Impact of COVID-19 among small-scale industry fishermen - A mixed methods study from the coastal area of Karnataka.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread and devastating physical, emotional, societal, and economic repercussions among workers in India. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 and to understand the challenges faced and coping mechanism adopted among fishermen community from the coastal area of Karnataka. METHODOLOGY: This community-based mixed-methods study included participants from a coastal Karnataka fishermen's community. Questionnaire based personal interviews collected information on sociodemographics, COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment, and related costs, COVID-19-appropriate behavior and were screened using DASS-21. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted to acquire qualitative data. RESULTS: Quantitative data collection involved 107 participants, predominantly males [70.1%], aged between 46-60 years [37.4%] and low socioeconomic status [79.4%]. Among 107, 51 participants reported to have probable COVID-19 symptoms. Around 11% had tested for COVID-19 and two were admitted in hospital with mean hospital stay of seven days. According to DASS-21, 20.6%, 15.9% and 9.3% of participants screened positive for depression, anxiety and stress respectively. Nearly one third of the participants were found to have significant socioeconomic impact.Major challenges faced included loss of livelihood, inaccessibility to health care, repayment of loans, stigma related to COVID-19 and meeting educational expenses of children with one dropping out of college. Activities of local self-help groups in the community and grass root level marketing strategies to sell fish were highly successful in mitigating the impact as a community. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 had a significant impact on fishermen community and implies a need for better pandemic and disaster preparedness strategies in the community.

Community-based screening for post-traumatic stress disorder among flood victims - A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India.

Background: Natural disasters like floods have various physical and psychological effects on victims. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that arises as a delayed reaction to extraordinarily threatening or catastrophic situations. Aim: The objective was to screen for PTSD and associated factors among victims residing in the flood-affected areas of Kerala, India. Methodology: A community-based screening for PTSD was done among 600 flood victims residing in three selected districts (Pathanamthitta, Alleppey, and Kottayam) of Kerala. A trauma screening questionnaire was used to screen for PTSD. Results: More than 90% of them had to stay in relief camps during floods. More than 80% had damage to houses, followed by loss of domestic animals and vehicle damage. Among participants, 298 (49.7%) screened positive for PTSD 3 months post disaster. No previous history of flooding, odds ratio (OR) = 8.6 [confidence interval (CI) 5.7-13.1]; younger age, OR = 1.41 (CI 1-1.9); higher family income, OR = 4.2 (CI 2.5-6.8); education, OR = 1.4 (CI 1-2.1); flood-related morbidity, OR = 8.8 (CI 5.3-14.8); and death of a family member, OR = 3.4 (CI 1.2-9.3), were the factors that were found to be significantly associated with stress among respondents. Conclusion: Almost 50% of flood victims were screened positive for PTSD. This study's findings reiterate the need to provide psychological support as a priority along with other disaster control measures.

Technologies that empower women for better access to healthcare in India - A scoping review.

Women from low- and middle-income countries face challenges in accessing and utilising quality healthcare. Technologies can aid in overcoming these challenges and the present scoping review is aimed at summarising the range of technologies used by women and assessing their role in enabling Indian women to learn about and access healthcare services. We conducted a comprehensive search from the date of inception of database till 2022 in PubMed and Google Scholar. Data was extracted from 43 studies and were thematically analysed. The range of technologies used by Indian women included integrated voice response system, short message services, audio-visual aids, telephone calls and mobile applications operated by health workers. Majority of the studies were community-based (79.1%), from five states (60.5%), done in rural settings (58.1%) and with interventional design (48.8%). Maternal and child health has been the major focus of studies, with lesser representation in domains of non-communicable and communicable diseases. The review also summarised barriers related to using technology - from health system and participant perspective. Technology-based interventions are enabling women to improve awareness about and accessibility to healthcare in India. Imparting digital literacy and scaling up technology use are potential solutions to scale-up healthcare access among women in India.

