Maternal super obesity is increasing and is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications-a call for concern.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the relationship of increased body mass index (BMI) with pregnancy complications. STUDY DESIGN: We obtained data for a retrospective cohort of singleton live births using an electronic birth certificate database from 2010 to 2022. Institutional review board exemption was obtained. BMI was assessed as a continuous variable and a categorical variable with groups of BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2, 40-49.9 kg/m2, and ≥50 kg/m2 compared to patients with BMI 30-39.9 kg/m2. Primary outcomes were pregnancy and maternal outcomes. Secondary outcomes were neonatal outcomes. ANOVA and χ2 were used to compare continuous and categorical variables respectively, and logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios for primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: There were 223,837 patients with singleton live births with mean BMI 27.86 kg/m2. 54,385 (24.3%) had BMI 30-39.9 kg/m2, 13,299 (5.9%) had BMI 40-49.9 kg/m2, and 1,958 (0.87%) had BMI ≥50 kg/m2. Patients with BMI > 50 kg/m2 have a higher likelihood of APGAR scores <7 (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.05-1.83), and NICU admission or transfer out of facility (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34). In the nulliparous subgroup analysis, For patients with BMI >50 kg/m2, there was a higher odds of preterm birth <37 weeks (aOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23-2.00) and preterm birth <34 weeks (aOR 1.51 95% CI 1.00-2.30. There is also an increased odds of cesarean section in both of these BMI groups (aOR 1.68 95% CI 1.57-1.79 and aOR 2.30 95% CI 1.94-2.72). CONCLUSION: BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 was significantly associated with increased pregnancy complications.

Patients with BMI > 50 kg/m² have a higher likelihood of having pregestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preterm birth < 37 weeks.Increasing obesity in Central New York is leading to worsened pregnancy outcomes.

Comparison between high transverse and low transverse Pfannenstiel skin incisions during cesarean delivery for morbidly obese patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate if placement of transverse cesarean skin incision above or below the overhanging pannus is associated with wound morbidity in morbidly obese patients. STUDY DESIGN: We identified a cohort of patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 undergoing cesarean delivery at a single center from 2017-2020 with complete postpartum records. Data was abstracted after institutional review board exemption, and patients were grouped by low transverse or high transverse skin incision. The primary outcome was a composite of wound infection, fascial dehiscence, incisional hernia, therapeutic wound vacuum, and reoperation. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the composite, blood transfusion, operative time, and immediate neonatal outcome. T test and χ2 were used for continuous and categorical comparisons. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios for categorical outcomes and linear regression to compare operative times adjusting for factors associated with wound complications and surgical duration respectively. RESULTS: 328 patients met inclusion criteria: 65 with high transverse (infraumbilical and supraumbilical) and 263 with low transverse (Pfannenstiel) incision. 11% of patients had wound morbidity; high transverse incision was associated with 3.64-fold increased odds of composite wound morbidity (23.1% vs 8%, aOR 3.64, 95% CI 1.52-8.70) and 5.73-fold increased odds of wound infection (13.8% vs. 4.9%, aOR 5.73, 95% CI 1.83-17.96). Time from skin incision to delivery was 1.87 min longer (11.09 vs 14.98 min, ß = 1.87, 95% CI 0.17-4.61). There was no significant difference in neonatal outcomes, non-low transverse hysterotomy, or total operative time. CONCLUSION: High transverse skin incision for cesarean delivery was strongly associated with increased wound morbidity in morbidly obese patients.

Outcomes after cesarean delivery were assessed for 328 patients with morbid obesity.High transverse skin incision for cesarean delivery was associated with increased wound morbidity and wound infection.Prospective studies will be needed to determine if skin incision placement causes wound morbidity.

Pregnancy-Associated Onset of Adult-Onset Still's Disease.

