Metrics based on information entropy applied to evaluate complexity of landscape patterns.

Landscape is an ecological category represented by a complex system formed by interactions between society and nature. Spatial patterns of different land uses present in a landscape reveal past and present processes responsible for its dynamics and organisation. Measuring the complexity of these patterns (in the sense of their spatial heterogeneity) allows us to evaluate the integrity and resilience of these complex environmental systems. Here, we show how landscape metrics based on information entropy can be applied to evaluate the complexity (in the sense of spatial heterogeneity) of patches patterns, as well as their transition zones, present in a Cerrado conservation area and its surroundings, located in south-eastern Brazil. The analysis in this study aimed to elucidate how changes in land use and the consequent fragmentation affect the complexity of the landscape. The scripts CompPlex HeROI and CompPlex Janus were created to allow calculation of information entropy (He), variability (He/Hmax), and López-Ruiz, Mancini, and Calbet (LMC) and Shiner, Davison, and Landsberg (SDL) measures. CompPlex HeROI enabled the calculation of these measures for different regions of interest (ROIs) selected in a satellite image of the study area, followed by comparison of the complexity of their patterns, in addition to enabling the generation of complexity signatures for each ROI. CompPlex Janus made it possible to spatialise the results for these four measures in landscape complexity maps. As expected, both for the complexity patterns evaluated by CompPlex HeROI and the complexity maps generated by CompPlex Janus, the areas with vegetation located in a region of intermediate spatial heterogeneity had lower values for the He and He/Hmax measures and higher values for the LMC and SDL measurements. So, these landscape metrics were able to capture the behaviour of the patterns of different types of land use present in the study area, bringing together uses linked to vegetation with increased canopy coverage and differentiating them from urban areas and transition areas that mix different uses. Thus, the algorithms implemented in these scripts were demonstrated to be robust and capable of measuring the variability in information levels from the landscape, not only in terms of spatial datasets but also spectrally. The automation of measurement calculations, owing to informational entropy provided by these scripts, allows a quick assessment of the complexity of patterns present in a landscape, and thus, generates indicators of landscape integrity and resilience.

[Adverse events in anesthesiology: analysis based on the Logbook tool used by specializing physicians in Brazil]. / Eventos adversos em anestesiologia: análise por meio da ferramenta Logbook usada por médicos em especialização no Brasil.

Logbook is a digital tool launched by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology in 2014 and has since been used. This tool allows physicians specializing in anesthesiology to record and store activities performed during the training period. This enabled a descriptive analysis of an extensive database of anesthetic procedures, as well as complications that occurred and were reported by these doctors. The present study includes the review of these data over a period of 2 years (2014-2015).

Adverse events in anesthesiology: analysis based on the Logbook tool used by specializing physicians in Brazil / Eventos adversos em anestesiologia: análise por meio da ferramenta Logbook usada por médicos em especialização no Brasil

Abstract Logbook is a digital tool launched by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology in 2014 and has since been used. This tool allows physicians specializing in anesthesiology to record and store activities performed during the training period. This enabled a descriptive analysis of an extensive database of anesthetic procedures, as well as complications that occurred and were reported by these doctors. The present study includes the review of these data over a period of 2 years (2014-2015).

Resumo O Logbook é uma ferramenta digital, lançada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia em 2014 e empregada desde então. Essa ferramenta permite, aos médicos em especialização em anestesiologia, o registro e o armazenamento das atividades executadas durante o período de treinamento. Isto possibilitou a análise descritiva de um extenso banco de dados dos procedimentos anestésicos, bem como das complicações ocorridas, relatadas por esses médicos. O presente estudo compreende a revisão desses dados num período de dois anos (2014-2015).

Contributions of the complexity paradigm to the understanding of Cerrado's organization and dynamics.

The Brazilian Cerrado is a vegetation mosaic composed of different physiognomies. Discussions remain open regarding the factors and processes responsible for the dynamic and spatial organization of the Cerrado - in its different physiognomies. The contributions of the complexity paradigm in this context are still less exploited, despite its great potential for explanations and predictions presented in previous diverse dynamic systems of complex behavior researches, a category in which the Cerrado can be included. This article has the intention of contributing to the construction of this new perspective, discussing - from theoretical concepts - the paradigm of complexity for the understanding of the organization and the dynamics of the Cerrado.

