Effect of glycerol on properties of chitosan/chlorhexidine membranes and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Introduction: Chitosan membranes with glycerol can function as an effective dispersing agent for different antibiotics or active ingredients that can be used in the treatment of diseases present in the oral cavity. Methods: The effects of the addition of glycerol on the mechanical, water absorption, swelling, pH, thickness, disintegration, rugosity, and antibacterial properties of chitosan-chlorhexidine- glycerol membranes were investigated in this study. Results and discussion: Mechanical results indicated that chitosan membranes' rugosity, strength, flexion, and thickness differed at loading 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of glycerol (p < 0.05). The chitosan membranes' rugosity, dissolution, strength, and pH results were significantly enhanced by the presence of glycerol at 3, 5, and 10% concentrations. In this investigation, the antimicrobial activity model used was the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans CDBB-B-1455 by chitosan-chlorhexidine membranes. It was observed that there was no change in inhibition with different concentrations of glycerol. The results suggest that chitosan-glycerol-chlorhexidine membranes may be a potential candidate for topical antiseptic application in buccal-dental disorders caused by S. mutans, such as caries, periodontal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma, helping to prevent the development of serious conditions that can compromise human health.

Dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with air pollution exposure and the risk of autism: Evidence from epidemiological studies.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder with symptoms that range from social and communication impairments to restricted interests and repetitive behavior and is the 4th most disabling condition for children aged 5-14. Risk factors of ASD are not fully understood. Environmental risk factors are believed to play a significant role in the ASD epidemic. Research focusing on air pollution exposure as an early-life risk factor of autism is growing, with numerous studies finding associations of traffic and industrial emissions with an increased risk of ASD. One of the possible mechanisms linking autism and air pollution exposure is metabolic dysfunction. However, there were no consensus about the key metabolic pathways and corresponding metabolite signatures in mothers and children that are altered by air pollution exposure and cause the ASD. Therefore, we performed a review of published papers examining the metabolomic signatures and metabolic pathways that are associated with either air pollution exposure or ASD risk in human studies. In conclusion, we found that dysregulated lipid, fatty acid, amino acid, neurotransmitter, and microbiome metabolisms are associated with both short-term and long-term air pollution exposure and the risk of ASD. These dysregulated metabolisms may provide insights into ASD etiology related to air pollution exposure, particularly during the perinatal period in which neurodevelopment is highly susceptible to damage from oxidative stress and inflammation.

Jackfruit Leaf Protein Hydrolysates Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Leaf Protein Concentrate with Pepsin and Pancreatin: Molecular Weight, Cytotoxicity, Antiproliferative Activity, and Oxidative Stress.

Jackfruit leaf protein hydrolysates obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of leaf protein concentrate with gastrointestinal enzymes have shown good techno-functional properties and high antioxidant capacity. However, molecular weight, antiproliferative activity, cytotoxicity and the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of jackfruit leaf protein hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and pancreatin at different hydrolysis times (30-240 min) on molecular weights, cytotoxicity, antiproliferation of cancer cells, and the reduction of reactive oxygen species in H2O2-induced HaCaT cells. The electrophoretic profile indicated that H-Pep contains peptides with molecular weights between 25 - 20 kDa. Meanwhile, H-Pan is composed of molecular weight products between 25 - 20 kDa and < 20 kDa. H-Pan and H-Pep (125-500 µg/mL) did not show significant cytotoxicity on HaCaT (human keratinocytes) and J774A.1 (murine macrophage cells). Antiproliferative activity was achieved in human cervical, ovarian, and liver cancer cells. H-Pan-240 min (1000 µg/mL) reduced the cell viability of cervical cancer cells by 23% while H-Pan-60 min significantly reduced cell viability of ovarian and liver cancer cells by 14.5 (500 µg/mL) and 17% (1000 µg/mL), respectively (P < 0.05). The protective effect against oxidative stress on H2O2-stressed HaCaT cells was obtained with H-Pep-60 min, which reduced 25% of ROS at 250 µg/mL (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrate the safe use of green biomass as a source of plant protein hydrolysates.

