[The effect of rehabilitation with sensory glove and virtual reality on concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and event related potential P300 in the early rehabilitation period after ischemic stroke]. / Vliyanie reabilitatsii s sensornoi perchatkoi i virtual'noi real'nost'yu na dinamiku neirotroficheskogo faktora golovnogo mozga i kognitivnykh vyzvannykh potentsialov P300 v rannem vosstanovitel'nom periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of rehabilitation with sensory glove (SG) and virtual reality (VR) on changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration and amplitude and latency of event related potential (ERP) P300 in the early rehabilitation period after hemispheric ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety patients (mean age 58.0±9.7 years, time after stroke onset - 3.8±1.6 months) were randomized into intervention (IG) and control (CG) groups. Patients in both groups received 15 sessions of rehabilitation (30 min, 3 times a week). Patients in the IG (n=46) received rehabilitation with SG and VR. Patients in CG (n=44) received individualized physical therapy. The end points were a change in the MMSE, MoCA, 10-word Luria test, subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS IV) test, amplitude and latency of P300, and BDNF concentration on admission and at the end of rehabilitation. RESULTS: There was an improvement on MoCA test (p=0.049) and working memory index of the WAIS IV test (p=0.045) iIn the IG after completing rehabilitation the improvement on MoCA test (p=0.049) and working memory index of the WAIS IV test (p=0.045) was observed. There was aA trend tendency towards an significant increase on MMSE (p=0.093) and 10-word Luria test (p=0.052) was observed. In CG, an improvement with a trend towards significant differences (p≤0.12) on all above mentioned tests was also observednoted. In both groups there were no significant changes in the amplitude or latency of P300. Concentration of BDNF increased significantly in the IG (p=0.042), while in the CG a tendency (p=0.064) was observed (p=0.064). By the end of rehabilitation, the delta between groups in the increase of BDNF concentration was 17.9%, p=0.072. In both groups, there was a correlation between scores on cognitive tests and BDNF concentration. Absence/presence of cognitive disorders was not associated with initial or final BDNF concentrations or delta between groups. RESULTS: In the IG after completing rehabilitation the improvement on MoCA test (p=0.049) and working memory index of the WAIS IV test (p=0.045) was observed. There was a tendency towards significant increase on MMSE (p=0.093) and 10 word Luria test (p=0.052). In CG an improvement with a trend towards significant differences (p≤0.12) on all above mentioned tests was also observed. In both groups there were no significant changes in the amplitude or latency of P300. Concentration of BDNF increased significantly in the IG (p=0.042), while in the CG a tendency was observed (p=0.064). By the end of rehabilitation, the delta between groups in the increase of BDNF concentration was 17.9%, p=0.072. In both groups there was a correlation between scores on cognitive tests and BDNF concentration. Absence/presence of cognitive disorders was not associated with initial or final BDNF concentration or delta between groups. CONCLUSION: VR and SG in the early rehabilitation period after IS is are as equally effective as rehabilitation with individualized physical therapy (aerobic training) in increasing BDNF concentration and in improvement on cognitive tests.

[Effectiveness of rehabilitation with virtual reality and biofeedback in recovery of hand function after stroke]. / Effektivnost' reabilitatsii s virtual'noi real'nost'yu i biologicheskoi obratnoi svyaz'yu v vosstanovlenii funktsii kisti posle insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the rehabilitation glove (RG) with virtual reality (VR) and biofeedback (BFB) on recovery of the hand function in patients during the late recovery period after first hemispheric ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was randomized and controlled. One hundred and six patients (age 58.8±4.3 years, time after stroke onset - 8.7±2.1 months) were included in the final analysis. The intervention group (n=56) received rehabilitation with RG and VR. The control group (n=50) received individualized physical therapy. The primary end points were a change in the Fugl-Meyer scale score (FMA-UE), in the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and in the nine holes peg test (NHPT). Secondary end points included changes in MRCS, MAS, MoCA, HADS, modified Barthel index (MBI) and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). RESULTS: Improvement of the motor function in the intervention group on FMA-UE scale (an increase of ≥7 points in sections A-D) was observed in 46.4% of patients, on ARAT (an increase of ≥5 points) in 53.6% of patients. There was a significant decrease in time from 36.8±6.3 sec. to 22.0±3.9 sec. on NHPT. A negative correlation was observed between the average ARAT score and anxiety (r=-0.7; p<0.05) and depression (r=-0.67; p<0.05). There was also a significant increase in EQ-5D-5L (VAS) by the end of rehabilitation in both groups with better scores in the intervention group (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation based on VR, RG, and BFB is effective in the rehabilitation of dexterous hand function in patients with first hemispheric IS.

[Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of stroke and its correction]. / Okislitel'nyi stress v patogeneze tserebral'nogo insul'ta i ego korrektsiya.

We reviewed the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of ischemic (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). OS plays a major role in programmed cell death, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, astroglial and microglial activation, and local inflammatory response. We also reviewed the current state of neuro- and cytoprotection studies and their translation in clinical practice. With respect to experimental and clinical data the efficacy of long term administration of multimodal cytoprotective drug with antioxidant effect - ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (Mexidol) is discussed during the acute and early recovery period after stroke.

[Questionnaire of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology is a new tool for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction]. / Oprosnik NMITs koloproktologii imeni A.N. Ryzhikh ­ novyi instrument otsenki khronicheskoi tazovoi boli i narusheniya funktsii tazovykh organov.

The article presents the work of a multidisciplinary team of experts from various fields of medicine to optimize the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ for use in clinical practice. The survey of respondents was conducted from June 28 to September 28, 2021. As a result of this survey, by repeatedly making edits and clarifications during communication with respondents, the final version was obtained, which allows assessing the patient's subjective sensations by the nature and localization of pelvic pain, sensitivity disorders and pelvic organ function. The main objective of this Questionnaire is to differentiate patients with neurogenic pain from a huge number of patients with chronic pelvic pain. This aspect will allow a more targeted approach to the diagnosis and pathogenetically justified treatment of patients, including after appropriate instrumental examinations. The work of a multidisciplinary team implies a higher degree of objectification and terminological accuracy of the Questionnaire under discussion. The presented version of the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ will be primarily used in coloproctological patients with pelvic pain problems and anal incontinence and obstructive defecation. Further studies will be directed to the clinical evaluation of the results of the work carried out.

[Nonimmunogenic staphylokinase in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (FRIDA trial results)]. / Neimmunogennaya stafilokinaza ­ novyi tromboliticheskii preparat v lechenii ishemicheskogo insul'ta (rezul'taty issledovaniya FRIDA).

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the efficacy and safety of non-immunogenic staphylokinase (NS) compared with alteplase (A) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within 4.5 h after symptom onset. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 336 patients with IS within 4.5 h after symptom onset were included in a randomized, open-label, multicenter, parallel-group, non-inferiority comparative trial of NS vs A (168 patients in each group). NS was administered as an intravenous bolus in a dose of 10 mg, regardless of body weight, over 10 s, A was administered as a bolus infusion in a dose of 0.9 mg/kg, maximum 90 mg over 1 hour. The primary efficacy endpoint was a favorable outcome, defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-1 on day 90. Safety endpoints included all-cause mortality on day 90, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and other serious adverse events (SAEs). RESULTS: At day 90, 84 (50%) patients reached the primary endpoint (mRS 0-1) in the NS group, 68 (41%) patients - in the A group (p=0.10, OR=1.47, 95% CI=0.93-2.32). The difference between groups NS and A was 9.5% (95% CI= -1.7-20.7) and the lower limit of the 95% CI did not cross the margin of non-inferiority (pnon-inferiority<0.0001). There were no significant differences in the frequency of deaths between the groups: on day 90, 17 (10%) patients in the NS group and 24 (14%) in the A group had died (p=0.32). There was a trend towards significant differences in the frequency of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage: NS group - 5 (3%) patients, A group - 13 (8%) patients (p=0.087, OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.1-1.13). There were significant differences in the number of patients with SAEs: in the NS group - 22 (13%) patients, in the A group - 37 (22%) patients (p=0.044, OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.28-0.98). CONCLUSION: The presented results of the FRIDA trial are the first in the world to use a drug based on NS in patients with IS. It has been shown that a single bolus (within 10 s) administration of NS at a standard dose of 10 mg, regardless of body weight, allows to conduct fast, effective and safe thrombolytic therapy in patients with IS within 4.5 h after symptom onset. In further clinical tials of NS, it is planned to expand the therapeutic window beyond 4.5 h after symptom onset in patients with IS.

[Endothelial dysfunction in COVID- 19 and cognitive impairment]. / Endotelial'naya disfunktsiya pri COVID-19 i kognitivnye narusheniya.

