Preventive effects of early immunosuppressive treatment on the development of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Hypothesizing that early treatment yields improved prognosis, we aimed to investigate how the timing of immunosuppressive treatment relates to interstitial lung disease (ILD) development and the course of pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: A cohort was created using data from the EUSTAR database and Nijmegen Systemic Sclerosis cohort, including adult patients who started their first immunosuppressive treatment (ie mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab or rituximab) after SSc diagnosis, and no signs of ILD on high-resolution CT. ILD-free survival and the course of forced vital capacity % predicted (ppFVC) were assessed for up to 5 years follow-up comparing patients who started early (disease duration ≤ 3 years) vs late with immunosuppression. RESULTS: 1052 patients met the eligibility criteria. The early treatment group (n = 547, 52%) showed a higher prevalence of male sex, diffuse cutaneous subtype (53.1% vs 36.5%), and anti-topoisomerase-I antibody (ATA, 51.1% vs 42.7%). Most patients were treated with methotrexate (60.1%), whereas only a few patients were treated with biologicals (1.7%). The incidence of ILD was 46.6% after mean (SD) 3.6(1.4) years; the hazards ratio for ILD in the early treatment group was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.93-1.38) after adjustment for confounders. PpFVC trajectories were comparable between groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings did not confirm a preventive role of early initiation of immunosuppressive therapy vs late initiation on ILD development. However, our findings should be interpreted with caution, considering the high inflammatory, ATA-positive enriched nature of the cohort, confounding by indication, and very few patients were treated with biologicals.

Retention rates of different Janus kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: experience from a large monocentric cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been clearly shown. However, information on comparative drug retention rates (DRRs) of different JAKi is heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to compute and compare DRRs of different JAKi in a large cohort of RA patients. METHOD: Patients with RA treated with at least one JAKi and followed up at our centre were retrospectively identified. DRRs of each JAKi were computed at 24 months. The association of baseline features with drug persistence was tested. Variations in 28-joint Disease Activity Score-C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores between baseline and 12 months were analysed. RESULTS: The study included 365 patients, with a total of 463 therapy courses. Tofacitinib was the most prescribed JAKi (33%), followed by baricitinib (25%), upadacitinib (24%), and filgotinib (21%). The mean treatment duration was 24 ± 17 months, with a maximum of 70 months. At 24 months, the overall DRR was 86%. DRRs were not significantly different across different JAKi. The only baseline predictor of treatment discontinuation was previous treatment with a biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) (hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.53; p = 0.021). There were significant reductions in DAS28-CRP and CDAI 1 year after treatment start. CONCLUSIONS: In our large, monocentric cohort, the overall 24 month DRR for JAKi was greater than 80%. No significant differences in retention were found among different JAKi. Persistence was lower in patients who had previously been treated with other bDMARDs.

Clinical significance of the anti-Nucleolar Organizer Region 90 antibodies (NOR90) in systemic sclerosis: Analysis of the European Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) cohort and a systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: The anti-Nucleolar Organizer Region 90 antibodies (NOR90) are rare antinuclear antibodies (ANA) reported in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Especially due to low prevalence, the clinical relevance of NOR90 in SSc remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical associations of NOR90 in patients with SSc in a multicentric cohort. METHODS: Post-hoc, cross-sectional study of prospectively collected data from the European Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database, with additional information on NOR90. Further, we performed a systematic literature search, using the terms "systemic sclerosis" and "NOR90" across three databases: Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Thomson Reuters' Web of Science Core Collection, from inception to November 1st, 2023. RESULTS: Overall, 1318 patients with SSc were included (mean age 58.3 ± 13.7 years, 81.3 % female), of whom 44 (3.3 %) were positive for NOR90. Of these, 32 were also positive for one of the SSc-criteria antibodies: 9/44 (20.5 %) for anti-topoisomerase I, 18/42 (42.9 %) for anti-centromere, and 5/40 (12.5 %) for anti-RNA polymerase III. NOR90-positive patients were more frequently female, had lower modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), and lower prevalence of upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms compared to NOR90-negative patients. In multivariable analysis, NOR90 remained significantly associated with lower mRSS and less frequent GI symptoms. The literature search identified 17 articles, including a total number of 87 NOR90-positive out of 3357 SSc patients, corresponding to an overall prevalence of 2.6 %. CONCLUSION: To our best knowledge, this is the largest SSc cohort tested for NOR90 to date, confirming the NOR90 prevalence in SSc patients is around 3 %.