Objective This study aims to elucidate the clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) during pregnancy, leveraging a case series overview and a detailed case report from our center. Study Design A comprehensive review of 21 published case reports on AOSD diagnosed during pregnancy was conducted, alongside a detailed case report of a patient diagnosed and managed at our center. This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing AOSD in pregnant patients, outlines the therapeutic challenges encountered, and discusses the potential complications arising from the disease and its treatment. Results The onset of AOSD during pregnancy predominantly occurs in the first or second trimester, with a polycyclic disease course observed in most cases. Management primarily involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications, balancing the disease control with potential pregnancy complications. The case report highlights the complex interplay between AOSD, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and pregnancy, illustrating a multidisciplinary approach to management that ensured favorable maternal and fetal outcomes despite the significant challenges. Conclusion AOSD presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges during pregnancy, requiring careful consideration of maternal and fetal health. Early diagnosis, a multidisciplinary approach to care, and judicious use of immunosuppressive therapy are critical for managing AOSD flares and associated complications. Further research is necessary to optimize care for this rare condition in the context of pregnancy.

Cross-Sectional Survey of High-Risk Pregnant Women's Opinions on COVID-19 Vaccination.

Background: Pregnant women are at increased risk of severe disease with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite strong recommendations from American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine for vaccination, COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy persists. With this study, we aim to evaluate opinions about the COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort of high-risk pregnant patients. Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained. Patients attending a regional Maternal-Fetal Medicine clinic in central New York were surveyed about the COVID-19 vaccine using a standardized questionnaire. Demographic, obstetrical, and medical information was abstracted using medical records. The vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were evaluated using chi-square tests and a Bayesian model. Results: Among the 157 participants, 38.2% are vaccinated. There were no significant differences in race/ethnicity, living situation, marital status, employment status, insurance type, pregravid body mass index, history of recreational drug use, number of living children, or gestational age at the time of survey. Patients with less formal education are less likely to be vaccinated. There was no difference between influenza and tetanus diphtheria pertussis vaccination rates with COVID-19 vaccination rates. Unvaccinated patients cite lack of data in pregnancy (66%) as their primary concern. Most patients prefer to learn about vaccines via conversation with their doctor (46.7% for vaccinated and 59.8% for unvaccinated). Conclusions: The vaccination rate is low in our population. A provider-initiated conversation about COVID-19 vaccination included with routine prenatal care could increase the vaccination rate.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated with Newly Diagnosed Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Rationale: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM is a significant cause of maternal and infant morbidities. Assessing these risk factors concurrently may facilitate both the identification of women at GDM risk and the initiation of GDM prevention strategies.Objectives: To investigate whether SDB events, including SDB in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and other sleep parameters, are associated with increased risk of GDM and to evaluate the performance of the models investigating associations between breathing and sleep parameters and GDM risk.Methods: In this case-control study, 46 women with newly diagnosed GDM and 46 healthy control subjects, who were individually matched for age, gestational age, body mass index, race, and parity, completed overnight polysomnographic studies and sleep questionnaires after being screened for GDM during the late-second to mid-third trimesters. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify models investigating associations between risk factors and GDM risk. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) was employed to compare models; the model with the lowest BIC is preferred.Results: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; defined as an apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >5 events/h) was present in 22% of subjects with GDM and 9% of control subjects (P < 0.001). Women with OSA had a higher GDM risk (odds ratio [OR], 4.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-21.04). In individual models, GDM risk was also significantly higher among women with higher overall AHI (events/h OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.01-3.27), higher AHI in REM (events/h OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.02-4.31), higher oxygen desaturation index greater than or equal to 4% (ODI4; events/h OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.03-4.73), and higher Sleep Apnea Symptom Score (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.11-6.69). The percentage of non-REM sleep was significantly associated with decreased risk of GDM (percentage of non-REM sleep OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99). The BIC supports the conclusion that there is a strong association between AHI in REM and GDM risk compared with the other significant models.Conclusions: SDB events, including REM-related OSA, are linked to increased GDM risk. GDM risk is also influenced by intercorrelated sleep variables.

