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1.
Nephrol Ther ; 20(4): 1-8, 2024 08 12.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39129511

RESUMO

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the main opportunistic infection observed after kidney transplantation. Despite the use of prevention strategies, CMV disease still occurs, especially in high-risk patients (donor seropositive/recipient seronegative). Patients may develop complicated CMV, i.e. recurrent, refractory or resistant CMV infection. CMV prevention relies on either universal prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. In high-risk patients, universal prophylaxis is usually preferred. Currently, valganciclovir is used in this setting. However, valganciclovir can be responsible for severe leucopenia and neutropenia. A novel anti-viral drug, letermovir, has been recently compared to valganciclovir. It was as efficient as valganciclovir to prevent CMV disease and induced less hematological side-effects. It is still not available in France in this indication. Recent studies suggest that immune monitoring by ELISPOT or Quantiferon can be useful to determine the duration of prophylaxis. Other studies suggest that prophylaxis may be skipped in CMV-seropositive kidney-transplant patients given mTOR inhibitors. Refractory CMV is defined by the lack of decrease of CMV DNAemia of at least 1 log10 at 2 weeks after effective treatment. In case of refractory CMV infection, drug resistant mutations should be looked for. Currently, maribavir is the gold standard therapy for refractory/resistant CMV. At 8 weeks therapy and 8 weeks later, it has been shown to be significantly more effective than other anti-viral drugs, i.e. high dose of ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir. However, a high rate of relapse was observed after ceasing therapy. Hence, other therapeutic strategies should be evaluated in order to improve the sustained virological rate.


L'infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV) est la principale infection opportuniste après transplantation rénale. Malgré les stratégies préventives, il persiste des maladies à CMV, notamment chez les patients à haut risque (donneur séropositif/receveur séronégatif). Certains patients présentent des formes complexes avec des récurrences et des infections réfractaires et/ou résistantes aux antiviraux. La prévention de l'infection à CMV repose soit sur une prophylaxie universelle, soit sur une stratégie préemptive. Chez les patients à haut risque, la stratégie prophylactique est le plus souvent utilisée. Elle repose sur l'utilisation du valganciclovir, qui peut être responsable de leucopénies et de neutropénies sévères. Un nouvel antiviral, le létermovir, qui n'est pas encore disponible sur le marché en France dans cette indication, a montré une efficacité similaire au valganciclovir avec peu d'effets secondaires hématologiques. Des études récentes suggèrent l'intérêt de l'immuno-surveillance par ELISPOT ou Quantiféron pour guider la durée de la prophylaxie. D'autres études suggèrent également la possibilité de se passer d'un traitement prophylactique anti-CMV chez des transplantés rénaux CMV-séropositifs recevant des inhibiteurs de la mTOR. Le CMV réfractaire est défini par une absence de baisse de la charge virale d'au moins 1 log10 après deux semaines de traitement efficace. En cas d'absence de baisse de la charge virale, une recherche de mutations de résistance aux antiviraux doit être effectuée. Actuellement, le maribavir constitue le traitement de référence pour les formes réfractaires et résistantes. La clairance virale à la fin du traitement, ou huit semaines plus tard, est significativement supérieure à celle observée avec les autres antiviraux tels que le ganciclovir donné à forte dose, le foscarnet, ou le cidofovir. Cependant, le taux de rechute à l'arrêt du traitement par maribavir reste important. D'autres stratégies thérapeutiques doivent être évaluées pour améliorer ce taux de réponse virologique soutenue.


Assuntos
Antivirais , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Transplante de Rim , Humanos , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/prevenção & controle , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Valganciclovir/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Ganciclovir/uso terapêutico , Ribonucleosídeos/uso terapêutico , Acetatos , Diclororribofuranosilbenzimidazol/análogos & derivados
8.
J Transl Autoimmun ; 7: 100223, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38162455

RESUMO

Bacterial recombinant cysteine protease Ides (imlifidase, Idefirix®, Hansa Biopharma) is used to prevent humoral transplant rejection in highly HLA-sensitized recipients, and to control IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. We report the case of a 51 years old woman suffering from lupus nephritis with end stage kidney disease, grafted for the second time and pre-treated with imlifidase. The patient was HLA-hypersensitized (calculated Panel Reactive Antibodies [Abs], cPRA>99 %) and has three preformed Donor Specific Antibodies (DSA). Circulating immunoglobulins were monitored at initiation (0, 6, 36, 72 and 96 h), and at Ab recovery one and two months following imlifidase injection. From baseline, the higher depletion was reported after 36h for total IgG (-75 %) and IgG subclasses (-87 % for IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, -78 % for IgG4), while no significant impact on IgA and IgM was observed. Anti-SSA 60 kDa and anti-SSB auto-Abs quickly decreased after imlifidase injection (-96 % for both after 36 h) as well as post-vaccinal specific IgG (-95 % for tetanus toxoid, -97 % for pneumococcus and -91 % for Haemophilus influenzae Abs after 36 h). At the Ab recovery phase, total IgG and anti-SSA60/SSB Abs reached their initial level at two months. Regarding alloreactive Abs, anti-HLA Abs including the three DSA showed a dramatic decrease after injection with 100 % depletion from baseline after 36 h as assessed by multiplex single bead antigen assay, leading to negative crossmatches using both lymphocytotoxicity (LCT) and flow cell techniques. DSA rebound at recovery was absent and remained under the positivity threshold (MFI = 1000) after 6 months. The findings from this case report are that imlifidase exerts an early depleting effect on all circulating IgG, while IgG recovery may depend in part from imlifidase's capacity to target memory B cells.

9.
Rev Prat ; 73(9): 969-972, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38294445

RESUMO

INFECTION AFTER SOLID-ORGAN-TRANSPLANTATION. Infections is one the most cause for hospitalization after solid-organ-transplantation. We distinguish donor-derived infections, reactivation of latent infection in recipients, nosocomial infections and community infections. The first three types are observed mainly in the early period post-transplantation, while community infections can occur at any time after transplantation. Opportunistic infections and some specific infections should be assessed systematically and rapidly. This often requires invasive diagnostic procedures. Prevention altered the incidence and severity of post-transplant infections. It included vaccination, use of universal prophylaxis, systematic monitoring of some agents after transplantation and safer living.


RISQUES INFECTIEUX APRÈS TRANSPLANTATION D'ORGANES SOLIDES. Les infections sont une des premières causes d'hospitalisation après transplantation d'organes solides. On distingue celles liées au donneur, celles dues à une réactivation d'une infection latente chez le receveur, les infections nosocomiales et les infections communautaires. Les trois premières sont observées le plus souvent dans une période précoce suivant la transplantation, alors que les infections communautaires peuvent survenir à tout moment. Les infections opportunistes et certaines infections spécifiques doivent être systématiquement recherchées, rapidement et activement, en ayant recours, si nécessaire, à des méthodes invasives. La prévention permet de diminuer significativement l'incidence et la sévérité des infections. Elle comprend la vaccination, la prophylaxie universelle, la surveillance régulière et les précautions en rapport avec le mode de vie.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Transplante de Órgãos , Humanos , Hospitalização , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Doadores de Tecidos , Transplante de Órgãos/efeitos adversos
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