The role of lung biopsy for diagnosis and prognosis of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic and theragnostic role of histopathological subsets in systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) have been largely neglected due to the paucity of treatment options and the risks associated with surgical lung biopsy. The novel drugs for the treatment of ILDs and the availability of transbronchial cryobiopsy provide a new clinical scenario making lung biopsy more feasible and a pivotal guide for treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the usefulness of lung biopsy in SSc ILD with a systematic literature review (SLR). METHODS: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched up to June 30, 2023. Search terms included both database-specific controlled vocabulary terms and free-text terms relating to lung biopsy and SSc-ILD diagnostic and prognosis. The SLR was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Studies were selected according to the PEO (population, exposure, and outcomes) framework and Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) were reported. RESULTS: We selected 14 articles (comprising 364 SSc-ILD patients). The paucity and heterogeneity of the studies prevented a systematic analysis. Diffuse cutaneous SSc was present in 30-100% of cases. Female predominance was observed in all studies (ranging from 64 to 100%). Mean age ranged from 42 to 64 years. Mean FVC was 73.98 (+/-17.3), mean DLCO was 59.49 (+/-16.1). Anti-Scl70 antibodies positivity was detected in 33% of cases (range: 0-69.6). All patients underwent surgical lung biopsies, and multiple lobes were biopsied in a minority of studies (4/14). Poor HRCT-pathologic correlation was reported with HRCT-NSIP showing histopathologic UIP in up to 1/3 of cases. Limited data suggest that SSc-UIP patients may have a worse prognosis and response to immunosuppressive treatment compared to other histopathologic patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this SLR clearly show the paucity and heterogeneity of the studies reporting lung biopsy in SSc ILD. Moreover, they highlight the need for further research to address whether the lung biopsy can be helpful to refine prognostic prediction and guide therapeutic choices.

Rheumatic diseases in migrant patients resident in Tuscany: epidemiological data analysis and single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: In the last decades, the number of foreigners in Tuscany has considerably increased with a multiethnic distribution. We reviewed the main rheumatic diseases in the foreign population resident in Tuscany and also reported the experience at the Rheumatology Division of the University Hospital of Careggi, Florence, in order to identify the areas of origin of these patients and the main rheumatic diseases observed in them. METHODS: The collaboration with the Tuscan Region provided data about foreign patients residing in Tuscany on January 1, 2021 (country of origin, chronic diseases). Moreover, we conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of our Rheumatologic Division from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. RESULTS: In Tuscany, on January 1, 2021, there were 61,373 patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, and 3994 of them (6.51%) were foreigners. Most patients were born in Europe (39.03%), followed by the Balkans (15%), South America (11.27%), and North Africa (10.31%). Inflammatory joint diseases, Sjögren syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus were the most frequent diseases. In the period 2019-2020, 511 foreign patients visited our Rheumatology Division and mainly originated from the Balkans (34.64%), South America (18%), and European countries (16.44%). In these patients, chronic inflammatory joint diseases and connective tissue diseases (systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus) were the most prevalent diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a picture of the rheumatic diseases affecting foreign patients residing in Tuscany that are in agreement with the epidemiological data previously provided.

The effect of a combined rehabilitation program on the temporomandibular joint in systemic sclerosis evaluated by ultrasound exam.

PURPOSE: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement is frequent in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Dysfunction and X-ray changes of TMJ were described only in few observational studies. Treatment as well has been seldom considered. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects on TMJ of two specifically designed physiotherapy protocols. METHODS: The study group included 26 SSc outpatients (22 females and 4 males with mean age ± SD 59.08 ± 10.31 years). Thirteen patients were randomly assigned to a treatment (protocol 1) including home exercises for TMJ and thirteen to a treatment (protocol 2) including home exercises and a combined procedure. The rehabilitation effects on the TMJ were evaluated by ultrasound examination (UE) in static and dynamic phases. UE was performed in all patients before and at the end of the treatment and after a follow up (8 weeks). RESULTS: Both rehabilitation protocols induced a significant improvement (protocol 1: p < 0.01 and protocol 2: p < 0.005) of mouth opening with a long-lasting effect. Protocol 2 was more effective than protocol 1. A significant increase of bilateral condyle-head temporal bone distance was detected by UE at the end of both treatments. It was maintained at follow-up in patients treated with Protocol 2. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation shows that a rehabilitation program characterized by home exercises with a combined procedure is useful to recover the function of TMJ. The data also show that UE is helpful in the evaluation of TMJ in SSc and in the assessment of the efficacy of the rehabilitation programs.