Cervical cerclage for singleton pregnant patients on vaginal progesterone with progressive cervical shortening.

BACKGROUND: Premature cervical ripening plays a significant role in spontaneous preterm birth. Vaginal progesterone is the recommended treatment in singleton pregnancy with incidental short cervix. There is lack of evidence on whether it is beneficial to reinforce the cervix with cerclage when the cervical length becomes progressively shortened <10 mm while on vaginal progesterone. OBJECTIVE: Our aims are to determine whether cerclage with vaginal progesterone will: (1) reduce the overall spontaneous preterm birth rate, (2) prolong pregnancy latency, and (3) improve neonatal outcomes compared to vaginal progesterone alone. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study at the University of Illinois at Chicago of all women with singleton pregnancy on vaginal progesterone for incidental short cervix, cervical length <20 mm. Only those with progressive cervical length shortening <10 mm who delivered at the University of Illinois at Chicago from January 2013 through December 2016 were included. The decision to perform cerclage was based on individual physician preference. Demographic data; information on serial cervical length status; medical, obstetric, and social history; cerclage vs no cerclage; and neonatal outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 310 women with incidental short cervix on vaginal progesterone were identified, and of these, 75 had progressive shortening cervical length <10 mm and met inclusion criteria. Among the women with extremely shortened cervical length <10 mm, 36 women (48%) had cervical cerclage plus vaginal progesterone, and 39 women (52%) continued on vaginal progesterone alone. The baseline characteristics, mean cervical length (5.06 vs 5.52 mm), and mean gestational age at diagnosis of extreme short cervix (21.5 vs 21.3 weeks) were similar between women who received cerclage vs those who did not, respectively. The mean gestational age at delivery was significantly greater for those with cerclage (34 weeks and 3 days vs 27 weeks and 2 days; P < .001). The rate of spontaneous preterm birth at <37, 35, 32, 28, and 24 weeks were significantly lower in the cerclage group: 44.1% vs 84.2%, 38.2% vs 81.6%, 23.5% vs 78.9%, 14.7% vs 63.2%, and 11.8% vs 39.5%, respectively. The rate of spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks remained significant after controlling for confounders (relative risk, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.41; P < .001). The average pregnancy latency was 14 weeks in the cerclage combined with vaginal progesterone group compared to vaginal progesterone alone group. Neonatal intensive care unit admission and development of respiratory distress syndrome were significantly lower in the cerclage group compared to vaginal progesterone alone group: 13 (36.1%) vs 23 (65.7%) (relative risk, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.90; P = .018) and 8 (22.2%) vs 17 (43.6%) (relative risk, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.90; P = .027), respectively. Neonates of women with cerclage were also significantly less likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis or experience neonatal death. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that cerclage plus vaginal progesterone in women with extremely shortened cervix significantly decreased overall spontaneous preterm birth rates, prolonged pregnancy latency by 2-fold, and decreased the overall neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome After Paternal Exposure to Methotrexate Within 90 Days Before Pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between paternal exposure to methotrexate within the 90-day period before pregnancy and congenital malformations and stillbirth in the offspring. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide register study. Our cohort consisted of all live births in Denmark between 1997 and 2011 identified from the Medical Birth Registry. Methotrexate-exposed fathers were identified from the National Prescription Registry. From the national Hospital Registry we identified paternity, live births, and stillbirths as well as discharge diagnoses on congenital malformations. RESULTS: We identified 849,676 live births with known paternity. There were 127 live births of methotrexate-exposed fathers. Of these, four (3.2%) had major malformations compared with 28,814 (3.4%) of the unexposed. The odds ratio (OR) for major congenital malformation among exposed fathers compared with unexposed was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-2.51) and when adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, educational length, household income, and parity, the adjusted OR was 1.01 (95% CI 0.37-2.74). There were no stillbirths in the methotrexate-exposed group compared with 2,541 (0.3%) in the unexposed group and no increased risk of preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.66-2.59) among the children from exposed fathers. CONCLUSION: We found no association between paternal exposure to methotrexate within 90 days before pregnancy and congenital malformations, stillbirths, or preterm birth. Available data suggest that prepregnancy paternal methotrexate exposure should not be of major concern. Multinational recommendations should be changed accordingly.