Spaced Intranasal Corticosteroid Therapy: A Better Treatment Option in Allergic Rhinitis?

Intranasal corticosteroids are first-line therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) and are conventionally prescribed once daily as continuous therapy. The decreased consumption of drugs is proposed to have decreased side effects. The present study aimed at comparing the effect of INCS as a spaced therapy with the conventional continuous therapy. Case records of patients with Allergic Rhinitis, who were started on INCS were studied and improvement in symptom score was compared between continuous and spaced therapy groups. In total 182 patients with AR were studied, with 91 patients in each group. Among the total group, 57% were males, 54% were < 40 years of age, 54% had > 10 years of allergy history and 94% had no family history. There was significant improvement in mean Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for all patients in both groups (p = 0.001). However, the comparison of differences in VAS before and after therapy did not show significant difference for the two groups (p = 0.791). Our study suggests that the efficacy of INCS in controlling AR symptoms is observed to be similar with spaced therapy, as in continuous therapy. Spaced therapy may therefore be recommended for better patient compliance, lesser cost and avoidance of the side effects resulting in overall improvement of quality of life for allergic patients.

Psychological distress and burnout among healthcare worker during COVID-19 pandemic in India-A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. The pandemic has stressed the healthcare system of India impacting the psychological status and functioning of health care workers. The aim of this study is to determine the burnout levels and factors associated with the risk of psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCW) engaged in the management of COVID 19 in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2020 to 30 November 2020 by telephonic interviews using a web-based Google form. Health facilities and community centres from 12 cities located in 10 states were selected for data collection. Data on socio-demographic and occupation-related variables like age, sex, type of family, income, type of occupation, hours of work and income were obtained was obtained from 967 participants, including doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency response teams, lab personnel, and others directly involved in COVID 19 patient care. Levels of psychological distress was assessed by the General health Questionnaire -GHQ-5 and levels of burnout was assessed using the ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the risk of psychological distress. The third quartile values of the three subscales of burnout viz EE, DP and PA were used to identify burnout profiles of the healthcare workers. RESULTS: Overall, 52.9% of the participants had the risk of psychological distress that needed further evaluation. Risk of psychological distress was significantly associated with longer hours of work (≥ 8 hours a day) (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI(1.66-3.41), income≥20000(AOR = 1.74, 95% CI, (1.16-2.6); screening of COVID-19 patients (AOR = 1.63 95% CI (1.09-2.46), contact tracing (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI (1.1-3.81), High Emotional exhaustion score (EE ≥16) (AOR = 4.41 95% CI (3.14-6.28) and High Depersonalisation score (DP≥7) (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI (1.28-2.51)). About 4.7% of the HCWs were overextended (EE>18); 6.5% were disengaged (DP>8) and 9.7% HCWs were showing signs of burnout (high on all three dimensions). CONCLUSION: The study has identified key factors that could have been likely triggers for psychological distress among healthcare workers who were engaged in management of COVID cases in India. The study also demonstrates the use of GHQ-5 and ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire as important tools to identify persons at risk of psychological distress and occurrence of burnout symptoms respectively. The findings provide useful guide to planning interventions to mitigate mental health problems among HCW in future epidemic/pandemic scenarios in the country.

Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents following floods- a comparative study from private and public schools in Kerala, India.