Drug development and novel therapeutics to ensure a personalized approach in the treatment of systemic sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic disease encompassing autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. SSc is still burdened by high mortality and morbidity rates. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of SSc have identified novel potential therapeutic targets. Several clinical trials have been subsequently designed to evaluate the efficacy of a number of new drugs. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with useful information about these novel molecules. AREA COVERED: In this narrative review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the most promising targeted therapies currently under investigation for the treatment of SSc. These medications include kinase inhibitors, B-cell depleting agents, and interleukin inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION: Over the next five years, several new, targeted drugs will be introduced in clinical practice for the treatment of SSc. Such pharmacological agents will expand the existing pharmacopoeia and enable a more personalized and effective approach to patients with SSc. Thus, it will not only possible to target a specific disease domain, but also different stages of the disease.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension: guidelines and unmet clinical needs.

The term pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) identifies a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary arterial resistance (PVR), which causes a significant burden in terms of quality of life, right heart failure and premature death. The pathogenesis of PAH is not completely clear: the remodeling of the small pulmonary vessels is crucial, causing an increase in the resistance of the pulmonary circle. Its diagnosis is based on cardiac catheterization of the right heart. According to the present hemodynamic definition of pulmonary hypertension (PH) proposed by the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC-ERS), the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) values are ≥25 mmHg. In case of PAH, apart from an mPAP value ≥25 mmHg, patients must have a >3 Wood units increase in PVR and normal pressure values of the left heart. PH is a pathophysiological condition observed in more than 40 different diseases, while PAH is a primary disease of the pulmonary bloodstream potentially treatable with specific drugs. PAH is a severe complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) affecting about 10% of the patients. Due to the devastating nature of SSc-PAH, there is a clear need to systematically adopt appropriate screening programs. In fact, despite awareness of the negative impact of SSc-PAH on quality of life and survival, as well as on the severity of lung function, at the moment standardized and shared guidelines and/or screening programs for the diagnosis and the subsequent early treatment of PAH in SSc are not available. The aim of the present paper is to highlight the lights and shadows of SSc-PAH, unraveling the unmet clinical needs on this topic with a proposal of clinical-diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.

Tenosynovial complications identify TTR cardiac amyloidosis among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype.

Recent evidence suggests that carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and brachial biceps tendon rupture (BBTR) represent red flags for ATTR cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). The prevalence of upper limb tenosynovial complications in conditions entering differential diagnosis with CA, such as HCM or Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD), and hence their predictive accuracy in this setting, still remains unresolved. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of CTS and BBTR in a consecutive cohort of ATTR-CA patients, compared with patients with HCM or AFD and with individuals without cardiac disease history. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of ATTR-CA, HCM and AFD were evaluated. A control group of consecutive patients was recruited among subjects hospitalized for noncardiac reasons and no cardiac disease history. The presence of BBTR, CTS or prior surgery related to these conditions was ascertained. RESULTS: 342 patients were prospectively enrolled, including 168 ATTR-CA (141 ATTRwt, 27 ATTRm), 81 with HCM/AFD (N = 72 and 9, respectively) and 93 controls. CTS was present in 75% ATTR-CA patients, compared with 13% and 10% of HCM/AFD and controls (P = 0.0001 for both comparisons). Bilateral CTS was present in 60% of ATTR-CA patients, while it was rare (2%) in the other groups. BBTR was present in 44% of ATTR-CA patients, 8% of controls and 1% in HCM/AFD. CONCLUSIONS: CTS and BBTR are fivefold more prevalent in ATTR-CA patients compared with cardiac patients with other hypertrophic phenotypes. Positive predictive accuracy for ATTR-CA is highest when involvement is bilateral. Upper limb assessment of patients with HCM phenotypes is a simple and effective way to raise suspicion of ATTR-CA.

