RESUMO
More than 20% of metastatic prostate cancer carries genomic defects involving DNA damage repair pathways, mainly in homologous recombination repair-related genes. The recent approval of olaparib has paved the way to precision medicine for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer with PARP inhibitors in this subset of patients, especially in the case of BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants. In face of this new therapeutic opportunity, many issues remain unsolved. This narrative review aims to describe the relationship between homologous recombination repair deficiency and prostate cancer, the techniques used to determine homologous recombination repair status in prostate cancer, the crosstalk between homologous recombination repair and the androgen receptor pathway, the current evidence on PARP inhibitors activity in metastatic prostate cancer also in homologous recombination repair-proficient tumors, as well as emerging mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitors. The possibility of combination therapies including a PARP inhibitor is an attractive option, and more robust data are awaited from ongoing phase II and phase III trials outlined in this manuscript.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases , Neoplasias da Próstata , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/deficiência , Metástase Neoplásica , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA1/deficiência , Ftalazinas/uso terapêutico , Ftalazinas/farmacologia , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , PiperazinasRESUMO
De novo metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (mHSPC) accounts for 5-10% of all prostate cancer (PC) diagnoses but it is responsible for nearly 50% of PC-related deaths. Since 2015, the prognosis of mHSPC has slightly improved thanks to the introduction of new hormonal agents and chemotherapy combined with androgen deprivation therapy from the first-line setting. This review describes the current therapeutic opportunities for de novo mHSPC, focusing on potential molecular biomarkers identified in the main clinical trials that have modified the standard of care, the genomic features of de novo mHSPC, and the principal ongoing trials that are investigating new therapeutic approaches and the efficacy of a biomarker-guided treatment in this setting. The road toward personalized treatment for de novo mHSPC is still long, considering that the randomized clinical trials, which have furnished the basis of the current therapeutic options, stratified patients according to clinical criteria that did not necessarily reflect the biological rationale of the chosen therapy. The role of transcriptomic profiling of mHSPC as a predictive biomarker requires further validation, and it remains to be ascertained how the genomic variants detected in mHSPC, which are regarded as predictive in the castration-resistant disease, can be exploited in the mHSPC setting.