INTRODUCTION: Disasters can have deep physical and psychological impact among survivors. An extraordinary southwest monsoon has unleashed floods and landslides in Kerala state in 2018. Adolescents are more vulnerable to psychological impairment after a disaster and trauma during initial stages of life can etch an indelible signature in the individual's development and may lead to future disorders. OBJECTIVES: 1. To screen for PTSD and associated factors among adolescents 8 months post floods in selected schools in flood-affected areas of Alleppey district of Kerala 2. To compare the proportion of adolescents screened positive for PTSD in public and private schools. METHODOLOGY: A 3-month, Cross-sectional study was done among 670 adolescents in private and public schools using stratified sampling in Alleppey district. The study tool included a structured questionnaire that collected information on sociodemographics, flood-related variables, Trauma screening questionnaire and academic performance. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 16.03 ± 0.73 years with almost equal gender distribution. One-third of students reported flood-related damage to house/property, and a few lost their pets. Nearly 50% of the students reported that they still re-experience and get upsetting memories about flood events. The prevalence of probable PTSD noted to be 34.9%. We observed that 31% of students in public school screened positive for PTSD compared to 38.8% of private school students. (odds ratio = 1.409, CI 1.024-1.938). Male gender (Odds ratio = 1.503, CI 1.093-2.069), higher age (Odds ratio = 1.701, CI 1.120-2.585), damage during floods (Odds ratio = 2.566, CI 1.814-3.630), presence of morbidity (Odds ratio = 3.568, CI 1.888-6.743), camp stay (Odds ratio = 3.788, CI 2.364-6.067) and loss of pets (Odds ratio = 3.932, CI 2.019-7.657) were the factors significantly associated with PTSD. We noted a deterioration in academic performance in 45.9% of students who screened positive for PTSD. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: High prevalence of stress disorder highlights the need for early identification and intervention for PTSD and including trained counsellors as a part of the disaster management team in future.

Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in India & their perceptions on the way forward - A qualitative study.

Background & objectives: The healthcare system across the world has been overburdened due to the COVID-19 pandemic impacting healthcare workers (HCWs) in different ways. The present study provides an insight into the psychosocial challenges faced by the HCWs related to their work, family and personal well-being and the associated stigmas. Additionally, the coping mechanisms adopted by them and their perceptions on the interventions to address these challenges were also explored. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted between September and December 2020 through in-depth telephonic interviews using an interview guide among 111 HCWs who were involved in COVID-19 management across 10 States in India. Results: HCWs report major changes in work-life environment that included excessive workload with erratic timings accentuated with the extended duration of inconvenient personal protection equipment usage, periods of quarantine and long durations of separation from family. Family-related issues were manifold; the main challenge being separated from family, the challenge of caregiving, especially for females with infants and children, and fears around infecting family. Stigma from the community and peers fuelled by the fear of infection was manifested through avoidance and rejection. Coping strategies included peer, family support and the positive experiences manifested as appreciation and recognition for their contribution during the pandemic. Interpretation & conclusions: The study demonstrates the psychological burden of HCWs engaged with COVID-19 care services. The study findings point to need-based psychosocial interventions at the organizational, societal and individual levels. This includes a conducive working environment involving periodic evaluation of the HCW problems, rotation of workforce by engaging more staff, debunking of false information, community and HCW involvement in COVID sensitization to allay fears and prevent stigma associated with COVID-19 infection/transmission and finally need-based psychological support for them and their families.

Perceptions on the impact of a structured community-based training model in undergraduate medical training during the first phase of clinical exposure: A qualitative study from Kerala.

The new competency-based undergraduate medical curriculum advocates early clinical exposure in medical training for adequate orientation to societal and patient needs. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of medical students about community-based training in rural hospitals during the first phase of clinical exposure. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted among 75 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students who underwent the training program as part of their undergraduate medical training using "most significant change" technique. The responses collected were analyzed using the inductive approach of thematic analysis. Majority of the participants opined that the program not only has enabled them to better understand their academic learning but also has provided a social learning experience. The student feedback throws light on the potential of such community-based learning programs to inspire the students to become a more humane version of themselves. This study observed that the remote hospital-based training has positively influenced the students.