Endothelial dysfunction is an important mechanism underlying multiple organ and systems failure in COVID-19. The development of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 can disrupt organ perfusion and cause a procoagulant state, leading to both macro- and microvascular thrombotic events. Cognitive impairment is a common complication of COVID-19 that develop in acute and delayed periods and is not directly related to the severity of the underlying disease. Treatment of endothelial dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 should take into account the leading pathogenetic factors of its development and with the development of neurological, including cognitive, disorders should include neuroprotective drugs. One of these drugs is actovegin, which has been shown to be effective in improving endothelial function, microcirculation and cognition.

[Stimulating electroneuromyography in the diagnosis of neurogenic disorders of the pelvic floor muscles]. / Stimulyatsionnaya elektroneiromiografiya v diagnostike neirogennykh narushenii funktsii myshts tazovogo dna.

The article describes the technology for detecting and studying late phenomenon in stimulating electroneuromyography in order to objectively assess the state of innervation. The standard study of the motor response (M-response), Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency testing (PNTML), using the St. Mark's electrode from the external sphincter and pelvic floor muscles provides information only about efferent innervation at the distal part of the n. pudendus. At the same time, there are sparse reports in the literature on the study of the state of the mixed-fiber pudendal nerve along its entire length from its exit from the intervertebral foramen to the distal part using the St. Mark's electrode, the method is not clearly described, which, accordingly, causes the lack of application of the technique in clinical practice. The authors of this article cite the methodology for studying the late phenomenon in the form of a mixed feedback-reflex in stimulating electroneuromyography, describing the need to consistently use both methods of its registration.

The Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) and Nervous System Involvement: Mechanisms of Neurological Disorders, Clinical Manifestations, and the Organization of Neurological Care.

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes COVID-19 involves not only respiratory system damage, but can also lead to disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as the muscular system. This article presents published data and our own observations on the course of neurological disorders in COVID-19 patients. There is a relationship between the severity of COVID-19 and the severity and frequency of neurological manifestations. Severe neurological disorders are mostly seen in severe cases of COVID-19 and include acute cerebrovascular accidents (aCVA), acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Factors potentially complicating the course of COVID-19 and increasing the development of neurological complications include arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic cardiac and respiratory system diseases. Questions of the possible effects of human coronaviruses on the course of chronic progressive neurological diseases are addressed using multiple sclerosis (MS) as an example. We discuss the management of patients with aCVA and MS depending on the risk of developing coronavirus infection.

[Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and comprehensive economic analysis of the effect of its implementation]. / Razrabotka rannei diagnostiki bolezni Parkinsona i kompleksnyi ekonomicheskii analiz effekta ot ee vnedreniya.

The paper summarizes the literature and author's data on the development of early (preclinical) diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Implementation of this diagnosis will promote the use of preventive therapy and change investments in diagnosis and treatment of patients. The paper declares that at present the only approach to early diagnosis of PD is positron-emission tomography of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, but it cannot be used for preventive examination due to its high cost. The authors consider that a less specific, but more promising approach to the development of early diagnosis of PD is the search for markers in body fluids, mainly in the blood, in patients at the prodromal stage of PD. Indeed, a number of markers as changes in the level of metabolites of monoamines, sphingolipids, urates, and indicators of oxidative stress were found in patients selected for the risk group of the prodromal stage of PD, according to characteristic premotor symptoms. In addition, it is assumed that the search for blood markers at an earlier - pre-prodromal stage is possible only in animal models of PD at the early preclinical stage. This approach can also be used to verify blood markers identified in patients at the clinical stage of PD. It is also evident that the complex socio-economic factors influencing the incidence of PD is different in developed versus developing countries. The societal and medical costs of Parkinson's are huge and efforts to improve early preclinical diagnosis of PD will lead to considerable economical and societal benefits. For instance this will allow efficient selection of patients for preclinical diagnostic tests. To assess the effectiveness of this strategy considering the uncertainty of socio-economic issues, a modification of the «cost-utility¼ analysis is proposed. For the first time, a Markov model of PD including preclinical diagnostic tests and possible neuroprotective therapy was developed and studied. Analytical outcomes of this process suggest that the idea of developing a new multimodal strategy is promising from a socio-economic point of view.

