Temperature Dependence of the Mechanical Dissipation of Gallium Bonds for Use in Gravitational Wave Detectors.

The mirror suspensions in gravitational wave detectors demand low mechanical loss jointing to ensure good enough detector performance and to enable the detection of gravitational waves. Hydroxide catalysis bonds have been used in the fused silica suspensions of the GEO600, Advanced LIGO, and Advanced Virgo detectors. Future detectors may use cryogenic cooling of the mirror suspensions and this leads to a potential change of mirror material and suspension design. Other bonding techniques that could replace or be used alongside hydroxide catalysis bonding are of interest. A design that incorporates repair scenarios is highly desirable. Indeed, the mirror suspensions in KAGRA, which is made from sapphire and operated at cryogenic temperatures, have used a combination of hydroxide catalysis bonding and gallium bonding. This Letter presents the first measurements of the mechanical loss of a gallium bond measured between 10 K and 295 K. It is shown that the loss, which decreases with temperature down to the level of (1.8±0.3)×10^{-4} at 10 K, is comparable to that of a hydroxide catalysis bond.

Titania Mixed with Silica: A Low Thermal-Noise Coating Material for Gravitational-Wave Detectors.

Coating thermal noise is one of the dominant noise sources in current gravitational wave detectors and ultimately limits their ability to observe weaker or more distant astronomical sources. This Letter presents investigations of TiO_{2} mixed with SiO_{2} (TiO_{2}:SiO_{2}) as a coating material. We find that, after heat treatment for 100 h at 850 °C, thermal noise of a highly reflective coating comprising of TiO_{2}:SiO_{2} and SiO_{2} reduces to 76% of the current levels in the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors-with potential for reaching 45%, if we assume the mechanical loss of state-of-the-art SiO_{2} layers. Furthermore, those coatings show low optical absorption of <1 ppm and optical scattering of ≲5 ppm. Notably, we still observe excellent optical and thermal noise performance following crystallization in the coatings. These results show the potential to meet the parameters required for the next upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors.

Tantalum oxide and silicon oxide mixture coatings deposited using microwave plasma assisted co-sputtering for optical mirror coatings in gravitational wave detectors.

This work presents the characterization of the optical and mechanical properties of thin films based on (T a 2 O 5)1-x (S i O 2)x mixed oxides deposited by microwave plasma assisted co-sputtering, including post-annealing treatments. The deposition of low mechanical loss materials (3×10-5) with a high refractive index (1.93) while maintaining low processing costs was achieved and the following trends were demonstrated: The energy band gap increased as the S i O 2 concentration was increased in the mixture, and the disorder constant decreased when the annealing temperatures increased. Annealing of the mixtures also showed positive effects to reduce the mechanical losses and the optical absorption. This demonstrates their potential as an alternative high-index material for optical coatings in gravitational wave detectors using a low-cost process.

Demonstration of the Multimaterial Coating Concept to Reduce Thermal Noise in Gravitational-Wave Detectors.

Thermal noise associated with the mechanical loss of current highly reflective mirror coatings is a critical limit to the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors. Several alternative coating materials show potential for reducing thermal noise, but cannot be used due to their high optical absorption. Multimaterial coatings have been proposed to enable the use of such materials to reduce thermal noise while minimizing their impact on the total absorption of the mirror coating. Here we present experimental verification of the multimaterial concept, by integrating aSi into a highly reflective SiO_{2} and Ta_{2}O_{5} multilayer coating. We show a significant thermal noise improvement and demonstrate consistent optical and mechanical performance. The multimaterial coating survives the heat treatment required to minimize the absorption of the aSi layers, with no adverse effects from the different thermomechanical properties of the three materials.

Mirror Coating Solution for the Cryogenic Einstein Telescope.

Planned cryogenic gravitational-wave detectors will require improved coatings with a strain thermal noise reduced by a factor of 25 compared to Advanced LIGO. We present investigations of HfO_{2} doped with SiO_{2} as a new coating material for future detectors. Our measurements show an extinction coefficient of k=6×10^{-6} and a mechanical loss of ϕ=3.8×10^{-4} at 10 K, which is a factor of 2 below that of SiO_{2}, the currently used low refractive-index coating material. These properties make HfO_{2} doped with SiO_{2} ideally suited as a low-index partner material for use with a-Si in the lower part of a multimaterial coating. Based on these results, we present a multimaterial coating design which, for the first time, can simultaneously meet the strict requirements on optical absorption and thermal noise of the cryogenic Einstein Telescope.

Investigation of the Young's modulus and thermal expansion of amorphous titania-doped tantala films.

The current generation of advanced gravitational wave detectors utilize titania-doped tantala/silica multilayer stacks for their mirror coatings. The properties of the low-refractive-index silica are well known; however, in the absence of detailed direct measurements, the material parameters of Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the high refractive index material, titania-doped tantala, have been assumed to be equal to values measured for pure tantala coatings. In order to ascertain the true values necessary for thermal noise calculations, we have undertaken measurements of Young's modulus and CTE through the use of nanoindentation and thermal-bending measurements. The measurements were designed to assess the effects of titania-doping concentration and post-deposition heat-treatment on the measured values in order to evaluate the possibility of optimizing material parameters to further improve thermal noise in the detector. Young's modulus measurements on pure tantala and 25% and 55% titania-doped tantala show a wide range of values, from 132 to 177 GPa, which are dependent on both titania concentration and heat-treatment. Measurements of CTE give values of (3.9±0.1)×10⁻6 K⁻¹ and (4.9±0.3)×10⁻6 K⁻¹ for 25% and 55% titania-doped tantala, respectively, without dependence on post-deposition heat-treatment.