Análise da tendência da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil, 2000 a 2022 / Analysis of the trend of mortality from external causes in older adults in Brazil, 2000 to 2022

Resumo Objetivo analisar a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil no intervalo temporal entre os anos 2000 e 2022 e identificar o perfil sociodemográfico de mortalidade. Método estudo ecológico de série temporal utilizando dados secundários, envolvendo a mortalidade em pessoas idosas por causas externas no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2022. Os dados foram coletados a partir das bases de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, das estimativas da população residente e de dados populacionais censitários disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. A frequência absoluta e relativa dos dados foi analisada a partir do software Excel 2010. As análises das tendências das taxas de mortalidade e regressão linear segmentada foram realizadas por meio do Joinpoint, com significância estatística avaliada por meio do teste de Monte Carl Resultados No período investigado, foram identificados 572.608 óbitos por causas externas em pessoas idosas com 60 anos ou mais. Em relação ao comportamento da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas, observou-se tendência de aumento nas taxas de mortalidade na maior parte do período estudado (2000 a 2013) com uma variação percentual anual (VPA: 1,86; IC95%: 1,5-2,2). Conclusão os resultados indicam uma tendência de crescimento da mortalidade de pessoas idosas por causas externas, refletindo a necessidade de priorização de políticas públicas que intervenham sobre esse evento.

Abstract Objective To analyze the trend of mortality due to external causes in older adults in Brazil within the temporal interval spanning from 2000 to 2022 and to identify the sociodemographic profile of mortality. Method Ecological time-series study utilizing secondary data, encompassing mortality in older adults due to external causes in Brazil, spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. The data were collected from the databases of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System, population estimates, and census population data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The absolute and relative frequency of the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software. The analysis of trends in mortality rates and segmented linear regression was conducted using Joinpoint, with statistical significance assessed through the Monte Carlo test. Results During the investigated period, 572,608 deaths due to external causes were identified in individuals aged 60 years or older. Regarding the mortality pattern due to external causes in older adults, an increasing trend in mortality rates was observed for the majority of the studied period (2000 to 2013) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.5-2.2). Conclusion The results indicate a growing trend in mortality among older individuals due to external causes, highlighting the need for prioritizing public policies that address this issue.

Spatial Distribution of Gestational Syphilis in Brazil: Socioeconomic and Health Services Inequalities.

We aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of gestational syphilis from 2008 to 2018 in Brazil and identify correlations with socioeconomic and health-care aspects. This ecological study used municipalities of Brazil as the unit of analysis. Data collection took place between June and July 2021. Data were extracted for 2008 to 2018, and information on the epidemic in animals in the country was obtained from data records. The gestational syphilis detection rate was the dependent variable, and the independent variables were the Municipal Human Development Index, the proportion of doctors per inhabitant in primary health care (PHC), and the percentage of PHC coverage. The data went through an aggregation process in 482 immediate regions of urban articulation. The global Moran's I index and the local spatial correlation indicator detected territorial clusters using GeoDa software. The gestational syphilis detection rate was distributed unevenly in the immediate regions of urban articulation between 2008 and 2018, and presented a negative spatial correlation with the Municipal Human Development Index (Moran's I = -0.243, P ≤ 0.05), the percentage of PHC coverage (Moran's I = -0.163, P ≤ 0.05), and the proportion of doctors per inhabitants in PHC (Moran's I = -0.164, P ≤ 0.05). Socioeconomic inequalities, mainly related to the availability of human resources and access to health services, are correlated with the spatial distribution of gestational syphilis in Brazil. Investments in social policies and strengthening of PHC are essential for controlling gestational syphilis.