Antioxidant properties of Taraxacum officinale fruit extract are involved in the protective effect against cellular death induced by sodium nitroprusside in brain of rats.

CONTEXT: Taraxacum officinale Weber (Asteraceae), known as dandelion, is used for medicinal purposes due to its choleretic, diuretic, antitumor, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the protective activity of T. officinale fruit extract against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced decreased cellular viability and increased lipid peroxidation in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of rats in vitro. To explain the mechanism of the extract's antioxidant activity, its putative scavenger activities against NO, DPPH·, OH·, and H(2)O(2) were determined. METHODS: Slices of cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were treated with 50 µM SNP and T. officinale fruit ethanolic extract (1-20 µg/mL) to determine cellular viability by MTT reduction assay. Lipid peroxidation was measure in cortical, hippocampal and striatal slices incubates with SNP (5 µM) and T. officinale fruit extract (1-20 µg/mL). We also determined the scavenger activities of T. officinale fruit extract against NO·, DPPH·, OH·, and H(2)O(2), as well as its iron chelating capacity. RESULTS: The extract (1, 5, 10, and 20 µg/mL) protected against SNP-induced decreases in cellular viability and increases in lipid peroxidation in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of rats. The extract had scavenger activity against DPPH· and NO· at low concentrations and was able to protect against H(2)O(2) and Fe(2+)-induced deoxyribose oxidation. CONCLUSION: T. officinale fruit extract has antioxidant activity and protects brain slices against SNP-induced cellular death. Possible mechanisms of action include its scavenger activities against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract.

Pecar hoje, e a clínica / Sin today, and the clinic

O autor retoma a noção de pecado na história de nossa civilização judaico-cristã, para mostrar porque para Lacan a depressão — a acídia — é um pecado, o grande pecado da atualidade, à medida que supõe uma negligência do sujeito em relação à sua vida e à do Outro.

Pecar hoje e a clínica psicanalítica / The psychoanalytical clinic and the meaning of the sin in our days

O autor retoma a noção de pecado na história de nossa civilização judaico-cristã, para mostrar porque para Lacan a depressão – a acídia - é um pecado, o grande pecado da atualidade, à medida que supõe uma negligência do sujeito em relação à sua vida e à do outro.

The author works with the notion of sin in the history of the Jewish and Christian civilization, and shows how depression - as ascidia - is a sin, the biggest one in actuality, just because suppose negligence with us and with others.

Iniciação ao semblante / Initiation to semblance

Neste texto, o afresco da Vila dos Mistérios em Pompeia, citado por Lacan em seu escrito A significação do falo é revisitado, explicitando-se a antecipação da correlação entre o falo e a categoria de semblante, criada posteriormente por Lacan.

O pai, seus nomes e os nomes que ele dá / The father, his names and the names he gives

Percorre-se a discussão sobre a importância do pai para a psicanálise em Freud e em Lacan. Para tal, recorre-se à tradição judaico-cristã a fim de mostrar, com Lacan, que o pai é um modo de ligação e, mais radicalmente, uma ligação entre dois registros heterogêneos: Deus e o homem, o real e o simbólico. O percurso revela ainda a importância da idéia de que o nome nos serve como relação e como orientação para ir adiante.

Vigiar e prevenir: ensaio sobre a regulamentação perpétua / To watch and to prevent

O autor explicita o aspecto de fundo que move as atuais tentativas de regulamentação no Brasil, tomando como referência o curso de Orientação Lacaniana de J.-A. Miller e o conceito de biopolitica de Michel Focault, propondo formas de resistir a uma tendência higienista e de controle do mental advindas da configuração atual do Estado contemporâneo. Nessa análise, a própria psicanálise se sobressai como elemento de resistência por excelência, em razão de suas características não regulamentáveis e seu principio orientador: o Real, desde o qual toda regulação subjetiva só pode ser singular