrient consumption in European adolescents. METHODS: 1,703 adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 years (46.5% male) from the European HELENA cross-sectional study were selected. Sociodemographic variables and dietary intake using two non-consecutive self-reported 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from all the included participants. The relationship between family meals' environment and food and macronutrient consumption was analized using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Adolescents who used to take their main meals with their family were associated with high consumption of healthy foods and beverages (i.e. vegetables, fruit, milk, water) and low consumption of energy dense food and beverages as chocolate, savoury snacks, sugar or juices compared with those who used to eat alone, with friends or other people (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The company/people with whom adolescents consume their meal have an important influence on the adolescent's consumption of different types of food (especially at lunch). Family's environment during meals has been associated with a high consumption of healthy foods.
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Bebidas , Ingestão de Energia , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meio Social , VerdurasRESUMO
Different parts of the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) tree are consumed as food or food supplements for their nutritional and medicinal value; however, very few human studies have been published on the topic. The current work was aimed to provide ancillary analysis to the antidiabetic effects previously reported in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group intervention conducted in patients with prediabetes. Thus, the effect of MO leaves on blood and fecal inflammatory markers, serum lipid profile, plasma antioxidant capacity and blood pressure was studied in participants who consumed 6 × 400 mg capsule/day of MO dry leaf powder (MO, n = 31) or placebo (PLC, n = 34) over 12 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed using each biomarker's change score with, adjustment for fat status and the baseline value. In addition, a decision tree analysis was performed to find individual characteristics influencing the glycemic response to MO supplementation. No differences in the biomarker's change scores were found between the groups; however, the decision tree analysis revealed that plasma TNF-α was a significant predictor of the subject's HbA1c response (improvement YES/NO; 77% correct classification) in the MO group. In conclusion, TNF-α seems to be a key factor to identify potential respondents to MO leaf powder.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Moringa oleifera , Estado Pré-Diabético , Biomarcadores , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta , Pós , Estado Pré-Diabético/tratamento farmacológico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
Artificial sweeteners are additives widely used in our diet. Although there is no consensus, current evidence indicates that sucralose and saccharin could influence the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing scientific evidence on the effects of saccharin and sucralose consumption on gut microbiota in humans. Different databases were used with the following search terms: sweeteners, non-caloric-sweeteners, sucralose, splenda, saccharin, sugartwin, sweet'n low, microbiota, gut microbiota, humans, animal model, mice, rats, and/or in vitro studies. In vitro and animal model studies indicate a dose-dependent relationship between the intake of both sweeteners and gut microbiota affecting both diversity and composition. In humans, long-term study suggests the existence of a positive correlation between sweetener consumption and some bacterial groups; however, most short-term interventions with saccharin and sucralose, in amounts below the ADI, found no significant effect on those groups, but there seems to be a different basal microbiota-dependent response of metabolic markers. Although studies in vitro and in animal models seem to relate saccharin and sucralose consumption to changes in the gut microbiota, more long-term studies are needed in humans considering the basal microbiota of participants and their dietary and lifestyle habits in all population groups. Toxicological and basal gut microbiota effects must be included as relevant factors to evaluate food safety and nutritional consequences of non-calorie sweeteners. In humans, doses, duration of interventions, and number of subjects included in the studies are key factors to interpret the results.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Sacarina , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Ratos , Sacarina/farmacologia , Sacarose/análogos & derivados , Sacarose/farmacologia , Edulcorantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
The emergence of the SARS-CoV virus in December 2019 saw the beginning of an unprecedented pandemic that represents the most significant public health problem in recent memory [...].
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COVID-19 , Micronutrientes , Humanos , Sistema Imunitário , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The health-transitions humans have delivered during the 20th Century associated with the nutrition is that from undernutrition to obesity, which perseveres in the current years of the 21st Century. Energy intake (EI) is a contributing factor and therefore a fascination in nutritional sciences. However, energy expenditure (EE) has not been usually considered as a conjoint factor. Thus, this study aimed to review if studies on adults consider data on dietary intake, specifically EI, and included data on EE and physical activity (PA). A search of MEDLINE from 1975 to December 2015 was managed. Our scoping review consisted of keywords related to EI, dietary allowances, and nutritional requirements. From 2229 acknowledged articles, 698 articles were finally taken fulfilling inclusion and quality criteria. A total of 2,081,824 adults (53.7% females) were involved, and most studies had been conducted in EEUU (241), Canada (42), Australia (30), Japan (32), and Brazil (14). In Europe, apart from UK (64), the Netherlands (31) and France (26) led the classification, followed by Sweden (18), Denmark (17), and France (26). Mediterranean countries are represented with 27 studies. A total of 76.4% did not include EE and 93.1% did not include PA. Only 23.6% of the studies contained both EI and EE. A large methodological diversity was perceived, with more than 14 different methods regarding EI, and more than 10 for EE. PA was only analyzed in scarce articles, and scarcely considered for interpretation of data and conclusions. Moreover, PA was often measured by subjective questionnaires. Dietary surveys show a large diversity regarding methodology, which makes comparability of studies difficult. EE and PA are missing in around 80% of studies or are not included in the interpretation of results. Conclusions regarding EI or diet adequacy in adults should not be taken without analyzing EE and PA.