The Use of Spatial Analysis in Syphilis-Related Research: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Latin America, Africa, and Asia have high incidences of syphilis. New approaches are needed to understand and reduce disease transmissibility. In health care, spatial analysis is important to map diseases and understand their epidemiologic aspects. OBJECTIVE: The proposed scoping review will identify and map the use of spatial analysis as a tool for syphilis-related research in health care. METHODS: This protocol was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will conduct searches in Embase; Lilacs, via the Virtual Health Library (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud; BVS), in Portuguese and English; Medline/PubMed; Web of Science; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); and Scopus. Gray literature will be searched for in Google Scholar, the Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; CAPES), Open Access Theses and Dissertations, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. The main research question is "How has spatial analysis been used in syphilis-related research in health care?" Studies are included if they have the full text available, address syphilis, and use geographic information systems software and spatial analysis techniques, regardless of sample characteristics or size. Studies published as research articles, theses, dissertations, and government documents will also be considered, with no location, time, or language restrictions. Data will be extracted using a spreadsheet adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and a thematic analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The results will be presented according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and will summarize the use of spatial analysis in syphilis-related research in health care in countries with different contexts, factors associated with spatial cluster formation, population health impacts, contributions to health systems, challenges, limitations, and possible research gaps. The results will guide future research and may be useful for health and safety professionals, managers, public policy makers, the general population, the academic community, and health professionals who work directly with people with syphilis. Data collection is projected to start in June 2023 and end in July 2023. Data analysis is scheduled to take place in August and September 2023. We expect to publish results in the final months of 2023. CONCLUSIONS: The review may reveal where syphilis incidence has the highest incidence, which countries most use spatial analysis to study syphilis, and whether spatial analysis is applicable to syphilis in each continent, thereby contributing to discussion and knowledge dissemination on the use of spatial analysis as a tool for syphilis-related research in health care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework CNVXE; https://osf.io/cnvxe. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/43243.

Temporal trend and factors associated with spatial distribution of congenital syphilis in Brazil: An ecological study.

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of congenital syphilis in Brazil in the period from 2008 to 2018 and its spatial distribution in the Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation, and to identify spatial correlations with socioeconomic factors and prenatal care. Methods: Spatial correlations between the incidence of congenital syphilis and socioeconomic conditions and access to prenatal care were assessed. This ecological study conducted a time series analysis in Brazil and spatial analysis in 482 Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation. Cases of congenital syphilis reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Live Birth Information System from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018 were included. Socioeconomic conditions (percentage of individuals with inadequate water supply and sanitation) were extracted from the 2010 census, whereas the Live Birth Information System provided data on access to prenatal care (percentage of live births with 1-3 prenatal care appointments). The Joinpoint Regression software performed the temporal trend analysis, while the GeoDa software assessed territorial clusters using the Moran's I and Local Spatial Association Indicator. Results: The incidence of congenital syphilis showed an upward trend (annual percent change 1 = 26.96; 95% CI: 18.2-36.3; annual percent change 2 = 10.25; 95% CI: 2.7-28.4) and was unevenly distributed across Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation in Brazil (Moran's I = 0.264, p ≤ 0.05). It also presented a direct spatial correlation with the percentage of individuals with inadequate water supply and sanitation (Moran's I = 0.02, p ≤ 0.05) and the percentage of live births with 1-3 prenatal care appointments (Moran's I = 0.03, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Agrowth trend of congenital syphilis in Brazil was observed between 2008 and 2018. Moreover, inequalities in socioeconomic conditions and access to prenatal care influenced the spatial distribution of this disease.

Temporal Trend of Gestational Syphilis between 2008 and 2018 in Brazil: Association with Socioeconomic and Health Care Factors.

The increased number of cases in recent years has turned syphilis into a global public health problem. In 2020, 115,371 cases of acquired syphilis were reported (detection rate of 54.5 cases/100,000 inhabitants) in Brazil. In that same period, the country notified 61,441 cases of gestational syphilis (detection rate of 21.6 per 1000 live births). The number of syphilis cases points to the need to reinforce surveillance, prevention, and infection control actions, which is a worrying scenario for government organizations. This study aims to describe the temporal trend of gestational syphilis from 2008 to 2018 in Brazilian regions and to associate its detection rate with socioeconomic and health care indicators. We conducted an ecological study of temporal trends using secondary data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System. The temporal trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression program. The annual percent change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated and tested; statistical significance was assessed using the Monte Carlo permutation test. Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and statistical significance was calculated using Pearson's product-moment correlation. The gestational syphilis detection rate increased between 2008 and 2018. The South region showed the greatest trend, whereas the Midwest region presented the lowest trend. The following variables were significantly correlated with the gestational syphilis detection rate: Municipal Human Development Index, illiteracy rate, percentage of primary health care coverage, and proportion of doctors, nurses, and basic health units per inhabitant. Health policies are needed to mitigate social vulnerabilities and strengthen primary health care.