[Pulmonary insufficiency in acute stroke: risk factors and mechanisms of development]. / Dykhatel'naya nedostatochnost' v ostrom periode tserebral'nogo insul'ta: faktory riska i mekhanizmy razvitiya.

Various degrees of pulmonary insufficiency (PI) (PaO2 ≤60 mm Hg, SaO2 ≤90%) are diagnosed in most of patients with severe acute stroke (AS). Frequency and severity of PI positively correlates with the severity of AS. PI worsens patient's condition, prolongs the hospitalization period, and increases the probability of fatal outcome. Early clinical signs of PI may be undiagnosed due to the severity of stroke and thus not treated. The initiating pathogenic mechanism of PI is stress-related activation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and systemic immunosuppression. In severe stroke with mass effect, the rapid and significant increase in intracranial pressure may additionally activate the SNS. Risk factors of PI include older age, previous pulmonary disease, prolonged supine position, respiratory muscle dysfunction, apnea, and concomitant somatic diseases. Decompensation of somatic diseases leads to multiple stage reactions with facilitation of functional and morphologic changes in the pulmonary system, hypoxemia and hypoxia, promotes infectious complications and multiple organ failure and worsens neurological outcome. Diagnosis and treatment of PI in AS decreases mortality and improves rehabilitation prognosis.

[Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and nervous system involvement: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, organization of neurological care]. / Novaya koronavirusnaya infektsiya (COVID-19) i porazhenie nervnoi sistemy: mekhanizmy nevrologicheskikh rasstroistv, klinicheskie proyavleniya, organizatsiya nevrologicheskoi pomoshchi.

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, besides affecting the respiratory system, may lead to central and peripheral nervous system disorders and also cause muscular symptoms. The authors review the literature and own clinical case with respect to nervous system involvement in COVID-19 patients. There is a correlation between the severity of COVID-19 and the severity and frequency of neurologic complications. Severe neurologic symptoms are primarily observed in patients with severe COVID-19. Neurologic-associated symptoms may include stroke, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and Guillen-Barre syndrome. Diseases that potentially aggravate COVID-19 and increase the risk of neurologic complications include arterial hypertension, diabetes, chronic diseases of the heart and respiratory system. The probable impact of human coronaviruses on chronic and progressive diseases of the nervous system with particular respect to multiple sclerosis is reviewed. A triage plan for stroke and MS patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, depending on the risk of coronavirus infection, is presented.

[Kinematic parameters of gait in patients with supra- or subtentorial focus location during the early rehabilitation period after ischemic stroke]. / Kinematicheskie parametry pokhodki pri supra- i subtentorial'noi lokalizatsii ochaga v rannem vosstanovitel'nom periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To study kinematic gait parameters during early rehabilitation period in patients with supra- or subtentorial ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 24 patients (11 women, 13 men, age 61.3±8.2) 4-6 weeks after stroke onset. 15 patients had supratentorial IS (middle cerebral artery location), 9 patients had subtentorial IS (brainstem and cerebellum). NIHSS score was 6.4±0.6/6.1±0.8, modified Ashwort scale score - 0.5±0.6/0.4±0.7, hand paresis - 3.4±0.9/3.7±0.7, leg paresis - 4.1±0.7/4.0±0.8 points. Kinematic gait parameters were recorded on video analysis system Physiomed Smart (Physiomed, Germany, Davis protocol). RESULTS: Gait kinematic parameters in paretic and in unaffected leg were changed in both groups. Patients with supratentorial lesion had on paretic side exaggerated pelvic obliquity, an excessive internal rotation and amplitude of movements in the paretic hip joint, and an insufficient plantar extension on both sides. Patients with subtentorial stroke had exaggerated pelvic tilt forward, excessive flexion and insufficient extension of the hip joint, insufficient extension of the knee joint, excessive plantar flexion, and insufficient plantar extension on both sides. CONCLUSION: Patients with supra- or subtentorial IS with muscle weakness less than 3-4 points and slightly changed or normal muscle tone differed in kinematic parameters in pelvic motions and in joints of paretic and unaffected lower extremity. These results highlight the importance of differentiating rehabilitation techniques according to supra- or subtentorial focus location and cerebellar involvement.

[Prognostic value of endothelial dysfunction and von Willebrand factor in acute and chronic hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage]. / Prognosticheskoe znachenie disfunktsii éndoteliia i faktora fon Villebranda v ostrom i otdalennom periodakh gemorragicheskogo insul'ta polusharnoi lokalizatsii.