Together let us confront it: An outbreak investigation of hepatitis B in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The established routes of transmission are from mother to infant, sexual contact, and exposure to blood or body fluids. Though HBV is preventable by vaccine and robust infection control practices, outbreaks of HBV infection do occur in India. However, the state of Kerala with its health parameters, one among the best in the country, cannot afford to have continuing outbreaks. An unusual increase in the reported cases of Hepatitis B in a rural area of Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, called for an outbreak investigation. AIMS: To describe the epidemiological features, to determine the risk factors associated with HBV transmission, and to suggest measures to prevent future transmission. METHODS: A community-based case-control study (1:2) was undertaken. A total of 162 participants (54 cases and 108 age, gender, and neighborhood matched controls) took part in the study. Focus group discussions were conducted with subject experts to develop an interview schedule assessing 40 risk factors. It was further reviewed by the University of Sydney. Data was collected by trained Junior Health Inspectors and Junior Public Health Nurses of the Primary Health Centers. Data was analyzed using SPSS v. 20. Proportions were compared by Univariate analysis, sub-group analysis, and logistic regression. Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was also calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: More than 90% of the infections were IgM anti-HBc positive, suggesting a recent infection. Interventions during hospitalization [OR: 7.98 (95% CI - 2.17--29.4)], family history of Hepatitis B [OR. 4.14 (95%CI - 1.73--9.9)], and laboratory investigations [OR: 3.99 (1.72--9.31)] were found to be significant risk factors. PAR was highest for laboratory interventions (32%). Vaccinating household contacts and strict enforcement of infection control practices could substantially reduce the burden of this fatal disease.

Strategies for COVID-19 control among migrant labourers in a developing country setting: Pathanamthitta model from Kerala.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing pandemic of Covid-19 is a public health emergency with serious implications world-wide including India. Vulnerable population like migrants are often left out of epidemic preparedness planning and reaching out these marginalized population is a challenge. OBJECTIVE: To describe different strategies implemented for control and prevention of Covid-19 among migrants in Pathanamthitta. RESULTS: Strategies for Covid-19 control among migrant labourers were planned and implemented with intersectoral coordination and community participation. Line listing and risk stratification, mobilisation of community volunteers, contactless active symptomatic surveillance using technology, IEC activities for awareness generation in multiple languages, sample collection, testing and distribution of personal protective equipment's were initially implemented. Setting up of a call centre facility assisted with M health technology exclusively for addressing concerns of migrants was first and one of its kind in the country. In addition to that special measures were taken to improve adherence and wellbeing of migrants which included addressing medical needs of migrants including psychological needs, ensuring food security, migrant hostels for the providing shelter, basic health care, isolation facilities and arranging transportation facilities for more than 10,000 stranded migrants. The success of these strategies was evident from the fact that not even a single migrant labourer was tested positive in the district during this period. CONCLUSION: Pathanamthitta district being in a resource constraint setting showed a very effective model by implementing technology assisted strategies tailored to the needs of population.The success of these highly effective and replicable strategy underlines the need to incorporate principles of primary health care in crisis management.

Revisions in TB programme - boon or bane? A qualitative study exploring barriers and facilitators among health care workers in private and public sector, Kerala.

BACKGROUND: Despite many serious and organized efforts worldwide, Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major public health concerns in many countries. India accounts for more than one quarter of global TB cases and deaths each year. India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) is the largest TB control program in the world, placing more than 100,000 patients on treatment every month. There have been so many revisions in the programme guidelines in the last 5 years. As we are gearing up for TB elimination in India, knowledge regarding the barriers is very crucial in the successful undertaking of these revised guidelines. Exploring perceptions of health care workers, both from the private and public sector will help to design appropriate strategies at the field level. OBJECTIVE: To explore the barriers and facilitators among health care workers in the implementation of revised NTEP guidelines in a selected district of central Kerala. METHODOLOGY: This qualitative study was conducted among health care workers from all levels involved in the implementation of NTEP from private and public sector. Qualitative data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Key Informant Interviews using a topic guide till data saturation. All discussions were audio recorded with the consent of participants. Sociogram was plotted to confirm equal participation of interviewees. A total of 4 FGDs (2 from each sector) and 12 Key informant interviews (7 from public sector and 5 from private sector) were conducted after obtaining written consent from the participants. RESULTS: Overall awareness about revisions was found to be good. However, the study identified a "Gap between planners and implementers". Frequent nature of revisions without understanding the practical difficulties in the field, additional job responsibilities, inadequate knowledge among grass root level workers/private practioners in small clinics and increased side effects were the major barriers identified. In addition to that, insufficient logistics, not enthusiastic in learning revisions, fear of losing patients, delay in communication, decreased compliance with new regimen, increased out of pocket expenditure and grey areas in the current guidelines were also adversely affecting the successful implementation At the same time, facilitators like positive attitude and commitment of health care workers, introduction of M-health technology, strong public private partnership, inclusion of costly investigations in the revised guidelines, good administrative support, financial assistance, innovative initiatives like Treatment Support Groups (TSGs) and concept of Family Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course increased the effectiveness of the programme to a large extent. CONCLUSION: The study identified gaps in knowledge, attitude and practice of revised guidelines at the field level. Gap between 'Planners and implementers could impede the successful implementation of TB Elimination programme and needs to be addressed.