Preeclampsia Onset, Days to Delivery, and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: Clinical Birth Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal preeclampsia is associated with a risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. However, it is unknown whether the increased ASD risk associated with preeclampsia is due to preeclampsia onset or clinical management of preeclampsia after onset, as clinical expectant management of preeclampsia allows pregnant women with this complication to remain pregnant for potentially weeks depending on the onset and severity. Identifying the risk associated with preeclampsia onset and exposure provides evidence to support the care of high-risk pregnancies and reduce adverse effects on offspring. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap by assessing the ASD risk in children associated with the gestational age of preeclampsia onset and the number of days from preeclampsia onset to delivery. METHODS: This retrospective population-based clinical cohort study included 364,588 mother-child pairs of singleton births between 2001 and 2014 in a large integrated health care system in Southern California. Maternal social demographic and pregnancy health data, as well as ASD diagnosis in children by the age of 5 years, were extracted from electronic medical records. Cox regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) of ASD risk in children associated with gestational age of the first occurrence of preeclampsia and the number of days from first occurrence to delivery. RESULTS: Preeclampsia occurred in 16,205 (4.4%) out of 364,588 pregnancies; among the 16,205 pregnancies, 2727 (16.8%) first occurred at <34 weeks gestation, 4466 (27.6%) first occurred between 34 and 37 weeks, and 9012 (55.6%) first occurred at ≥37 weeks. Median days from preeclampsia onset to delivery were 4 (IQR 2,16) days, 1 (IQR 1,3) day, and 1 (IQR 0,1) day for those first occurring at <34, 34-37, and ≥37 weeks, respectively. Early preeclampsia onset was associated with greater ASD risk (P=.003); HRs were 1.62 (95% CI 1.33-1.98), 1.43 (95% CI 1.20-1.69), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.08-1.41), respectively, for onset at <34, 34-37, and ≥37 weeks, relative to the unexposed group. Within the preeclampsia group, the number of days from preeclampsia onset to delivery was not associated with ASD risk in children; the HR was 0.995 (95% CI 0.986-1.004) after adjusting for gestational age of preeclampsia onset. CONCLUSIONS: Preeclampsia during pregnancy was associated with ASD risk in children, and the risk was greater with earlier onset. However, the number of days from first preeclampsia onset to delivery was not associated with ASD risk in children. Our study suggests that ASD risk in children associated with preeclampsia is not increased by expectant management of preeclampsia in standard clinical practice. Our results emphasize the need to identify effective approaches to preventing the onset of preeclampsia, especially during early pregnancy. Further research is needed to confirm if this finding applies across different populations and clinical settings.

Sargassum spp. Ethanolic Extract Elicits Toxic Responses and Malformations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos.

The amount of Sargassum spp. arriving in the Caribbean Sea has increased steadily in the last few years, producing a profound environmental impact on the ecological dynamics of the coasts of the Yucatan Peninsula. We characterized the toxicological effects of an ethanolic extract of Sargassum spp. on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (ZFEs) in a 96-h static bioassay using T1 (0.01 mg/L), T2 (0.1 mg/L), T3 (1 mg/L), T4 (10 mg/L), T5 (25 mg/L), T6 (50 mg/L), T7 (75 mg/L), T8 (100 mg/L), T9 (200 mg/L), and T10 (400 mg/L). In this extract, we detected 74 compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and 2-pentanone 4-hydroxy-4-methyl, were the most abundant. In ZFEs, a median lethal concentration of 251 mg/L was estimated. Exposed embryos exhibited extensive morphological changes, including edema in the yolk sac, scoliosis, and loss of pigmentation, as well as malformations of the head, tail, and eyes. By integrating these abnormalities using the Integrated Biological Response (IBRv2) and General Morphological Score (GMS) indices, we were able to determine that ZFEs exposed to 200 mg/L (T9) exhibited the most pronounced biological response in comparison with the other groups. In the comparative transcriptomic analysis, 66 genes were upregulated, and 246 genes were downregulated in the group exposed to 200 mg/L compared with the control group. In the upregulated genes, we identified several gene ontology-enriched terms, such as response to xenobiotic stimuli, cellular response to chemical stimulus, transcriptional regulation, pigment metabolic process, erythrocyte differentiation and embryonic hemopoiesis, extracellular matrix organization, and chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis, among others. In the down-regulated genes, we found many genes associated with nervous system processes, sensory and visual perception, response to abiotic stimulus, and the nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process. The probable connections among the morphological changes observed in the transcriptome are thoroughly discussed. Our findings suggest that Sargassum spp. exposure can induce a wide negative impact on zebrafish embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1075-1089. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy and early autism screening score at well-child visits in standard clinical practice.