Admission of alumni from Multiprofessional Residency Programs into the SUS.

INTRODUCTION: The Multiprofessional Health Residency Programs (PRMS) were set up as a strategy for training workforce for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the proportion of alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs admitted into the SUS and associated factors. METHODS: This is a sectional study developed with alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs from all over Brazil, encompassing the period from 2015 to 2019. Participants answered an online questionnaire with general personal information, admission into stricto sensu graduate school, the labor market and, specifically, the SUS. We applied Pearson's chi-square test for bivariate analyses and Poisson's regression for multiple analysis. RESULTS: A total of 365 alumni from Programs from all Brazilian regions participated in the study. Of those, 80.2% reported entry into the labor market and 47.9% reported being employed in the SUS. Admission into the SUS has been associated with the professions that make up the Reference Team for Primary Health Care (PHC) (PR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.54-2.28) and non-admission into stricto sensu graduate programs (PR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.97). Regarding admission characteristics, the PHC scenario (47.4%) and work focused on health care (84.9%) were prevalent. Almost 40% of alumni who entered the SUS are working with unstable contracts. Besides, being a residency alumnus is often undervalued in recruitment (56.9%). Among those admitted into the SUS, 8.7% reported being selected to work in the Covid-19 pandemic effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study reinforce the need for a policy to encourage the maintenance, creation and valorization of the PRMS. They also warn about the possibility that admission into the SUS for workers is increasingly difficult due to the current underfunding of the health system.

Prevalence of the five newborn screening tests.

Neonatal screening is essential for child health and has the following purposes: (1) pulse oximetry screening to evaluate congenital heart diseases; (2) red reflex examination to investigate eye diseases; (3) newborn hearing screening test to evaluate congenital hearing diseases; (4) tongue test to evaluate the lingual frenulum and identify communication and feeding problems; (5) the Guthrie test to screen for metabolic diseases. This study investigated the prevalence of the five neonatal screening tests and its associated institutional and socio-cultural factors using a cross-sectional study with 415 mother and baby binomials from public maternity hospitals in Natal, RN, Brazil in 2019. Pearson's chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and Poisson regression tests were used, with a significance of p ≤ 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. The sample loss was 71 mothers (17%). The prevalence in the first week and at the end of 28 days was 93% and 99.5% (pulse oximetry screening), 60% and 97.6% (red reflex examination), 71.9% and 93.6% (Guthrie test), 35.5% and 68.2% (hearing screening test), and 19% and 48.9% (tongue test). Only 152 newborns (36.6%) underwent all five tests. The performance of the tests was associated in the final model (p ≤ 0.05) with the residence of the mothers in the state capital (PR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.18-1.56) and the provision of guidance for mothers about the five tests in maternity hospitals (PR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.08-1.67). None of the tests met full coverage, and regional inequities were identified indicating the need to restructure the institutions, training and qualification procedures to improve of the work processes and longitudinal care.

Mortalidade de crianças no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Norte e as políticas públicas / Child mortality in Brazil and Rio Grande do Norte and public policies