Community-based burden, warning signs, and risk factors of cancer using public-private partnership model in Kerala, India.

BACKGROUND: According to the GBD report published in 2016, the burden of cancer in Kerala is 135.3/100,000 population in contrast to the national average of 100/100,000 population. Cancer is a complex disease that requires broad engagement of various departments and organizations to implement a community based health promotion strategy. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed cancers, warning signs and selected risk factors of cancer in Niranam Panchayath of Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. METHODOLOGY: A total of 13,736 population was covered by door to door survey using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire collected information on the sociodemographic variables of the residents, source of water supply, warning signs of cancer and details of diagnosed cancer cases. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 39.7 ± 21 years. The prevalence of diagnosed cases of cancer in our study was 652/100,000 population. Most common type of cancer identified was Breast cancer (37.3%). The prevalence of any warning sign among the study population was 400/100,000 population. Breast lump was the common warning sign identified. Increasing age, female gender and occupational status were the factors found to be significantly associated with cancer. RECOMMENDATIONS: Community based health education to increase awareness, screening for cancers and breast self-examination in the community could help in early diagnosis and prevention at primary level. Scientific study to assess the risk factors of cancers using case control design could be done in this population along with soil and water sample testing for carcinogens.

A Comparative Study Assessing Sleep Duration and Associated Factors among Adolescents Studying in Different Types of Schools in an Urban Area of Kerala, India.

BACKGROUND: Sleep is essential for optimizing physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning of adolescents. Adolescents are one of the most sleep-deprived age groups in the society. OBJECTIVES: To assess sleep duration and associated factors among adolescent children studying in different types of schools in an urban area of Kerala. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, from January to December 2017. All adolescent children studying in high school and higher secondary classes were included using stratified random sampling. Study tool included a questionnaire which collected sociodemographic information, sleep duration, and schedule. RESULTS: In this study, 657 students were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 15.09 ± 1.33 years. 201 students (30.6%) were from government school, 242 (36.8%) from aided, and 214 (32.6%) were from private school. The mean sleep duration among the students was 7.2 ± 1.26 h. Sleep duration was found to be inadequate in 60% of the children. The sleep duration was found to be longer during weekends compared to weekdays. Nearly 92% of students take a daytime nap of >1 h during weekends. Private school students had inadequate sleep duration, late bedtime, and early wake-up time compared to other students. Higher age, class, education of parents, family income, distance travelled to school, and female gender were the other factors associated with inadequate sleep among adolescents. CONCLUSION: Inadequate sleep duration and difference in sleep schedule during weekends were observed among adolescents, especially among private school students. Primary prevention approach aimed at spreading adequate awareness regarding the importance of sleep among students, parents, and teachers should be practiced.