Early diabetes screening in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To describe maternal characteristics related to early screening for diabetes in obese women and evaluate the benefits of early diabetes screening and diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of obese women (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) without pregestational diabetes who delivered a singleton gestation between 2011 and 2012. Maternal characteristics/demographics and maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between women with early diabetes screening (<20 weeks) versus traditional screening. We additionally compared maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with an early versus traditional diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 504 eligible women, 135 (26.8%) had early diabetes screening. Obese women with early screening were older, had a higher BMI, were more likely to have hypertension and neonates admitted to the NICU. Of women with early screening, 31 (23%) were diagnosed early. Women with an early diagnosis of diabetes were more likely to require treatment with insulin (36% vs. 23%, p = 0.003). Women with an early diagnosis of diabetes were more likely to have neonates in the NICU (48% vs. 26%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Early screening for diabetes was more common in older women with additional comorbidities. Obese women diagnosed via early screening were more likely to require medical treatment for diabetes, suggesting a value to early screening.

Diclofenac/misoprostol during early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Misoprostol can be used in the prevention of gastric ulcer in treatment with diclofenac and is used in rheumatic diseases. Since misoprostol causes contractions of the uterus, it can also be used to induce abortions when administrated vaginally. The aim of the study was to investigate if early pregnancy exposure to oral diclofenac/misoprostol was associated with miscarriage. METHOD: We conducted a nationwide cohort study identifying all registered pregnancies in Denmark from 1997 to 2011. All births were identified using the Medical Birth Registry, and all records of induced abortion and miscarriage were from the National Hospital Register. Data on drug use were from the National Prescription Register. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard of miscarriage in women exposed to diclofenac/misoprostol in early pregnancy. RESULT: We identified 1,338,824 pregnancies (970,491 births, 142,147 miscarriages, 226,145 induced abortions). One hundred sixty-six were exposed to diclofenac/misoprostol in the early pregnancy of which 28.3 % (47) ended up in a miscarriage compared to 10.6 % among unexposed. The adjusted hazard ratio of having a miscarriage after exposure to diclofenac/misoprostol in the first trimester was 3.6 (CI 95 % 2.6-4.9). CONCLUSION: We found an increased risk of miscarriage after exposure to diclofenac/misoprostol during the early pregnancy. Women in the fertile age should not be treated with the combination of diclofenac/misoprostol if other options were available.

Childhood Sexual Violence and Consistent, Effective Contraception Use among Young, Sexually Active Urban Women.

Unintended pregnancy (UP) is a significant public health problem. The consistent use of effective contraception is the primary method to prevent UP. We examined the role of childhood sexual and physical violence and current interpersonal violence on the risk of unintended pregnancy among young, urban, sexually active women. In particular, we were interested in examining the role of childhood violence and interpersonal violence while recognizing the psychological correlates of experiencing violence (i.e., high depressive symptoms and low self-esteem) and consistent use of contraception. For this assessment, 315 sexually active women living in Philadelphia PA were recruited from family planning clinics in 2013. A self-administered, computer-assisted interview was used to collect data on method of contraception use in the past month, consistency of use, experiences with violence, levels of depressive symptoms, self-esteem and sexual self-efficacy, substance use and health services utilization. Fifty percent of young sexually active women reported inconsistent or no contraception use in the past month. Inconsistent users were significantly more likely to report at least one prior episode of childhood sexual violence and were significantly less likely to have received a prescription for contraception from a health care provider. Inconsistent contraception users also reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and significantly lower levels of self-esteem. The relation between childhood sexual violence and UP remained unchanged in the multivariate models adjusting for self-esteem or depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the long-term consequences of childhood sexual violence, independent of current depressive symptoms and low self-esteem, on consistent use of contraception.