Use of vasoactive/vasodilating drugs for systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related digital ulcers (DUs) in expert tertiary centres: results from the analysis of the observational real-life DeSScipher study.

INTRODUCTION: DeSScipher is the first European multicentre study on management of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and its observational trial 1 (OT1) evaluated the efficacy of different drugs for digital ulcer (DU) prevention and healing. The aim of this study was to assess current use of vasoactive/vasodilating agents for SSc-related DU in the expert centres by analysing the baseline data of the DeSScipher OT1. METHOD: Baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in the OT1 and data regarding DU were analysed. RESULTS: The most commonly used drugs, in both patients with and without DU, were calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (71.6%), followed by intravenous iloprost (20.8%), endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) (20.4%) and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (16.5%). Of patients, 32.6% with DU and 12.8% without DU received two drugs (p < 0.001), while 11.5% with DU and 1.9% without DU were treated with a combination of three or more agents (p < 0.001). Sixty-five percent of the patients with recurrent DU were treated with bosentan and/or sildenafil. However, 64 out of 277 patients with current DU (23.1%) and 101 (23.6%) patients with recurrent DU were on CCBs alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that CCBs are still the most commonly used agents for DU management in SSc. The proportion of patients on combination therapy was low, even in patients with recurrent DU: almost one out of four patients with current and recurrent DU was on CCBs alone. Prospective analysis is planned to investigate the efficacy of different drugs/drug combinations on DU healing and prevention. Key Points • The analysis of DeSScipher, the first European multicentre study on management of SSc, has shown that the most commonly used vasoactive/vasodilating drugs for DU were CCBs, followed by intravenous Iloprost, ERAs and PDE-5 inhibitors. • More than half of the patients with recurrent DU received bosentan and/or sildenafil. • However, the proportion of patients on combination therapy of more than one vasoactive/vasodilating drug was low and almost one out of four patients with current and recurrent DU was on CCBs alone.

Classification, categorization and essential items for digital ulcer evaluation in systemic sclerosis: a DeSScipher/European Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR) survey.

BACKGROUND: A consensus on digital ulcer (DU) definition in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been recently reached (Suliman et al., J Scleroderma Relat Disord 2:115-20, 2017), while for their evaluation, classification and categorisation, it is still missing. The aims of this study were to identify a set of essential items for digital ulcer (DU) evaluation, to assess if the existing DU classification was useful and feasible in clinical practice and to investigate if the new categorisation was preferred to the simple distinction of DU in recurrent and not recurrent, in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: DeSScipher is the largest European multicentre study on SSc. It consists of five observational trials (OTs), and one of them, OT1, is focused on DU management. The DeSScipher OT1 items on DU that reached ≥ 60% of completion rate were administered to EUSTAR (European Scleroderma Trials and Research group) centres via online survey. Questions about feasibility and usefulness of the existing DU classification (DU due to digital pitting scars, to loss of tissue, derived from calcinosis and gangrene) and newly proposed categorisation (episodic, recurrent and chronic) were also asked. RESULTS: A total of 84/148 (56.8%) EUSTAR centres completed the questionnaire. DeSScipher items scored by ≥ 70% of the participants as essential and feasible for DU evaluation were the number of DU defined as a loss of tissue (level of agreement 92%), recurrent DU (84%) and number of new DU (74%). For 65% of the centres, the proposed classification of DU was considered useful and feasible in clinical practice. Moreover, 80% of the centres preferred the categorisation of DU in episodic, recurrent and chronic to simple distinction in recurrent/not recurrent DU. CONCLUSIONS: For clinical practice, EUSTAR centres identified only three essential items for DU evaluation and considered the proposed classification and categorisation as useful and feasible. The set of items needs to be validated while further implementation of DU classification and categorisation is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Observational trial on DU (OT1) is one of the five trials of the DeSScipher project (ClinicalTrials.gov; OT1 Identifier: NCT01836263 , posted on April 19, 2013).

