OpenKBP-Opt: an international and reproducible evaluation of 76 knowledge-based planning pipelines.

Objective.To establish an open framework for developing plan optimization models for knowledge-based planning (KBP).Approach.Our framework includes radiotherapy treatment data (i.e. reference plans) for 100 patients with head-and-neck cancer who were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. That data also includes high-quality dose predictions from 19 KBP models that were developed by different research groups using out-of-sample data during the OpenKBP Grand Challenge. The dose predictions were input to four fluence-based dose mimicking models to form 76 unique KBP pipelines that generated 7600 plans (76 pipelines × 100 patients). The predictions and KBP-generated plans were compared to the reference plans via: the dose score, which is the average mean absolute voxel-by-voxel difference in dose; the deviation in dose-volume histogram (DVH) points; and the frequency of clinical planning criteria satisfaction. We also performed a theoretical investigation to justify our dose mimicking models.Main results.The range in rank order correlation of the dose score between predictions and their KBP pipelines was 0.50-0.62, which indicates that the quality of the predictions was generally positively correlated with the quality of the plans. Additionally, compared to the input predictions, the KBP-generated plans performed significantly better (P< 0.05; one-sided Wilcoxon test) on 18 of 23 DVH points. Similarly, each optimization model generated plans that satisfied a higher percentage of criteria than the reference plans, which satisfied 3.5% more criteria than the set of all dose predictions. Lastly, our theoretical investigation demonstrated that the dose mimicking models generated plans that are also optimal for an inverse planning model.Significance.This was the largest international effort to date for evaluating the combination of KBP prediction and optimization models. We found that the best performing models significantly outperformed the reference dose and dose predictions. In the interest of reproducibility, our data and code is freely available.

[Genotoxic effects in a human population exposed to heavy metals in the region of La Mojana, Colombia, 2013]. / Efectos genotóxicos asociados a metales pesados en una población humana de la región de La Mojana, Colombia, 2013.

INTRODUCTION: Mining is an economically important activity in Colombia which generates large quantities of residues containing potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. These contaminate ecosystems and place human health at risk. La Mojana lies within one of the most biodiversity-rich zones on Earth and has been subjected to processes of contamination closely related to gold mining activities in the surrounding areas. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate genotoxicity in the population of La Mojana region exposed to heavy metals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genotoxic effects and their relationship with concentrations of heavy metals (mercury, cadmium and lead) in blood were evaluated among an exposed population and a control group. The exposed group comprised inhabitants of the municipalities of Guaranda, Sucre, Majagual and San Marcos; inhabitants of the municipality of Montería were chosen as a control group. DNA damage was determined using the alkaline comet assay. Concentrations of mercury were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and those of cadmium and lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations of the heavy metals exceeded the limits permitted by the World Health Organization. Genotoxic effects were found in the exposed population, possibly associated with the presence of these metals in blood. Significant associations (p<0.05) were found between mercury and cadmium levels and damage to DNA. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the genetic damage recorded among inhabitants of the region of La Mojana, Colombia, may be associated with the presence of heavy metals in the blood.

Efectos genotóxicos asociados a metales pesados en una población humana de la región de La Mojana, Colombia, 2013 / Genotoxic effects in a human population exposed to heavy metals in the region of La Mojana, Colombia, 2013

Introducción. En Colombia, la minería es una actividad económica importante; sin embargo, genera grandes cantidades de residuos que contienen elementos potencialmente tóxicos, como los metales pesados, que contaminan los ecosistemas y ponen en riesgo la salud humana. La región de La Mojana es una de las zonas más ricas en biodiversidad del planeta y se ha visto sometida a procesos de contaminación muy relacionados con la minería de oro que se desarrolla en sus alrededores. Objetivo. Evaluar la genotoxicidad en una población expuesta a residuos de metales pesados en la región de La Mojana. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron los efectos genotóxicos y su relación con la concentración de metales pesados (mercurio, cadmio y plomo) en muestras de sangre de la población expuesta y el grupo de control. El grupo expuesto lo conformaron habitantes de los municipios de Guaranda, Sucre, Majagual y San Marcos; en el grupo de control se incluyó a habitantes del municipio de Montería. Se determinó el daño en el ADN mediante el ensayo cometa en condiciones alcalinas. Las concentraciones de mercurio se establecieron mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica con vapor frío, en tanto que las de cadmio y plomo se determinaron por espectrometría de absorción atómica en horno de grafito. Resultados. Las concentraciones de los metales sobrepasaron los límites permitidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se evidenciaron efectos genotóxicos posiblemente asociados a la presencia de los metales en la sangre. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre la presencia de mercurio y de cadmio, y el daño en el ADN. Conclusión. Estos resultados sugieren que el daño genético registrado en pobladores de la región de La Mojana, Colombia, puede estar asociado a la presencia de los metales estudiados en las muestras de sangre.