Alcohol enhances HIV infection of cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages.

Alcohol consumption or alcohol abuse is common among pregnant HIV(+) women and has been identified as a potential behavioral risk factor for the transmission of HIV. In this study, we examined the impact of alcohol on HIV infection of cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages (CBMDM). We demonstrated that alcohol treatment of CBMDM significantly enhanced HIV infection of CBMDM. Investigation of the mechanisms of alcohol action on HIV demonstrated that alcohol inhibited the expression of several HIV restriction factors, including anti-HIV microRNAs, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3H. Additionally, alcohol also suppressed the expression of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), an intracellular sensor of viral infection. The suppression of these IFN regulatory factors was associated with reduced expression of type I IFN. These experimental findings suggest that maternal alcohol consumption may facilitate HIV infection, promoting vertical transmission of HIV.

Early pregnancy changes in bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the importance of measuring early vaginal levels of eight bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria, at two points in pregnancy, and the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery (SPTD) among pregnant women and the subgroup of pregnant women with a history of preterm delivery (PTD). METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled women at five urban obstetric practices at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia PA. Women with singleton pregnancies less than 16 weeks gestation self-collected vaginal swabs at two points in pregnancy, prior to 16 weeks gestation and between 20-24 weeks gestation, to measure the presence and level of eight BV-associated bacteria. Women were followed-up for gestational age at delivery via medical records. RESULTS: Among women reporting a prior PTD, women with higher levels of Leptotrichia/Sneathia species, BVAB1 and Mobiluncus spp., prior to 16 weeks gestation, were significantly more likely to experience a SPTD. In addition, pregnant women with a prior PTD and increasing levels of Leptotrichia/Sneathia species (aOR: 9.1, 95% CI 1.9, 42.9), BVAB1 (aOR: 16.4, 95% CI 4.3, 62.7) or Megasphaera phylotype 1 (aOR: 6.2, 95% CI 1.9, 20.6), through 24 weeks gestation, were significantly more likely to experience an SPTD. Among the overall group of pregnant women, the levels of BV-associated bacteria were not related to SPTD. CONCLUSION: Among the group of women reporting a prior PTD, increasing levels of BVAB1, Leptotrichia/Sneathia species, and Megasphaera phylotype 1, through mid-pregnancy were related to an increased risk of SPTD.

Relationship of selected bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria to Nugent score bacterial vaginosis among urban women early in pregnancy.

Among urban, primarily African American pregnant women, 74% were identified with Nugent score bacterial vaginosis (BV). All BV-associated bacteria were more prevalent among women with Nugent score BV. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria 3 (BVAB3) had the highest positive predictive value, whereas Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium spp. had the highest sensitivity. Atopobium spp. levels had the most significant area under the curve.

The role of telemedicine in the management of the pregnancy complicated by diabetes.

The use of technology to deliver health care over a distance has drawn considerable attention and shown dramatic growth over the last decade because of the possibility it has to reduce cost and improve access to modern medical care. Diabetes in pregnancy, which requires tight glycemic control in order to reduce perinatal complications, is a prime telemedicine intervention target. A review of the literature suggests that telemedicine, although not perfect, can potentially play a role in reducing patient visits and could improve quality of life without jeopardizing the outcome.

Obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes versus hypertensive disorders versus both.

OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetrical outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes versus hypertensive disorders versus both. METHODS: One million patients in the New Jersey Database were analyzed. Of which 6.91% had hypertension, 4.79% had diabetes, and 0.91% had both. Information was derived from a perinatal linked data-set provided by the Maternal Child Health Epidemiology (MCH Epi) Program in the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Linking of electronic birth certificates, hospital discharge records for mother and newborn, and infant death certificates for all infants born in New Jersey between the years 1997 and 2005 created the data-set. RESULTS: Coexistence of hypertension and diabetes increased with advancing maternal age (OR 3.41; CI 3.12-3.72). Among ethnic groups, diabetes was more common in Asians (OR 2.92; CI 2.84-3.00), while hypertension was more common in Blacks (OR 1.49; CI 1.46-1.53). Blacks followed by Asians had a higher risk of being in the combined category. Induction of labor (OR 4.16; CI 3.96-4.38), shoulder dystocia (OR 2.56; CI 2.05-3.19), operative vaginal delivery (OR 3.92; CI 3.29-4.66), cesarean deliveries with no trial of labor (OR 2.54; CI 2.40-2.69) as well as with failed trial of labor (OR 4.09; CI 3.88-4.31) were more common in the combined group. Neonatal outcomes were poor in the combined category, with high rate of preterm deliveries, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions (OR 2.14; CI 2.01-2.28), neonatal seizures (OR 2.30; CI 1.31-4.04), low 5-min APGAR scores (OR 1.78; CI 1.57-2.01), and longer NICU stay (OR 2.30; CI 2.15-2.47). CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of hypertension and diabetes was associated with worse obstetric and neonatal outcomes than either alone. This should be emphasized to mothers during prenatal counseling. Further research should focus on interventions to improve morbidity in the combined category.

Insulin resistance: the possible link between gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and diabetes are all associated with increased risks of poor maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes have been shown in population studies to have increased risk of pregnancy-associated hypertension compared with nondiabetic women. Moreover, pregnant patients with hypertension are at increased risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus. It has been hypothesized that this association could be due, at least in part, to insulin resistance. Although insulin resistance is a physiologic phenomenon in normal pregnancy, in predisposed individuals this could lead to hyperinsulinemia with the development of gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, or both.

Amniotic fluid embolism-risk factors, maternal and neonatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate demographic characteristics, risk factors, maternal and neonatal outcomes of all cases of amniotic fluid embolism that occurred in New Jersey during 1997-2005. METHODS: Information was derived from a perinatal linked dataset provided by the MCH-Epidemiology Program in the New Jersey Department of Health. Bivariate analysis for dichotomous variables used the Chi-square test. Stepwise logistic regression models were created to assess the influence of potential risk factors and p value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Forty-five cases of amniotic fluid embolism were identified among 1,004,116 deliveries, for a prevalence rate of 1 in 22,313 pregnancies. Statistically, significant association was found with multifetal pregnancy, caesarean section, placenta previa, placental abruption, eclampsia and cervical laceration. The rate of maternal complications such as coagulopathy, seizures, neurological damage, shock and cardiac arrest were significantly greater in the cases as compared with the overall study population. Neonatal morbidity was significant as demonstrated by higher NICU admissions and neonatal intubation rates and lower 5-min Apgar scores. CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlation was identified between historically reported risk factors and amniotic fluid embolism. The fetal and maternal mortality rates were lower compared with previous studies, attributed both to improvements in perinatal healthcare and reporting of 'milder' cases.

Vulvar and breast Paget's disease with synchronous underlying cancer: a unique association.

BACKGROUND: We report a unique case of Paget's disease of vulva and breast. Sequentially the patient had invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, 5 years later was diagnosed with vulvar Paget's with underlying adenocarcinoma and after another 2 years was diagnosed with Paget's disease of the breast. CASE: A 58-year-old woman with invasive ductal cancer of the left breast was treated with lumpectomy, lymph node dissection, radiation therapy and tamoxifen. Five years later and after complaints of longstanding vulvar pruritus, the patient was diagnosed with vulvar Paget's disease and treated with simple vulvectomy, which revealed a concurrent underlying adenocarcinoma. Subsequently there was recurrence of vulvar malignancy and wide local excision was performed. Seven years after the initial diagnosis of the breast cancer, a biopsy of a left areolar red, ulcerated lesion revealed Paget's disease of the breast. CONCLUSION: Physicians need to be cognizant of the rare occurrence of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease with underlying malignancies in both locations. A thorough physical examination including biopsy is essential for early detection and appropriate management.