Role of renal sympathetic denervation in a refractory arterial hypertension patient.

Despite advances in the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AHT) and the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs, a small but significant percentage of true severe refractory arterial hypertension patients are still not reaching their target blood pressure. In these cases, renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) seems to be a safe and effective method for severe hypertensive patients who are resistant to multiple drug treatment. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with essential hypertension, resistant to treatment with seven antihypertensive drugs. After 10 hospitalisations without achieving adequate blood pressure control, we decided to propose renal sympathetic denervation as an addition to medical treatment. The procedure was performed without complications in the short to medium-long term, achieving a significant improvement in blood pressure with the intention of reducing overall vascular risk.

High doses of irbesartan offer long-term kidney protection in cases of established diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypothetically, the greater the blockade of angiotensin AT1 receptors from ultra-high doses of angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB), the greater the expected renoprotection effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high doses of irbesartan on proteinuria and renal function in diabetics with established or overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ours was a prospective, non-randomised 3-year follow-up study, using a multifactorial therapeutic approach based on irbesartan 600mg daily. Demographic variables, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were comparatively analysed at the beginning and end of the study. Forty patients (75% with type 2 diabetes) were included, average age 57.1 +/- 10, 29 male (72.5%). RESULTS: SBP (157.6 +/- 27mm Hg vs 130.1 +/- 14mm Hg) and DBP (88.8 +/- 10mm Hg vs 76.2 +/- 8mm Hg) decreased significantly at the end of follow-up (P<.001). Serum creatinine increased by only 0.17mg/dl, although this was a statistically significant difference (P<.05). Proteinuria markedly decreased from 2.64 +/- 1.99 to 0.98 +/- 1.18 (P<.0001), i.e. 59.2%. Twenty-five percent of patients had normal albuminuria at the end of the follow-up period. Lipid profiles significantly improved. No patients withdrew from the study due to side effects, and serum potassium did not change significantly over the course of the study. Except for BMI and HbA1c, all other therapeutic targets set out by ADA recommendations improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of ODN with ultra-high doses of irbesartan was highly effective and safe in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progressive course to ESRD.

Haemodialysis using high cut-off dialysers for treating acute renal failure in multiple myeloma.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs in 12%-20% of all multiple myeloma (MM) cases, and the survival of these patients depends on renal function recovery. Renal function is not recovered in 75% of dialysis-dependent patients, and their mean survival with replacement therapy is less than one year. Renal tubular disease is the most frequent cause of renal failure. It is present in more than 55% of renal failure cases and in 75% of those requiring dialysis. Rapid reduction of free light chain levels in the blood is necessary in order to recover renal function. One coadjuvant measure in treating the disease is reducing light chain levels with plasmapheresis, but its efficacy has not yet been clearly proven. Our proposal was therefore to use extended haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off dialysers (HCO-HD), obtaining a recovery rate of more than 60%. We present the progress of 6 patients with myeloma and acute renal failure who were treated with HCO-HD and the complications associated with using this type of haemodialysis. Then, we review the pros and cons of this technique. METHOD: Six patients diagnosed with MM and ARF requiring dialysis and with serum free light chain levels above 500 mg/l were treated with 8-hour haemodialysis sessions with an HCO-HD filter. Before and after each session, serum free light chain levels were measured by nephelometry; other parameters were recorded as well. At the same time, patients underwent chemotherapy according to protocols. RESULTS: The symptom onset times of the 3 men and 3 women diagnosed with MM and ARF were highly variable, from 7 days to more than 1 year. We performed 90 extended sessions with HCO-HD filters, and each patient underwent between 6 and 40 sessions. Free light chain levels decreased by a mean of 65% between treatment onset and completion, except in one patient who experienced a 12.6% reduction. The mean percentage of reduction of light chain levels per session was 54.98% ± 17.27%. A complication occurred during 28% of the sessions. Of these complications, 48% were due to system coagulation. There were no major changes in pre-dialysis albumin, calcium, phosphorous or magnesium levels, although lower values that were not clinically relevant were recorded in one case. Renal function was recovered in 3 patients, they are alive and dialysis-free. In biopsied cases that recovered renal function, the specimen showed tubular nephropathy only. Those patients who took longer to be diagnosed did not recover their renal function, and when biopsied, they were diagnosed with renal tubular disease and light chain deposition disease. CONCLUSION: We found extended haemodialysis with HCO-HD filters to be a reasonable alternative in ARF caused by renal tubular disease, and achieved a recovery rate of 50% in our cases. Function recovery was influenced by the elapsed time between symptom onset and myeloma diagnosis, histological findings, promptness of starting chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy, and effectiveness of light chain extraction. In any case, further studies are needed to examine new chemotherapy agents and new direct free light chain removal techniques.