Introduction: Mining is an economically important activity in Colombia which generates large quantities of residues containing potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. These contaminate ecosystems and place human health at risk. La Mojana lies within one of the most biodiversity-rich zones on Earth and has been subjected to processes of contamination closely related to gold mining activities in the surrounding areas. Objective: To evaluate genotoxicity in the population of La Mojana region exposed to heavy metals. Materials and methods: Genotoxic effects and their relationship with concentrations of heavy metals (mercury, cadmium and lead) in blood were evaluated among an exposed population and a control group. The exposed group comprised inhabitants of the municipalities of Guaranda, Sucre, Majagual and San Marcos; inhabitants of the municipality of Montería were chosen as a control group. DNA damage was determined using the alkaline comet assay. Concentrations of mercury were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and those of cadmium and lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Concentrations of the heavy metals exceeded the limits permitted by the World Health Organization. Genotoxic effects were found in the exposed population, possibly associated with the presence of these metals in blood. Significant associations (p<0.05) were found between mercury and cadmium levels and damage to DNA. Conclusion: These results suggest that the genetic damage recorded among inhabitants of the region of La Mojana, Colombia, may be associated with the presence of heavy metals in the blood.

Relationship between localization of gold mining areas and hair mercury levels in people from Bolivar, north of Colombia.

Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal that, once in the environment, is bioaccumulated and biomagnified through food chain impacting ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate total Hg (T-Hg) concentrations in individuals along Cauca and Magdalena Rivers in Colombia, where most gold mining activities take place. A total of 1,328 hair samples were collected and analyzed for T-Hg using atomic absorption spectroscopy. T-Hg concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 20.14 µg/g. Greatest levels were detected in La Raya (5.27 ± 0.32 µg/g), Achi (2.44 ± 0.22 µg/g), and Montecristo (2.20 ± 0.20 µg/g), places that are located near gold mines. Concentrations decreased with the distance from main mining areas. Only 0.75% of the individuals had T-Hg levels above 10 µg/g. Men had significantly higher T-Hg levels than women, and correlation analysis revealed moderately weak but significant relationships between T-Hg and weight (R = 0.111, P < 0.001), stature (R = 0.111, P < 0.001), and age (R = 0.073, P = 0.007). However, T-Hg concentrations did not vary according to fish consumption frequency. Subjective health survey showed no Hg-related signs or symptoms within studied sample. However, studies are necessary to detect neurological damage linked to the metal. Changing technologies to Hg-free mining, monitoring, and educational programs are necessary to protect health of people living near Colombian rivers.

Plaguicidas organoclorados en leche de bovinos suplementados con residuos de algodón en San Pedro, Colombia / Organochlorine pesticides in cows'milk supplemented with cotton waste in San Pedro, Colombia

Objetivo Evaluar la presencia de pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) en leche cruda bovina procedente de fincas de tradición algodonera del municipio de San Pedro, Sucre. Materiales y métodos Se tomaron 48 muestras de leche procedente de tres fincas ganaderas, dos de ellas con tradición en la suplementación alimenticia con semillas y soca de algodón, y se les determinó la concentración de OCPs por cromatografía gaseosa empleando un detector de microcaptura de electrones (µECD). Resultados El 100 por ciento de las muestras presentaron algún tipo de OCPs, y las concentraciones más altas correspondieron a los pesticidas Endrin, DDT y Aldrin, con 0,62, 0,59 y 0,52 µg/mL, respectivamente. Las fincas que suplementaron con soca de algodón tuvieron una mayor presencia y concentración de OCPs en leche que las muestras provenientes de la finca que no realizaba esta práctica. Conclusión A pesar que la mayoría de los plaguicidas organoclorados están prohibidos en el país desde 1986, aún se presentan residuos en las muestras de leche cruda analizadas provenientes de fincas con tradición en el cultivo de algodón, generando un riesgo de salud pública a los consumidores.