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Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Exercício Físico , Adulto , Dieta , Registros de Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Necessidades NutricionaisRESUMO
Eating disorders (ED) are considered as heterogeneous disorders with a complex multifactor etiology that involves biological and environmental interaction. Objective: The aim was to identify specific ED bio-psychological-familial correlates at illness onset. Methods: A case-control (1:1) design was applied, which studied 50 adolescents diagnosed with ED at onset (12-17 years old) and their families, paired by age and parents' socio-educational level with three control samples (40 with an affective disorder, 40 with asthma, and 50 with no pathology) and their respective families. Biological, psychological, and familial correlates were assessed using interviews, standardized questionnaires, and a blood test. Results: After performing conditional logistic regression models for each type of variable, those correlates that showed to be specific for ED were included in a global exploratory model (R 2 = 0.44). The specific correlates identified associated to the onset of an ED were triiodothyronine (T3) as the main specific biological correlate; patients' drive for thinness, perfectionism and anxiety as the main psychological correlates; and fathers' emotional over-involvement and depression, and mothers' anxiety as the main familial correlates. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to use three specific control groups assessed through standardized interviews, and to collect a wide variety of data at the illness onset. This study design has allowed to explore which correlates, among those measured, were specific to EDs; finding that perfectionism and family emotional over-involvement, as well as the T3 hormone were relevant to discern ED cases at the illness onset from other adolescents with or without a concurrent pathology.
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PURPOSE: This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores (CMRs) in European adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents (nâ¯=â¯525; 46% boys; 14.1 ± 1.1 years old, mean ± SD) from 10 European cities involved in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. CRF was measured by means of the shuttle run test, while fatness measures included body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio, and fat mass index estimated from skinfold thicknesses. A clustered CMRs was computed by summing the standardized values of homeostasis model assessment, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and leptin. RESULTS: Linear regression models indicated that CRF acted as an important and partial mediator in the association between fatness and CMRs in 12-17-year-old adolescents (for BMI: coefficients of the indirect role ßâ¯=â¯0.058 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.023-0.101), Sobel test zâ¯=â¯3.11 (10.0% mediation); for waist to height ratio: ßâ¯=â¯4.279 (95%CI: 2.242-7.059), z =3.86 (11.5% mediation); and for fat mass index: ßâ¯=â¯0.060 (95%CI: 0.020-0.106), zâ¯=â¯2.85 (9.4% mediation); all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In adolescents, the association between fatness and CMRs could be partially decreased with improvements to fitness levels; therefore, CRF contribution both in the clinical field and public health could be important to consider and promote in adolescents independently of their fatness levels.
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Adiposidade , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Adolescente , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colesterol/sangue , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Humanos , Leptina/sangue , Modelos Lineares , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Masculino , Exame Físico , Dobras Cutâneas , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Razão Cintura-EstaturaRESUMO
There is growing interest in the potential health-related effects of moderate alcohol consumption and, specifically, of beer. This review provides an assessment of beer-associated effects on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors to identify a consumption level that can be considered "moderate". We identified all prospective clinical studies and systematic reviews that evaluated the health effects of beer published between January 2007 and April 2020. Five of six selected studies found a protective effect of moderate alcohol drinking on cardiovascular disease (beer up to 385 g/week) vs. abstainers or occasional drinkers. Four out of five papers showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption (beer intake of 84 g alcohol/week) and decreased mortality risk. We concluded that moderate beer consumption of up to 16 g alcohol/day (1 drink/day) for women and 28 g/day (1-2 drinks/day) for men is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality, among other metabolic health benefits.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Cerveja , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Adulto , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Sistema Cardiovascular , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/mortalidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Proteção , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
Obesity prevalence has been simultaneously increasing with high consumption of large food portion sizes (PS). However, there is scarce information on PS of energy-dense (ED) foods as a potential risk factor of obesity in adolescents. In the present study, we investigate the association between the PS of the most ED foods and body composition. A sample of 1889 adolescents (54.4% females) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional multicenter study (HELENA-CSS) study were included. Most ED foods (e.g., cheese) were selected according to higher fat and/or sugar content and low fiber and water. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were adjusted for age, physical activity, total energy intake (TEI), and socioeconomic status (SES). Analysis was performed both in those adolescents reporting plausible energy intake according to the approach of Goldberg et al. and in the whole sample. In male plausible reporters, PS from "breakfast cereals" showed a significant and positive association with BMI (ß = 0.012; 0.048). PS from "carbonated soft drinks" in males (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.000; 1.002) and "bread and rolls" in females (OR = 1.002; 95% CI 1.000; 1.004) were associated with higher probability of having obesity, while "sweet bakery products" were associated with lower probability of having obesity (OR = 0.996; 95% CI 0.991; 0.999) in females. The present study suggests association between PS of ED foods and obesity in European adolescents. Prospective studies are needed to examine the effect of prolonged exposure to large PS and obesity development.