A mortalidade e crianças no Brasil apresentou redução considerada nos últimos anos, no entanto, continua elevada quando comparada a países desenvolvidos como o Japão, requerendo a necessidade de manutenção e/ou instituição de medidas interventivas de controle desses índices. Acrescido a isso, essa redução ocorreu de forma desigual entre as diferentes regiões e estados brasileiros devido às grandes e importantes diferenças nacionais. Uma análise macrorregional revela a região do Nordeste do Brasil como a que mais reduziu a mortalidade na de crianças menores de 5 anos. O estado do Rio Grande do Norte apresentou uma redução de mais de 80% nas taxas de mortalidade infantil e na infância nas últimas quatro décadas. Enfatiza-se que o acompanhamento dessas taxas oportuniza o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas direcionadas à redução do risco de morte por meio de políticas públicas relacionadas à saúde das crianças. A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar as taxas de mortalidade infantil e na infância no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Norte, seus fatores associados e as políticas públicas intervenientes. Foram desenvolvidos três estudos: 1) estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura acerca da trajetória das políticas públicas de saúde e de âmbito social à criança no Brasil, 1973 até 2015. As diversas estratégias, programas e políticas públicas de saúde e de âmbito social desenvolvidas ao longo dos anos foram essenciais para o alcance das reduções nas taxas de mortalidade infantil e na infância no Brasil. Nesse sentido, merecem destaque o Programa Nacional de Imunização e a criação e instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde; 2) estudo ecológico com uso de dados secundários objetivando analisar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade na infância no Brasil no período de 2001 a 2017 e a correlação com os indicadores assistenciais, socioeconômicos e sanitários das regiões brasileiras que contribuíram para o país atingir os ODM. A baixa renda (extrema pobreza) das famílias e a ausência de escolaridade feminina foram as variáveis que mais se correlacionaram com a taxa da mortalidade na infância (r=0,649, p<0,001 e r=0,640, p<0,001, respectivamente); 3) estudo ecológico de série temporal cujo objetivo foi analisar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade infantil e de crianças de 01 a 04 anos no Rio Grande do Norte e as principais causas básicas de óbito nesses grupos de crianças, no período de 1979 a 2019. Constatou-se uma maior inflexão estatisticamente significativa entre 1979 e 2005 (APC = -6,13; IC95%: -6.8 a -5.5) para a TMI e entre 1979 e 2012 (APC =-5.78; IC95%: -6.3 a -5.3) para a taxa de mortalidade de crianças de 01 a 04 anos. Quanto às causas básicas de óbito, as Complicações da Gravidez, Parto, Puerpério/Afecções originárias no Período Perinatal e as Causas Externas apresentaram comportamento crescente na proporcionalidade dos óbitos infantil e de crianças de 01 a 04 anos, respectivamente, ao longo do período estudado. A mortalidade infantil e na infância sofre influência direta das políticas públicas de saúde e de âmbito social repercutindo de forma mais intensa quando as duas áreas atuam de forma integradas, porém ainda modificando os padrões de mortalidade nas situações em que as ações ocorreram de forma fragmentadas, porém com as duas áreas atuando simultaneamente no tempo (AU).

The mortality of children in Brazil showed a reduction considered in the last years, however, it remains high when compared to developed countries such as Japan, requiring the need to maintain and/or institute interventional measures to control these indices. Added to this, this reduction occurred unevenly between the different regions and Brazilian states, due to the great and important national differences. A macro-regional analysis revealing the Northeast region of Brazil as the one that most reduced under-five child mortality. The state of Rio Grande do Norte reached a reduction of more than 80% in child and the under-five mortality rate in the last four decades. The monitoring of child and the under-five mortality rates provides opportunities for the development of preventive strategies aimed at reducing the risk of death through public policies related to children's health. This thesis aims to analyze child and underfive mortality in Brazil and Rio Grande do Norte, their associated factors and the intervening public policies. Three studies were developed: 1) literature review study about the trajectory of public health and social policies for children in Brazil, from 1973 to 2015. The different strategies, programs and public health and social policies developed over the years were essential to achieve reductions in child and under-five mortality rates in Brazil. In this sense, the National Immunization Program and the creation and institution of the Unified Health System deserve to be highlighted; 2) ecological study using secondary data for Brazil according to Intermediate Urban Linkage Regions from 2001 to 2017. Low income (extreme poverty) in the children's families and absence of maternal schooling were the variables most closely correlated with underfive mortality rate (r = 0.649, p < 0.001 and r = 0.640, p < 0.001, respectively); 3) a time-series ecological study for 1979 and 2019 was conducted with Rio Grande do Norte as the unit of analysis. The study showed a significant reduce trend between the years 1979 and 2005, APC = -6.13; 95% CI: -6.8; -5.5, for the infant mortality rate, and APC = -5.87; 95% CI: -6.6; -5.1, for the children mortality rate of aged 1 to 4 years. As for the basic causes of death, the complications of pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium / conditions originating in the perinatal period and external causes showed an increasing behavior in the proportionality of infant and children deaths from 01 to 04 years, respectively, over the period studied. Child and under-five mortality rates is directly influenced by public health and social policies, with a stronger impact on the integrated presence of these types of policies, however, being able to change its pattern even in the face of fragmented and / or isolated (AU).