Objective Ascertaining the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in raw milk from cows grazing on traditional cotton farms in San Pedro, Sucre, Colombia. Materials and methods 48 samples were taken from three cattle farms; two of them used cotton seed and soca dietary supplement.OCP concentration was determined by gas chromatography (GC) using an electron capturedetector (µ-ECD). Results 100 percent of the samples had some type of OCPs and Endrin, DDT and Aldrin pesticides hadthe highest concentrations (0.62, 0.59 and 0.52 µg/mL, respectively). Farms supplementing feed with soca cotton had the greatest OCP presence and concentration in milk samples compared to samples from farms which did not engage in this practice. Conclusion Although most OCPs have been banned in Colombia since 1986, residues are still being presented in raw milk samples tested from cottongrowing farms, thereby creating a public health risk for consumers.

[Organochlorine pesticides in cows'milk supplemented with cotton waste in San Pedro, Colombia]. / Plaguicidas organoclorados en leche de bovinos suplementados con residuos de algodón en San Pedro, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Ascertaining the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in raw milk from cows grazing on traditional cotton farms in San Pedro, Sucre, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 48 samples were taken from three cattle farms; two of them used cotton seed and soca dietary supplement.OCP concentration was determined by gas chromatography (GC) using an electron capturedetector (µ-ECD). RESULTS: 100 % of the samples had some type of OCPs and Endrin, DDT and Aldrin pesticides hadthe highest concentrations (0.62, 0.59 and 0.52 µg/mL, respectively). Farms supplementing feed with soca cotton had the greatest OCP presence and concentration in milk samples compared to samples from farms which did not engage in this practice. CONCLUSION: Although most OCPs have been banned in Colombia since 1986, residues are still being presented in raw milk samples tested from cottongrowing farms, thereby creating a public health risk for consumers.

Hallazgo de mercurio en peces de la ciénaga de Ayapel, Córdoba, Colombia / Finding of mercury in fish from the Ayapel marsh, Cordoba, Colombia

Objetivo. Determinar las concentraciones de mercurio total (Hg-T) en algunas especies de peces de la ciénaga de Ayapel (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos fueron realizados desde Julio de 2004 a Junio de 2005, incluyendo las épocas seca y lluviosa. Las muestras fueron analizadas por espectrometría de absorción atómica por vapor frío después de digestión ácida. Resultados. Las concentraciones más altas de Hg-T se observaron para las muestras analizadas de la especie carnívora Ageneiosus caucanus (0.504±0.103 mg Hg kg-1 peso fresco), y las menores concentraciones en la especie Iliófaga Prochilodus magdalenae (0.130±0.056 mg Hg kg-1 peso fresco). Las concentraciones más altas fueron encontradas en las muestras de la época seca. Los niveles promedio de Hg-T en las muestras de peces no excedieron el límite para consumo humano establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 0.5 mg Hg Kg-1 peso fresco). Conclusiones. La evaluación del riesgo basado en el índice de peligrosidad sugiere que el consumo de 0.12 kg de pescado por día en la población humana (principalmente carnívoros) podría incrementar el riesgo de envenenamiento por mercurio en la población local.

Objetive. To establish total mercury (Hg-T) concentrations in some fishes speciesin the Ayapel marsh (Colombia). Materials and methods. Sampling was conducted from July 2004 to June 2005, including both the dry and rainy seasons. Hg-T was analized by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy after acid digestion. Results. The highest concentrations in Hg-T were observed for analized samples of the carnivorous specie Ageneiosus caucanus(0.504±0.103 mg Hg kg-1 fresh weight), and the lowest concentrations in the Iliophagus specie Prochilodus magdalenae (0.130±0.056 mg Hg kg-1 fresh wt). The highest Hg-T concentrations were found in the samples of the dry season. The Hg-T mean levels for fish samples did not exceed the human limit consumption level according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 0.5 mg Hg kg-1 fresh weight). Conclusions. The risk assessment based on the hazard index suggested that the consumption of 0.12 kg per day of fish (mainly carnivorous) could increase the risk of mercury poisoning in the local population.