LAY ABSTRACT: Early intervention and treatment can help reduce disability in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Screening for autism spectrum disorder in young children identifies those at increased likelihood of diagnosis who may need further support. Previous research has reported that exposure to maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy is associated with higher likelihood of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in children. However, little is known about whether these maternal conditions are associated with how very young children score on autism spectrum disorder screening tools. This study examined associations between exposure to maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy and offspring scores on the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, an autism spectrum disorder screening questionnaire administered between 18-24 months at well-child visits. A higher score on the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers suggests a higher likelihood of autism spectrum disorder; children with scores 3 or greater are referred to developmental pediatricians for evaluation. Our study found that children of mothers with obesity or diabetes during pregnancy had higher scores than children whose mothers did not have these conditions. Associations with maternal obesity and gestational diabetes diagnosed at or before 26 weeks of pregnancy were also present in children who did not have later autism spectrum disorder diagnoses, suggesting that exposure to these conditions during early pregnancy may be associated with a broad range of social and behavioral abilities. Identifying associations between maternal health conditions and early Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers screening scores could influence future screening and provision of support for children of mothers with these conditions.

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Population With Health Insurance.

Importance: Family socioeconomic status has been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses. Less is known regarding the role of neighborhood disadvantage in the United States, particularly when children have similar access to health insurance. Objective: To evaluate the association between neighborhood disadvantage and the diagnosis of ASD and potential effect modification by maternal and child demographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study examined a retrospective birth cohort from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), an integrated health care system. Children born in 2001 to 2014 at KPSC were followed up through KPSC membership records. Electronic medical records were used to obtain an ASD diagnosis up to December 31, 2019, or the last follow-up. Data were analyzed from February 2022 to September 2023. Exposure: Socioeconomic disadvantage at the neighborhood level, an index derived from 7 US census tract characteristics using principal component analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical ASD diagnosis based on electronic medical records. Associations between neighborhood disadvantage and ASD diagnosis were determined by hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox regression models adjusted for birth year, child sex, maternal age at delivery, parity, severe prepregnancy health conditions, maternal race and ethnicity, and maternal education. Effect modification by maternal race and ethnicity, maternal education, and child sex was assessed. Results: Among 318 372 mothers with singleton deliveries during the study period, 6357 children had ASD diagnoses during follow-up; their median age at diagnosis was 3.53 years (IQR, 2.57-5.34 years). Neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a higher likelihood of ASD diagnosis (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11, per IQR = 2.70 increase). Children of mothers from minoritized racial and ethnic groups (African American or Black, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latinx groups) had increased likelihood of ASD diagnosis compared with children of White mothers. There was an interaction between maternal race and ethnicity and neighborhood disadvantage (difference in log-likelihood = 21.88; P < .001 for interaction under χ24); neighborhood disadvantage was only associated with ASD among children of White mothers (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.26, per IQR = 2.00 increase). Maternal education and child sex did not significantly modify the neighborhood-ASD association. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, children residing in more disadvantaged neighborhoods at birth had higher likelihood of ASD diagnosis among a population with health insurance. Future research is warranted to investigate the mechanisms behind the neighborhood-related disparities in ASD diagnosis, alongside efforts to provide resources for early intervention and family support in communities with a higher likelihood of ASD.