"DIABETIC TAX" - Cost of Care among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in an Urban Underprivileged Area of Bengaluru.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus drains a significant percent of the health budget by cost toward direct diabetes care and diabetes-related disabilities. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to assess the annual costs incurred by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among 153 diabetic people in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru from January 2013 to January 2014. This was a cost of illness study done from the patient's perspective using a structured interview schedule. RESULTS: A diabetic person in an urban underprivileged community in Bengaluru spends 11,489.38 ± 28,341.77 annually for diabetic care. Direct and indirect costs accounted for 95% and 5% of costs. Majority were spent on admission (45.1%), followed by drugs (21.8%), investigations (5.6%), and consultations (4.5%). Nonmedical costs such as food and transport accounted for 18% of the costs. About 50% of them had delayed treatment due to financial constraints. Nearly 25% of patient's income and 10.7% of the family income were spent for diabetic care. Higher education, income, duration of disease, hospital admission, type of treatment, and place of treatment were found to be associated with costs. CONCLUSION: Estimates of cost will help conceptualize strategies to deal with the situation at local, regional, and national level.

Quality of life and probable psychological distress among male workers at a construction site, Kolar district, Karnataka, India.

INTRODUCTION: The construction industry, which mainly consists of migrant labouers is one of the largest employers in the unorganized sector in India. These workers work in poor conditions and are often vulnerable to exploitation. These workers also do not have health care benefits and often these factors lead to poor quality of life (QOL) and psychological distress. OBJECTIVES: To assess the QOL, probable psychological distress and associated factors among male construction workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2013 and November 2013 among 404 male workers. These construction workers were enrolled by consecutive sampling at a construction area in Kolar district, Kaarnataka, India. The study tools used were World Health Organization (WHO) QOL-BREF and 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess QOL and probable psychological distress, respectively. The transformed scores in WHO QOL-BREF in all four domains ranged 0-100. The four domain scores are scaled in a positive direction with higher scores indicating a higher QOL. Associations were done using statistical tests such as Chi-square, correlation, regression, independent samples t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: A total of 404 male workers with a mean age of 25.6 ± 7.3 years were studied. Mean scores of various domains of QOL were 68.5 ± 13.7 (physical), 59.9 ± 13.5 (psychological), 64.3 ± 16.4 (social), and 44.1 ± 12.8 (environmental). On the self- rating scale, 59 (14.6%) workers were rated as having poor QOL. The prevalence of probable psychological distress was 27.5%. Factors such as increasing age, being currently married, and low educational status were found to be significantly associated (P < 0.05) with poor QOL and psychological distress. There was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) between QOL and psychological distress and a positive correlation between income and QOL. CONCLUSION: The QOL in the environmental domain, which mainly deals with living conditions, health, and recreational facilities was found to be poor and there was a high prevalence of probable psychological distress among workers. This indicates a need for improving workplace amenities, and access to health and recreational facilities.

Postnatal depression among women availing maternal health services in a rural hospital in South India.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Postnatal depression, with an estimated prevalence of 13-19%, causes significant impairment of mental health among women worldwide and has long term consequences. However, more than half of all cases are not detected by healthcare providers. Screening for postnatal depression has not been given importance in maternal health programs in India. Our objective was to screen for postnatal depression among women attending a rural hospital in India, immediately postpartum and at 6-8 weeks post-delivery, and to study associated factors. METHODS: A cross sectional study was done on 123 postnatal women attending a rural maternity hospital in Karnataka, South India, of whom 74 women were interviewed within one week of childbirth, and 49 women at 6-8 weeks post-delivery. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postnatal depression. RESULTS: About 45.5% of the women screened positive for postnatal depression (44.6% of all subjects within one week of delivery and 46.9% at 6-8 weeks after delivery). Postnatal depression was significantly associated with mood swings during antenatal period, staying with the family of birth during pregnancy and away from their husbands, and was significantly higher among women who perceived their life as stressful and having a low self-esteem (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high prevalence of postnatal depression in women in rural Karnataka. This underlines the need for incorporating screening for postnatal depression in the routine care of women during pregnancy and delivery.