Expression of Parkin, APC, APE1, and Bcl-xL in Colorectal Polyps.

Colorectal cancer can develop through molecular, chromosomal, and epigenetic cumulative changes that transform the normal intestinal epithelium into the colorectal polyps, called conventional adenomas (CAs) or serrated polyps (SPs), recognized as precursors of invasive colorectal neoplasia. These benign lesions need to explore the morphology, histological diagnosis, and biomarkers profile to accurately characterize lesions with potential for evolution to cancer. This study aimed to correlate the immunohistochemical expression of Parkin and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC; tumor suppressors), Human Apurinic/Apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL; oncogenic proteins) in sporadic colorectal polyps with clinical, endoscopic, and diagnostic data. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue microarray samples of 306 polyps. Based on the Allred score, the expressions were graduated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of superficial and cryptic cells. There was higher Parkin nuclear expression (p=0.006 and 0.010) and APC cytoplasmic expression in cryptic cells (p<0.001) in SPs. CAs, APE1 (p<0.001) and Bcl-xL (p<0.001) were more expressed in the nuclei and cytoplasms, respectively. These results are related to the biological role proposed for these proteins in cellular functions. They can contribute to the diagnosis criteria for polyps and improve the knowledge of biomarkers that could predict cancer development.

Clinical patterns and genomic profiling of recurrent 'ultra-low risk' endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Despite good prognosis for patients with low-risk endometrial cancer, a small subset of women with low-grade/low-stage endometrial cancer experience disease recurrence and death. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical features and mutational profiles of recurrent, low-grade, non-myoinvasive, 'ultra-low risk' endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA endometrioid endometrial cancers who underwent primary surgery at our institution, between January 2009 and February 2017, with follow-up of ≥12 months. 'Ultra-low risk' was defined as FIGO tumor grade 1, non-myoinvasive, and lacking lymphovascular space invasion. Tumor-normal profiling using massively parallel sequencing targeting 468 genes was performed. Microsatellite instability was assessed using MSIsensor. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein proficiency was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: A total of 486 patients with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers were identified: 14 (2.9%) of 486 patients developed a recurrence. Median follow-up for non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 34 (range 12-116) months; for recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 50.5 (range 20-116) months. Patients with recurrent disease were older, had lower body mass index, and were most commonly non-White (p=0.025, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Other clinical characteristics did not differ. MMR immunohistochemistry was obtained for 211 (43%) tumors: 158 (75%) MMR-proficient and 53 (25%) MMR-deficient. Primary tumors of 9 recurrent and 27 non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers underwent mutational profiling. Most were microsatellite stable (6/9, 67% recurrent; 25/27, 93% non-recurrent). Recurrent PTEN and PIK3CA mutations were present in both groups. Exon 3 CTNNB1 hotspot mutations were found in 4/9 (44%) recurrent and 8/27 (30%) non-recurrent (p=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers have an overall excellent prognosis. However, in our study, 2.9% of patients with no identifiable clinical or pathologic risk factors developed recurrence. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanism for recurrence in this population.

Identification of recurrent FHL2-GLI2 oncogenic fusion in sclerosing stromal tumors of the ovary.

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary is a rare type of sex cord-stromal tumor (SCST), whose genetic underpinning is currently unknown. Here, using whole-exome, targeted capture and RNA-sequencing, we report recurrent FHL2-GLI2 fusion genes in 65% (17/26) of SSTs and other GLI2 rearrangements in additional 15% (4/26) SSTs, none of which are detected in other types of SCSTs (n = 48) or common cancer types (n = 9,950). The FHL2-GLI2 fusions result in transcriptomic activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway in SSTs. Expression of the FHL2-GLI2 fusion in vitro leads to the acquisition of phenotypic characteristics of SSTs, increased proliferation, migration and colony formation, and SHH pathway activation. Targeted inhibition of the SHH pathway results in reversal of these oncogenic properties, indicating its role in the pathogenesis of SSTs. Our results demonstrate that the FHL2-GLI2 fusion is likely the oncogenic driver of SSTs, defining a genotypic-phenotypic correlation in ovarian neoplasms.