Differences associated with age at onset in early systemic sclerosis patients: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research Group (EUSTAR) database.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse differences in clinical presentation in patients with early (< 3 years' duration) systemic sclerosis (SSc), comparing three age groups according to disease subsets. METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis of the prospective EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research database (EUSTAR) was performed. Patients fulfilling preliminary American College of Rheumatology 1980 classification criteria for SSc, with < 3 years from the first non-Raynaud's SSc symptom at first entry, were selected. Patients with < 3 years from the first SSc symptom, including Raynaud's phenomenon, were also analysed. SSc-related variables, including antibodies, SSc subsets, and organ involvement, were examined. Age was categorized into ≤ 30, 31-59, and ≥ 60 years. We performed descriptive and bivariate analyses. RESULTS: The study included 1027 patients: 90% Caucasian, 80% women, and 40% with diffuse disease. In early stages of SSc, younger patients had significantly more anti-Scl-70 antibodies and diffuse disease. With increasing age, we observed more elevation of estimated pulmonary systolic pressure on echocardiography (5%, 13%, and 30%, respectively, in the three age groups), cardiac conduction blocks (6%, 6%, and 15%), and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (4%, 12%, and 27%). The results were similar for 650 patients with < 3 years from first SSc symptom, including Raynaud's. CONCLUSION: In early stages of SSc, older patients showed data indicating more severe disease with greater cardiac involvement. The diffuse subset was more frequent in the younger subgroup. The identification of such differences may help in selecting appropriate management for individual patients in clinical practice.

Radiofrequency echographic multispectrometry compared with dual X-ray absorptiometry for osteoporosis diagnosis on lumbar spine and femoral neck.

An innovative, non-ionizing technique to diagnose osteoporosis on lumbar spine and femoral neck was evaluated through a multicenter study involving 1914 women. The proposed method showed significant agreement with reference gold standard method and, therefore, a potential for early osteoporosis diagnoses and possibly improved patient management. INTRODUCTION: To assess precision (i.e., short term intra-operator precision) and diagnostic accuracy of an innovative non-ionizing technique, REMS (Radiofrequency Echographic Multi Spectrometry), in comparison with the clinical gold standard reference DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry), through an observational multicenter clinical study. METHODS: In a multicenter cross-sectional observational study, a total of 1914 postmenopausal women (51-70 years) underwent spinal (n = 1553) and/or femoral (n = 1637) DXA, according to their medical prescription, and echographic scan of the same anatomical sites performed with the REMS approach. All the medical reports (DXA and REMS) were carefully checked to identify possible errors that could have caused inaccurate measurements: erroneous REMS reports were excluded, whereas erroneous DXA reports were re-analyzed where possible and otherwise excluded before assessing REMS accuracy. REMS precision was independently assessed. RESULTS: In the spinal group, quality assessment on medical reports produced the exclusion of 280 patients because of REMS errors and 78 patients because of DXA errors, whereas 296 DXA reports were re-analyzed and corrected. Analogously, in the femoral group there were 205 exclusions for REMS errors, 59 exclusions for DXA errors, and 217 re-analyzed DXA reports. In the resulting dataset (n = 1195 for spine, n = 1373 for femur) REMS outcome showed a good agreement with DXA: the average difference in bone mineral density (BMD, bias ± 2SD) was -0.004 ± 0.088 g/cm2 for spine and - 0.006 ± 0.076 g/cm2 for femur. Linear regression showed also that the two methods were well correlated: standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 5.3% for spine and 5.8% for femur. REMS precision, expressed as RMS-CV, was 0.38% for spine and 0.32% for femur. CONCLUSIONS: The REMS approach can be used for non-ionizing osteoporosis diagnosis directly on lumbar spine and femoral neck with a good level of accuracy and precision. However, a more rigorous operator training is needed to limit the erroneous acquisitions and to ensure the full clinical practicability.