Types of diabetes during pregnancy and risk of depression and anxiety in offspring from childhood to young adulthood.

AIMS: To assess maternal pre-existing type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy and risk of depression and anxiety from childhood to young adulthood in offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This birth cohort included singletons born during 1995-2015, followed using electronic medical records through 2020. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) of depression or anxiety diagnosis during follow-up associated with in-utero exposure to maternal diabetes. RESULTS: Among 439 590 offspring, 29 891 (6.8%) had depression and 51 918 (11.8%) had anxiety. T1D, followed by T2D and GDM requiring antidiabetes medication were associated with risk of depression and anxiety in offspring. Compared with no diabetes during pregnancy, the adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval) of depression in offspring associated with T1D, T2D or GDM requiring medications were 1.44 (1.09-1.91), 1.30 (1.15-1.47) and 1.18 (1.11-1.26) respectively; conversely, HRs were 0.97 (0.82-1.15) for T2D and 0.99 (0.94-1.04) for GDM without medications. The associations with anxiety followed similar patterns. The significant associations were observed for offspring ages 5-12 and >12-18 years and attenuated for 18-25 years. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the severity of diabetes (T1D vs. T2D requiring medications vs. GDM requiring medications) during pregnancy may increase the vulnerability of offspring for depression or anxiety.

Transcriptional Response of Vitellogenin Gene in Flatfish to Environmental Pollutants from Two Regions of the Gulf of Mexico.

The present study evaluates the endocrine effect in flatfish through vitellogenin (vtg) gene expression and its association with pollutants data obtained from fish muscle and sediment from two regions in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM): Perdido Fold Belt (northwestern) and the Yucatan Peninsula (southeast). The results revealed induction of vtg in male flatfish in both geographical regions with different levels and patterns of distribution per oceanographic campaign (OC). In the Perdido Fold Belt, vtg was observed in male fish during four OC (carried out in 2016 and 2017), positively associated with Pb, V, Cd and bile metabolites (hydroxynaphthalene and hydroxyphenanthrene). In the Yucatan Peninsula, the induction of vtg in males was also detected in three OC (carried out in 2016 and 2018) mainly associated with Ni, Pb, Al, Cd, V and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ultimately, estrogenic alterations could affect reproductive capacity of male flatfish in the GoM.

Evaluation of patients´ perspective on a multimorbidity patient-centered care model piloted in the chilean public health system.

BACKGROUND: The progressive multimorbidity explosion has challenged Chile's health systems and worldwide. The Centro de Innovación en Salud ANCORA UC implemented a new Multimorbidity Patient-Centered Care Model in Chile. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the perspective of high-risk patients about the core elements of the model. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross sectional telephone-based survey that considered the application of a 13 items questionnaire. Of them, nine were Likert scale questions with scores from 1 to 7, one dichotomic question, and three open-ended questions. 231 high-risk patients who received care through the model at primary care centers participated in the study. Quantitative data were encoded, consolidated, and analyzed with the SPSS software. We performed descriptive and analytic statistics techniques to assess different variables and their potential associations. Thematic analysis was conducted for qualitative data. RESULTS: The overall score was 5.84 (range: 1 to 7), with a standard deviation of 1.25. Questions with the best scores were those related with personalized care and the primary care teams. The lowest scored was for the item regarding the continuity of care between primary nurses and inpatient care at the hospital. There was a difference in patient outcomes depending on their health center. Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, age did not significantly affect the results. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals the perceptions about a complex multimorbidity intervention from the patient's perspective. It complements the impact on health services utilization evaluation that supports decision-makers currently scaling up a similar strategy in our country and could be considered in other countries dealing with non-communicable diseases.

Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk is highly heritable, with potential additional non-genetic factors, such as prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and maternal immune activation (MIA) conditions. Because these exposures may share common biological effect pathways, we hypothesized that synergistic associations of prenatal air pollution and MIA-related conditions would increase ASD risk in children. OBJECTIVES: This study examined interactions between MIA-related conditions and prenatal PM2.5 or major PM2.5 components on ASD risk. METHODS: In a population-based pregnancy cohort of children born between 2001 and 2014 in Southern California, 318,751 mother-child pairs were followed through electronic medical records (EMR); 4,559 children were diagnosed with ASD before age 5. Four broad categories of MIA-related conditions were classified, including infection, hypertension, maternal asthma, and autoimmune conditions. Average exposures to PM2.5 and four PM2.5 components, black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO3-), and sulfate (SO42-), were estimated at maternal residential addresses during pregnancy. We estimated the ASD risk associated with MIA-related conditions, air pollution, and their interactions, using Cox regression models to adjust for covariates. RESULTS: ASD risk was associated with MIA-related conditions [infection (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.18), hypertension (1.30; 1.19-1.42), maternal asthma (1.22; 1.08-1.38), autoimmune disease (1.19; 1.09-1.30)], with higher pregnancy PM2.5 [1.07; 1.03-1.12 per interquartile (3.73 µg/m3) increase] and with all four PM2.5 components. However, there were no interactions of each category of MIA-related conditions with PM2.5 or its components on either multiplicative or additive scales. CONCLUSIONS: MIA-related conditions and pregnancy PM2.5 were independently associations with ASD risk. There were no statistically significant interactions of MIA conditions and prenatal PM2.5 exposure with ASD risk.

Maternal exposure to aircraft emitted ultrafine particles during pregnancy and likelihood of ASD in children.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence for adverse health effects associated with aircraft-emitted particulate matter (PM) exposures, which are largely in the ultrafine (PM0.1) size fraction, but no previous study has examined neurodevelopmental outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between maternal exposure to aircraft ultrafine particles (UFP) during pregnancy and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. METHODS: This large, representative cohort study included 370,723 singletons born in a single healthcare system. Demographic data, maternal health information, and child's ASD diagnosis by age 5 were extracted from electronic medical records. Aircraft exposure estimates for PM0.1 were generated by the University of California Davis/California Institute of Technology Source Oriented Chemical Transport model. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between maternal exposure to aircraft PM0·1 in pregnancy and ASD diagnosis, controlling for covariates. RESULTS: Over the course of follow-up, 4,554 children (1.4 %) were diagnosed with ASD. Increased risk of ASD was associated with maternal exposure to aircraft PM0.1 [hazard ratio, HR: 1.02, (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.03) per IQR = 0.02 µg/m3 increase during pregnancy. Associations were robust to adjustment for total PM0.1 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), near-roadway air pollution, and other covariates. Noise adjustment modestly attenuated estimates of UFP effects, which remained statistically significant. DISCUSSION: The results strengthen the emerging evidence that maternal particulate matter exposure during pregnancy is associated with offspring ASD diagnosis and identify aircraft-derived PM0.1 as novel targets for further study and potential regulation.