Admission of alumni from Multiprofessional Residency Programs into the SUS / Inserção de egressos de Programas de Residência Multiprofissional no SUS

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The Multiprofessional Health Residency Programs (PRMS) were set up as a strategy for training workforce for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the proportion of alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs admitted into the SUS and associated factors. METHODS: This is a sectional study developed with alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs from all over Brazil, encompassing the period from 2015 to 2019. Participants answered an online questionnaire with general personal information, admission into stricto sensu graduate school, the labor market and, specifically, the SUS. We applied Pearson's chi-square test for bivariate analyses and Poisson's regression for multiple analysis. RESULTS: A total of 365 alumni from Programs from all Brazilian regions participated in the study. Of those, 80.2% reported entry into the labor market and 47.9% reported being employed in the SUS. Admission into the SUS has been associated with the professions that make up the Reference Team for Primary Health Care (PHC) (PR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.54-2.28) and non-admission into stricto sensu graduate programs (PR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.97). Regarding admission characteristics, the PHC scenario (47.4%) and work focused on health care (84.9%) were prevalent. Almost 40% of alumni who entered the SUS are working with unstable contracts. Besides, being a residency alumnus is often undervalued in recruitment (56.9%). Among those admitted into the SUS, 8.7% reported being selected to work in the Covid-19 pandemic effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study reinforce the need for a policy to encourage the maintenance, creation and valorization of the PRMS. They also warn about the possibility that admission into the SUS for workers is increasingly difficult due to the current underfunding of the health system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os Programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (PRMS) configuram-se como estratégia para a formação de força de trabalho para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). OBJETIVO: Investigar a proporção de egressos de PRMS voltados à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) inseridos no SUS e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional desenvolvido com egressos de PRMS voltados à APS de todo o Brasil, referente ao período de 2015 a 2019. Os participantes responderam a um questionário on-line com informações pessoais gerais, inserção na pós-graduação stricto sensu, no mercado de trabalho e especificamente no SUS. Foram aplicados o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, para análises bivariadas, e Regressão de Poisson, para a análise múltipla. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 365 egressos de Programas de todas as regiões brasileiras. Destes, 80,2% relataram inserção no mercado de trabalho e 47,9% informaram estar trabalhando no SUS. A inserção no SUS esteve associada às profissões que compõem a Equipe de Referência para a APS (RP = 1,87; IC95% 1,54-2,28) e à não inserção em programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu (RP = 0,77; IC95% 0,61-0,97). Quanto às características de inserção, prevaleceram o cenário da APS (47,4%) e o trabalho voltado à atenção à saúde (84,9%). Quase 40% dos egressos inseridos no SUS estão trabalhando por intermédio de vínculos instáveis, além de frequente não valorização do título da residência no recrutamento (56,9%). Entre os inseridos no SUS, 8,7% relataram terem sido selecionados para o enfrentamento da pandemia de covid-19. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo reforçaram a necessidade de política de incentivo à manutenção, criação e valorização dos PRMS e alertaram para possível aumento da dificuldade de inserção das categorias profissionais, frente ao cenário de desfinanciamento da saúde.

Millennium Development Goals: the impact of healthcare interventions and changes in socioeconomic factors and sanitation on under-five mortality in Brazil. / Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio: impacto de ações assistenciais e mudanças socioeconômicas e sanitárias na mortalidade de crianças.

The United Nations approved the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, including Target 4.A, or a two-thirds reduction in under-five mortality by 2015. Brazil reached this target in 2010. The current study aimed to analyze the trend in under-five mortality and the correlation with healthcare, socioeconomic, and sanitation indicators in Brazil's major geographic regions that helped the country meet the MDGs. This was an ecological study using secondary data for Brazil according to Intermediate Urban Linkage Regions (RIAU in Portuguese) from 2001 to 2017. Analyses of tendencies were performed with joinpoint and multiple linear regression models. The study showed a downward trend in the under-five mortality rate during the periods studied, with the largest statistically significant change from 2001 to 2010 (AAPC = -3.95; 95%CI: -4.3; -3.6), the lowest changes from 2011 to 2015 (AAPC = -2.35; 95%CI: -3.7; -1.0), and stabilized rates in 2016 and 2017 (AAPC = -0.07; ICC = -4.2; +4.3). Low income (extreme poverty) in the children's families and absence of maternal schooling were the variables most closely correlated with under-five mortality rate (r = 0.649, p < 0.001 and r = 0.640, p < 0.001, respectively). The fact that Brazil met the fourth target in the MDGs reflected the country's progress in reducing the under-five mortality rate, but the data suggest the rate's possible stabilization in recent years. Meanwhile, social and healthcare indicators revealed the importance of this reduction, challenging the country to maintain and further improve its public policies in this area.