Interferon-free therapy in hepatitis C virus mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a prospective, controlled, clinical and quality of life analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) is a lymphoproliferative disorder related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection; anti-viral therapy is the first therapeutic option. CV can be incapacitating, compromising the patients' quality of life (QoL). In a controlled study, interferon-based therapy was associated with a lower virological response in vasculitic patients than in patients without vasculitis. Limited, uncontrolled data on direct-acting anti-virals are available. AIM: To evaluate safety, clinical efficacy, virological response and the impact of interferon-free treatment on QoL in HCV patients with and without mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC). METHODS: We prospectively studied HCV patients with cryoglobulinaemia (with vasculitis-CV- and without vasculitis-MC-) and without cryoglobulinaemia (controls), treated with direct-acting anti-virals. Hepato-virological parameters, CV clinical response and impact on QoL were assessed. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-two HCV patients were recruited (85 with CV, 54 with MC and 43 controls). A sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) was achieved in 166 (91.2%) patients (77/85 CV, 48/54 MC, 41/43 controls). In CV SVR patients, cryocrit levels progressively decreased and clinical response progressively improved, reaching 96.7%, 24 weeks after treatment. QoL, baseline physical and mental component summaries were lower in the CV group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Scores improved in all groups, and significantly in CV patients after SVR. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in SVR rates were recorded between cryoglobulinaemic patients and controls and a high clinical and immunological efficacy was confirmed in CV, supporting the role of interferon-free therapy as the first therapeutic option. Interestingly, CV patients had worse baseline QoL than other HCV-positive groups and interferon-free therapy was effective in significantly increasing QoL, suggesting the important role of direct-acting anti-viral-based therapy in improving CV's individual and social burden.

Evidence for increase in finger blood flow, evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry, following iloprost infusion in patients with systemic sclerosis: a week-long observational longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: Iloprost plays an important role in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), but has transient vasodilatory effects owing to its very short half-time. We aimed to evaluate short- and medium-term haemodynamic effects of iloprost by measuring dorsal finger microvessel blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), in patients with RP associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHOD: In 24 consecutive SSc patients with RP (disease duration 10.5 ± 1.3 years), LDF with heating probes was used to measure blood flow in four fingers by occlusive and heating tests, at baseline, after 3 consecutive days of iloprost infusion, and at 24 h and 7 days after last iloprost infusion. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) patterns of microvascular damage were investigated. Sixteen healthy controls were studied to compare baseline flows. RESULTS: Compared to controls, SSc patients showed significantly impaired axon reflex vasoregulation and nitric oxide responses at baseline (p = 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). After iloprost, a prompt but transient significant improvement in endothelial-dependent vasodilation (occlusive test) was seen only in SSc patients with an 'active' NVC pattern (p ≤ 0.05). The iloprost effects vanished within 7 days after the last infusion. No significant differences were found, in the whole study, between patients with and without digital ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Microcirculatory blood flow increases following 3 days of iloprost infusion but fades shortly after treatment. Although iloprost is effective in reducing the severity of RP in SSc, the most suitable regimen and timing to obtain longer lasting vasodilatory benefits remain to be established.

The safety of iloprost in systemic sclerosis in a real-life experience.

Iloprost (ILO) is employed intravenously for the treatment of severe Raynaud phenomenon (RP) and digital ulcers (DU) in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the intravenous treatment with ILO in different phases of SSc. Eighty-one consecutive non-selected SSc patients, all on nifedipine, with moderate RP, treated with ILO infusion, were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were sub classified according to the edematous or fibrotic/atrophic cutaneous phase of the disease. ILO was infused with a progressive increase of the dosage up to the achievement of patient's tolerance, 1 day/week. In cases of slower infusion regimen due to adverse events (AE) at the beginning of the administration, patients received a lower dose of the drug (not possible to quantify precisely the final cumulative dosage). 16/81 SSc patients presented digital edema, 5 developed diarrhea, and 9 developed transient hypotension during the infusion at 20 ml/h that ameliorated when the drug was withdrawn. Moreover, 10/16 edematous patients experienced significant and painful digital swelling, unlike patients in the fibrotic group (p < 0.0001); 11/16 patients reported flushing and 7/16 headache, always controlled with dose tapering below 10 ml/h. In the atrophic/fibrotic phase patients (65/81), 10 developed diarrhea and 24 hypotension at infusion rate of 20 ml/h that led to temporary withdrawal of the drug. When ILO was restarted and kept below 10 ml/h, no side effects were experienced. 23/65 patients experienced flushing and 8/65 headache, all controlled with infusion reduction below 10 ml/h. In these patients, adverse events were significantly less frequent than in the edematous group (p = 0.023 and p = 0.008, respectively). Our data suggest that calcium channel blockers should be transitorily stopped while using ILO and that a pre-treatment approach might reduce or control adverse events. In patients with digital edema, ILO infusion should be carefully employed after the evaluation of patient's drug tolerance.