Prenatal exposure to tailpipe and non-tailpipe tracers of particulate matter pollution and autism spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUND: Traffic-related air pollution exposure is associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is unknown whether carbonaceous material from vehicular tailpipe emissions or redox-active non-tailpipe metals, eg. from tire and brake wear, are responsible. We assessed ASD associations with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) tracers of tailpipe (elemental carbon [EC] and organic carbon [OC]) and non-tailpipe (copper [Cu]; iron [Fe] and manganese [Mn]) sources during pregnancy in a large cohort. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 318,750 children born in Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) hospitals during 2001-2014, followed until age 5. ASD cases were identified by ICD codes. Monthly estimates of PM2.5 and PM2.5 constituents EC, OC, Cu, Fe, and Mn with 4 km spatial resolution were obtained from a source-oriented chemical transport model. These exposures and NO2 were assigned to each maternal address during pregnancy, and associations with ASD were assessed using Cox regression models adjusted for covariates. PM constituent effect estimates were adjusted for PM2.5 and NO2 to assess independent effects. To distinguish ASD risk associated with non-tailpipe from tailpipe sources, the associations with Cu, Fe, and Mn were adjusted for EC and OC, and vice versa. RESULTS: There were 4559 children diagnosed with ASD. In single-pollutant models, increased ASD risk was associated with gestational exposures to tracers of both tailpipe and non-tailpipe emissions. The ASD hazard ratios (HRs) per inter-quartile increment of exposure) for EC, OC, Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06-1.16), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04-1.15), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04-1.13), 1.14 (95% CI: 1.09-1.20), and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.12-1.22), respectively. Estimated effects of Cu, Fe, and Mn (reflecting non-tailpipe sources) were largely unchanged in two-pollutant models adjusting for PM2.5, NO2, EC or OC. In contrast, ASD associations with EC and OC were markedly attenuated by adjustment for non-tailpipe sources. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that non-tailpipe emissions may contribute to ASD. Implications are that reducing tailpipe emissions, especially from vehicles with internal combustion engines, may not eliminate ASD associations with traffic-related air pollution.

Maternal obesity, diabetes, preeclampsia, and asthma during pregnancy and likelihood of autism spectrum disorder with gastrointestinal disturbances in offspring.

LAY ABSTRACT: Autism spectrum disorder is heterogeneous and often accompanied by co-occurring conditions. Previous studies have shown that maternal health conditions during pregnancy including obesity, diabetes, preeclampsia, and asthma were associated with increased likelihood of autism. However, little has been done examining the likelihood associated with autism with co-occurring conditions. This study assessed these maternal health conditions in relationship to autism and gastrointestinal disturbances, a common co-occurring condition in children diagnosed with autism. Data included 308,536 mother-child pairs from one integrated health care system with comprehensive electronic medical records. Among the study cohort, 5,131 (1.7%) children had a diagnosis of autism by age 5. Gastrointestinal disturbances were present in 35.4% of children diagnosed with autism and 25.1% of children without autism diagnoses. Our results showed that each of the four maternal health conditions during pregnancy was associated with increased likelihood of gastrointestinal disturbances, autism without gastrointestinal disturbances, and autism with gastrointestinal disturbances. For all four maternal health conditions, the association was greatest for likelihood of autism with gastrointestinal disturbances. Given that children diagnosed with autism are more likely to have gastrointestinal disturbances and over 80% of gastrointestinal disturbances in this cohort were diagnosed prior to autism diagnosis, this study suggests that there may be common biological pathways between autism and gastrointestinal disturbances impacted by these maternal exposures. Future studies are warranted to assess associations between different exposures and autism with other co-occurring conditions to increase our understanding of autism heterogeneity.

Associations of Autism Spectrum Disorder with PM2.5 Components: A Comparative Study Using Two Different Exposure Models.

This retrospective cohort study examined associations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with prenatal exposure to major fine particulate matter (PM2.5) components estimated using two independent exposure models. The cohort included 318 750 mother-child pairs with singleton deliveries in Kaiser Permanente Southern California hospitals from 2001 to 2014 and followed until age five. ASD cases during follow-up (N = 4559) were identified by ICD codes. Prenatal exposures to PM2.5, elemental (EC) and black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO3-), and sulfate (SO42-) were constructed using (i) a source-oriented chemical transport model and (ii) a hybrid model. Exposures were assigned to each maternal address during the entire pregnancy, first, second, and third trimester. In single-pollutant models, ASD was associated with pregnancy-average PM2.5, EC/BC, OM, and SO42- exposures from both exposure models, after adjustment for covariates. The direction of effect estimates was consistent for EC/BC and OM and least consistent for NO3-. EC/BC, OM, and SO42- were generally robust to adjustment for other components and for PM2.5. EC/BC and OM effect estimates were generally larger and more consistent in the first and second trimester and SO42- in the third trimester. Future PM2.5 composition health effect studies might consider using multiple exposure models and a weight of evidence approach when interpreting effect estimates.