AIM: To study the changes in endothelial dysfunction and von Willebrand factor activity in acute and chronic stages of hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their influence on clinical severity and functional recovery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients with hemispheric ICH, aged 61.6±11.2 years, and 30 patients with AH, aged 59.6±6.2 years, (comparison group) were examined. Patients with ICH were examined on admission, 6-8th, 13-15th days, and 11.1±0.9 months after stroke onset. Patients with arterial hypertension (AH) were examined on admission. Changes in NIHSS, Glasgow coma scale, and modified Rankin scale were studied. Restocetin induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) was assessed by optical aggregometry (BIOLA LA230-2 AGGRWB) in modification by G. Born and Z. Gabbasov. von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity was examined as described by J. Olson. RESULTS: RIPA was significantly higher in acute ICH compared to chronic ICH, AH and reference values. RIPA values were negatively correlated with hematoma volume and midline shift (r≥ -0.308, p≤0.035). vWF activity was significantly higher in ICH patients than in AH and reference values. Patients with AH also had significantly higher vWF activity than reference values. In acute ICH, vWF activity steadily increased reaching maximal values by 13-15th day. In chronic ICH, vWF activity decreased compared to the acute phase, but still remained higher than in AH patients or reference values. In acute phase, 1% increment in vWF values resulted in 0.5% increase in the risk of death during the follow-up period (95% CI 1.001-1.008, p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Endothelial dysfunction assessed by vWF activity increases during the acute hemispheric ICH and remains elevated in the chronic stage. vWF activity may be used as a marker in assessing stroke outcome and prognosis.

[Possibilities of digital fluorography and other X-ray methods in the detection of carotid atherosclerosis]. / Vozmozhnosti tsifrovoi fliuorografii i drugikh luchevykh metodov v vyiavlenii ateroskleroza sonnykh arterii.

AIM: To evaluate possibilities of routine X-ray methods for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis of carotid arteries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the initial stage of the study, 468 X-ray radiograms of the cervical spine with the detailed description of soft tissues and projections of the neck vessels were studied. The next stage included evaluation of 'screening' abilities of digital fluorography of lungs (886 X-ray radiograms were analyzed). The last stage is a current pilot project aimed to introduce opportunistic screening of atherosclerosis of carotid arteries using X-ray and ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland taking into account disease history collected with help of a special questionnaire and clinical examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The study shows a high specificity of the shadows in the projections of the neck vessels as a sign of atherocalcinosis. During mass examinations these X-ray findings are useful to identify patients who need duplex scanning and other high-tech methods.

[A relationship between the movement pattern and lesion location in the early rehabilitation period after ischemic stroke]. / Sviaz' dvigatel'nogo stereotipa i lokalizatsii ochaga v rannem vosstanovitel'nom periode legkogo ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

To study the changes in movement pattern during the early rehabilitation period in patients after carotid/vertebro-basilar ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors studied 11 patients (6 women, 5 men, mean age 57.2±5.2) 4-6 weeks after stroke onset. NIHSS on admission was 6.2±0.8, arm/hand weakness 3.9±0.7/3.7±0.8, leg/foot weakness 4.3±0.6/4.0±0.5. The lesion was located in the carotid artery (7 patients) and in the vertebro-basilar system (4 patients). All patients were examined on admission and at discharge (interval 13±4 days). The changes were assessed using FIM scale, Ashwort scale, TUG test, nine-hole peg test (NHPT), Berg balance scale, 20-point vestibular disorder score scale, MMSE, Beck depression inventory, and Spielberger anxiety questionnaire. Also kinematic and kinetic profiles of the step cycle and gait were analyzed by video analysis system Physiomed Smart (Physiomed, Germany, Davis protocol). RESULTS: All patients demonstrated improvement in FIM scale, Ashwort scale, TUG test, NHP test, Berg balance scale and 20-point vestibular disorder score scale. Patients with vertebro-basilar stroke had balance disturbance, which was assessed with 20-point vestibular disorder score scale. All patients had changes in spatiotemporal gait performance, kinematic and kinetic profiles of the walking cycle: shortening of the step length and widening of the step width, prolongation of step cycle, and decreased step speed. These changes were more obvious in patients with vertebro-basilar stroke. Also patients with vertebro-basilar stroke had pelvic tilt forward, while patients with carotid lesion had pelvic obliquity. CONCLUSION: Lesion location in patients with mild stroke may influence the spatiotemporal gait characteristics and kinematic and kinetic profiles. These features should be taken into account while planning rehabilitation strategy.