No ano 2000, foram estabelecidos os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), que tiveram como quarta meta a redução da mortalidade na infância (em menores de 5 anos). Desde 2010, o Brasil alcançou a meta proposta. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento da mortalidade na infância e a correlação com os indicadores assistenciais, socioeconômicos e sanitários das regiões brasileiras que contribuíram para o país atingir os ODM. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, com o uso de dados secundários do Brasil, por Regiões Intermediárias de Articulação Urbana (RIAU), no período de 2001 a 2017. Foram realizadas análises de tendência por meio do joinpoint e modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Constatou-se uma tendência de redução da taxa de mortalidade em menores de 5 anos nos períodos estudados, com maior inflexão estatisticamente significativa entre os anos de 2001 a 2010 (AAPC = -3,95; IC95%: -4,3; -3,6), com menores valores de 2011 a 2015 (AAPC = -2,35; IC95%: -3,7; -1,0) e estabilização em 2016 e 2017 (AAPC = -0,07; ICC = -4,2; +4,3). A baixa renda (extrema pobreza) das famílias das crianças e a ausência de escolaridade feminina foram as variáveis que mais se correlacionaram com a taxa da mortalidade na infância (r = 0,649, p < 0,001 e r = 0,640, p < 0,001, respectivamente). O cumprimento da quarta meta dos ODM pelo Brasil fez com que o país alcançasse um evidente progresso na redução da taxa de mortalidade na infância, porém percebe-se uma possibilidade de estabilização nesta taxa nos últimos anos. Por outro lado, indicadores sociais e ações assistenciais de saúde foram de grande importância nessa redução, constituindo um desafio ao país a manutenção e evolução das políticas públicas.

En el año 2000 se establecieron los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), cuya cuarta meta era la reducción de 2/3 de la mortalidad en la infancia (en menores de 5 años). Desde 2010, Brasil alcanzó la meta propuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el comportamiento de la mortalidad en la infancia y la correlación con los indicadores asistenciales, socioeconómicos y sanitarios de las regiones brasileñas que contribuyeron a que país alcanzara los ODM. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, con la utilización de datos secundarios de Brasil, por Regiones Intermediarias de Coordinación Urbana (RIAU en Portugués), durante el período de 2001 a 2017. Se efectuaron análisis de tendencia a través de joinpoint y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Se constató una tendencia de reducción de la tasa de mortalidad en menores de 5 años durante los períodos estudiados, con mayor inflexión estadísticamente significativa durante el periodo de 2001 a 2010 (AAPC = -3,95; IC95%: -4,3; -3,6), con menores valores en 2011 a 2015 (AAPC = -2,35; IC95%: -3,7; -1,0) y estabilización en 2016 y 2017 (AAPC = -0,07; ICC = -4,2; +4,3). La renda baja (extrema pobreza) de las familias de los niños y la ausencia de escolaridad femenina fueron las variables que más se correlacionaron con la tasa de la mortalidad en la infancia (r = 0,649, p < 0,001 y r = 0,640, p < 0,001, respectivamente). El cumplimiento de la cuarta meta de los ODM, por parte de Brasil, consiguió que el país alcanzase un evidente progreso en la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad en la infancia, pese a que se percibe una posibilidad de estabilización en esta tasa en los últimos años. Por otro lado, indicadores sociales y acciones asistenciales de salud se revelaron de gran importancia en esa reducción, al constituirse en un desafío para el país en cuanto al mantenimiento y evolución de las políticas públicas.

Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio: impacto de ações assistenciais e mudanças socioeconômicas e sanitárias na mortalidade de crianças / Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: impacto de acciones asistenciales y cambios socioeconómicos y sanitarios en la mortalidad de niños / Millennium Development Goals: the impact of healthcare interventions and changes in socioeconomic factors and sanitation on under-five mortality in Brazil

No ano 2000, foram estabelecidos os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), que tiveram como quarta meta a redução da mortalidade na infância (em menores de 5 anos). Desde 2010, o Brasil alcançou a meta proposta. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento da mortalidade na infância e a correlação com os indicadores assistenciais, socioeconômicos e sanitários das regiões brasileiras que contribuíram para o país atingir os ODM. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, com o uso de dados secundários do Brasil, por Regiões Intermediárias de Articulação Urbana (RIAU), no período de 2001 a 2017. Foram realizadas análises de tendência por meio do joinpoint e modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Constatou-se uma tendência de redução da taxa de mortalidade em menores de 5 anos nos períodos estudados, com maior inflexão estatisticamente significativa entre os anos de 2001 a 2010 (AAPC = -3,95; IC95%: -4,3; -3,6), com menores valores de 2011 a 2015 (AAPC = -2,35; IC95%: -3,7; -1,0) e estabilização em 2016 e 2017 (AAPC = -0,07; ICC = -4,2; +4,3). A baixa renda (extrema pobreza) das famílias das crianças e a ausência de escolaridade feminina foram as variáveis que mais se correlacionaram com a taxa da mortalidade na infância (r = 0,649, p < 0,001 e r = 0,640, p < 0,001, respectivamente). O cumprimento da quarta meta dos ODM pelo Brasil fez com que o país alcançasse um evidente progresso na redução da taxa de mortalidade na infância, porém percebe-se uma possibilidade de estabilização nesta taxa nos últimos anos. Por outro lado, indicadores sociais e ações assistenciais de saúde foram de grande importância nessa redução, constituindo um desafio ao país a manutenção e evolução das políticas públicas.

En el año 2000 se establecieron los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), cuya cuarta meta era la reducción de 2/3 de la mortalidad en la infancia (en menores de 5 años). Desde 2010, Brasil alcanzó la meta propuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el comportamiento de la mortalidad en la infancia y la correlación con los indicadores asistenciales, socioeconómicos y sanitarios de las regiones brasileñas que contribuyeron a que país alcanzara los ODM. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, con la utilización de datos secundarios de Brasil, por Regiones Intermediarias de Coordinación Urbana (RIAU en Portugués), durante el período de 2001 a 2017. Se efectuaron análisis de tendencia a través de joinpoint y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Se constató una tendencia de reducción de la tasa de mortalidad en menores de 5 años durante los períodos estudiados, con mayor inflexión estadísticamente significativa durante el periodo de 2001 a 2010 (AAPC = -3,95; IC95%: -4,3; -3,6), con menores valores en 2011 a 2015 (AAPC = -2,35; IC95%: -3,7; -1,0) y estabilización en 2016 y 2017 (AAPC = -0,07; ICC = -4,2; +4,3). La renda baja (extrema pobreza) de las familias de los niños y la ausencia de escolaridad femenina fueron las variables que más se correlacionaron con la tasa de la mortalidad en la infancia (r = 0,649, p < 0,001 y r = 0,640, p < 0,001, respectivamente). El cumplimiento de la cuarta meta de los ODM, por parte de Brasil, consiguió que el país alcanzase un evidente progreso en la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad en la infancia, pese a que se percibe una posibilidad de estabilización en esta tasa en los últimos años. Por otro lado, indicadores sociales y acciones asistenciales de salud se revelaron de gran importancia en esa reducción, al constituirse en un desafío para el país en cuanto al mantenimiento y evolución de las políticas públicas.