Morphological Alterations in the Early Developmental Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio; Hamilton 1822) Induced by Exposure to Polystyrene Microparticles.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants of widespread concern in aquatic environments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the negative impact of pristine MPs of polystyrene of 100 µm on embryo and larvae of Danio rerio exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations of polystyrene (3.84 × 10- 6, 3.84 × 10- 7, and 3.84 × 10- 8 g/mL). The exposure effect was evaluated through the general morphology score, biometrics, and integrated biomarker response version 2 index. No mortality was observed but the anatomical structure of fishes was affected showing pigmentation deficiency and alterations in the head region as the main affected endpoints. The general morphology score and the integrated biomarker response values were highly sensitive to address the effect of the three concentrations of MPs used here. Our results provide solid evidence of the negative impact of 100 µm pristine polystyrene MPs exposure on early stages of zebrafish.

Flavonoids as regulators of TIMPs expression in cancer: Consequences, opportunities, and challenges.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in patients worldwide, where invasion and metastasis are directly responsible for this statement. Although cancer therapy has progressed in recent years, current therapeutic approaches are ineffective due to toxicity and chemoresistance. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate other treatment options, and natural products are a promising alternative as they show antitumor properties in different study models. This review describes the regulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) expression and the role of flavonoids as molecules with the antitumor activity that targets TIMPs therapeutically. These inhibitors regulate tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover; they inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis and induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Data obtained in cell lines and in vivo models suggest that flavonoids are chemopreventive and cytotoxic against various types of cancer through several mechanisms. Flavonoids also regulate crucial signaling pathways such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor κB (NFκB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) involved in cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. All these data reposition flavonoids as excellent candidates for use in cancer therapy.

Alpha-terthienyl increases filamentous actin of Entamoeba histolytica.

This study aimed to know if alpha terthienyl (α-T) affects E. histolytica viability and to analyze its effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Trophozoites of E. histolytica HM1-IMSS were treated with α-T, then, cell viability and morphology were evaluated using tetrazolium salts and scanning electron microscopy, respectively; while actin filaments (F-actin) were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin, observed by confocal microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. Data showed that α-T inhibited cell viability of trophozoites (IC50, 19.43 µg / mL), affected the cell morphology, and increased the F-actin in a dose-dependent manner. Production of reactive oxygen species and RhoA-GTP levels remained normal in α-T-treated amebas. Two inhibitors that affect the organization of the trophozoites cytoskeleton, one that interacts directly with actin, Cytochalasin D (CD), and one that affects the Rho signaling pathway by inhibiting the downstream effector Rock, Y27632, were tested. Y27632 did not affect the increase of polymerized actin observed with α-T, this compound partially ameliorates the potent disrupting effects of CD on actin filaments. Docking results suggest that α-T could be an antagonist of CD for the same interaction zone in actin, however, more studies are needed to define the action mechanism of this compound.

Contribución de una estrategia de atención centrada en la persona con multimorbilidad al Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud Familiar y Comunitario en Chile / Contribution of a multimorbidity person-centered care strategy to the Comprehensive Family and Community Healthcare Model in Chile

BACKGROUND: The Multimorbidity Person-Centered Care Model allows to customize care according the needs of each person. AIM: To characterize the perception of health teams about the contribution of the Multimorbidity Person-Centered Care Model (MACEP) to the development of the key principles of the Comprehensive Family and Community Health Care Model (MAIS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative collaborative study with 35 interviews and the participation of 67 professionals from the primary healthcare network. Content analysis using mixed code system with MAXQDA2020 program. RESULTS: The innovations and complex interventions that positively affect the development and implementation of the essential principles of MAIS were recognized by participants as a contribution of the central elements of MACEP. CONCLUSIONS: This contribution is an opportunity for the expeditious implementation of Family Health principles in the health network. Incorporating the vision of implementers and users, who are part of these changes, is essential. It is necessary to establish, project and evaluate innovations to identify, implement and promote learning at Health Services throughout the country.