[The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]. / Éffektivnost' semaksa pri lechenii bol'nykh na raznykh stadiiakh ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of semax and timing of rehabilitation on the dynamics of plasma BDNF levels, motor performance, and Barthel index score in patients after ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and ten patients after IS (43 men, 67 women, mean age 58.0±9.7, Ме 63 years) were examined. All patients were divided into early (89±9 days) and late (214±22 days) rehabilitation groups. Each group was subdivided into semax+ and semax- subgroups. Standard regimen of semax included 2 courses (6000 mcg/day) for 10 days with 20 day interval. Plasma BDNF levels, motor performance on the British Medical Research Council scale and Barthel index were assessed in all groups. RESULTS: Administration of semax, regardless of the timing of rehabilitation, increased BDNF plasma levels which remained high during the whole study period. In semax- subgroups high BDNF plasma levels were positively correlated with early rehabilitation. Administration of semax and high BDNF levels accelerated the improvement and ameliorated the final outcome of Barthel score index. There was a positive correlation between BDNF plasma levels and Barthel score, as well as a correlation between early rehabilitation and motor performance improvement. The correlation between BDNF plasma levels and Barthel score was modified by the timing of rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Early rehabilitation and administration of semax increase BDNF plasma level, speed functional recovery, and improve motor performance.

[Thrombolytic therapy of ischemic stroke]. / Tromboliticheskaia terapiia ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

Reperfusion therapy is one of the main treatment strategies of ischemic stroke. The first studies of the efficacy of thrombolytic medications started form the use of streptokinase and fibrinolysin in patients with ischemic stroke in late 50 - early 60 of the XX century in the United States, Soviet Union, and Western Europe. After the development of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, thrombolysis became one of the main methods of reperfusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or other acute vascular thrombotic events. Later, modified variants of tissue plasminogen activator with prolonged clearance time, high fibrin-selectivity, and bolus delivery were introduced. Another group of thrombolytic agents includes derivatives of flora and fauna - external plasminogen activators, of which streptokinase, staphylokinase, and desmoteplase are most common drugs. These medications are not a structural part of the human organism, and overcoming of immunogenicity while preserving fibrinolytic activity and fibrin specificity is one of the main tasks in applying them in clinical practice.

[Multilocus analysis of the association of polymorphic variants of inflammation genes with ischemic stroke in Russians].

Carriage frequencies of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic loci of inflammation genes (49A>G CTLA4, 41G>A and 87C>T PDE4D, -590C>T IL4, -308A>G TNF, 252G>A LTA, 874A>T IFNG, -509С>Т, 869T>C and 915G>C TGFB1) were determined in a sample of 200 patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke and in the control group similar in gender and age (146 individuals), all ethnic Russians. The positive association of the allele PDE4D*87C (р = 0.028) and genotype TGFB1*-509Т/Т (р = 0.02) carriage with ischemic stroke was shown. The association of the disease with the carriage of the allele PDE4D*41А (р = 0.009) in individuals under the age of 60 and with carriage of the allele IFNG*874Т (р = 0.02) in individuals older than 60 was observed among the subgroups of patients stratified by age when they suffered the stroke compared to a control group of the same age. In subgroups stratified by gender, carriage of the genotype TGFB1*915G/G (р = 0.0015) was identified as a risk factor in male patients, while no significant differences between female patients and healthy women were observed. Multilocus analysis was undertaken to search for the association of several combinations of studied gene variants with ischemic stroke. The polymorphic locus-174G>C of the IL6 gene, for which an association with the disease was previously demonstrated, was also included in this analysis. The disease-predisposing biallelic combinations include the IL6*-174G, PDE4D*87C, TGFB1*-509Т and TGFB1*915G alleles. In the subgroups stratified by gender, the allelic combinations mainly include the similar risk alleles as in the total group, while between the subgroups stratified by age (patients who suffered the first stroke at the age of 18 and no older than 60 years and older than 60 years), greater differences were observed. However, a new risk allele, LTA*252G, was identified in combination with PDE4D*41А in women. These findings demonstrate the important role of inflammation in ischemic stroke. The identified single and combined markers may be used further to determine an individual risk for ischemic stroke.