The United Nations approved the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, including Target 4.A, or a two-thirds reduction in under-five mortality by 2015. Brazil reached this target in 2010. The current study aimed to analyze the trend in under-five mortality and the correlation with healthcare, socioeconomic, and sanitation indicators in Brazil's major geographic regions that helped the country meet the MDGs. This was an ecological study using secondary data for Brazil according to Intermediate Urban Linkage Regions (RIAU in Portuguese) from 2001 to 2017. Analyses of tendencies were performed with joinpoint and multiple linear regression models. The study showed a downward trend in the under-five mortality rate during the periods studied, with the largest statistically significant change from 2001 to 2010 (AAPC = -3.95; 95%CI: -4.3; -3.6), the lowest changes from 2011 to 2015 (AAPC = -2.35; 95%CI: -3.7; -1.0), and stabilized rates in 2016 and 2017 (AAPC = -0.07; ICC = -4.2; +4.3). Low income (extreme poverty) in the children's families and absence of maternal schooling were the variables most closely correlated with under-five mortality rate (r = 0.649, p < 0.001 and r = 0.640, p < 0.001, respectively). The fact that Brazil met the fourth target in the MDGs reflected the country's progress in reducing the under-five mortality rate, but the data suggest the rate's possible stabilization in recent years. Meanwhile, social and healthcare indicators revealed the importance of this reduction, challenging the country to maintain and further improve its public policies in this area.

Epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury victims of a general hospital in a brazilian capital / Perfil epidemiológico de vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico de um hospital geral de uma capital brasileira

In Brazil, the accidents and urban violence, the external causes, build a public health problem that has taken big proportions and transcendence, with a big impact on the population's lives. In the set of injuries resulting from external causes, the Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands out in terms of magnitude, both among dead and injured, being one of the most frequent injuries. Thus, it is important to know epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury victims, local characteristics, in order to take more effective prevention actions based on this reality, since the primary causes of TBI can vary according to the people involved. The objective of this study was to know the epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury victims, the type of causative event and the severity of the trauma. Exploratory, crosssectional, quantitative and descriptive research, conducted with 372 patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. Data were collected from form itself, semi-structured form, and analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 software. The research had the project approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE 30487514.6.0000.5568. There was a predominance of males, aged 18-30 years. The cause of the most common brain injury was traffic accident with a prevalence of moderate traumatic brain injury. It is necessary to the development of preventive actions as well as the development of public policies that contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality from TEC and qualified assistance to victims.

No Brasil, os acidentes e a violência urbana, ou seja, as causas externas configuram um problema de saúde pública que tem tomado grandes proporções e transcendência, com forte impacto na vida da população. No conjunto de lesões decorrentes das causas externas, o Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE) destaca-se em termos de magnitude, tanto entre mortos quanto em feridos, sendo uma das lesões mais frequentes. Assim, é de fundamental importância o conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico das vítimas das de traumatismo cranioencefálico, as características locais, para que sejam, então, adotadas medidas de prevenção mais efetivas baseadas nessa realidade, uma vez que as causas primárias do TCE variam de acordo com a população envolvida. O estudo pretende conhecer o perfil epidemiológico das vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico, o tipo de evento causador e a gravidade do trauma. Pesquisa exploratória, transversal, quantitativa e descritiva, realizada com 372 pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico. Os dados foram coletados a partir de formulário próprio, semiestruturado, e analisados por meio do software SPSS 20.0. A pesquisa teve o projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE 30487514.6.0000.5568. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 18 a 30 anos. A causa do traumatismo cranioencefálico mais frequente foi a de acidentes de trânsito, havendo predomínio do traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado. Faz-se necessário o planejamento de ações preventivas, bem como o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que contribuam com a diminuição da morbimortalidade por traumatismo cranioencefálico e com o atendimento qualificado às vítimas.

Educação permanente em saúde: uma estratégia para articular ensino e serviço / Continuing healthcare education: a strategy to connect teaching and services

Relato de experiência com objetivo de descrever a implementação de um projeto de educação permanente com a equipe de enfermagem dos serviços de urgência de três hospitais, evidenciando a articulação entre ensino e serviço. Esse projeto foi desenvolvido por professores e alunos do curso de graduação em enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em 2011, tendo como cenário os serviços de urgência de três hospitais. Foram trabalhadas temáticas escolhidas pelos profissionais do serviço de acordo com a necessidade local. Nos encontros, utilizou-se problematização com as questões vivenciadas na prática, rodas de conversas com as experiências dos profissionais, aulas práticas no serviço e em laboratório, discussão de textos, e aulas expositivas dialogadas. A experiência desse projeto revela a importância e a possibilidade da integração ensino-serviço na educação permanente dos trabalhadores da saúde na melhoria da qualidade da assistência e na construção do Sistema Único de Saúde.