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BACKGROUND: Senescence is a cellular aging-related process triggered by different stresses and characterized by the secretion of various inflammatory factors referred to as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), some of which are produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we present evidence that the NLRP1 inflammasome is a DNA damage sensor and a key mediator of senescence. METHODS: Senescence was induced in fibroblasts in vitro and in mice. Cellular senescence was assessed by Western blot analysis of several proteins, including p16, p21, p53, and SASP factors, released in the culture media or serum. Inflammasome components, including NLRP1, NLRP3 and GSDMD were knocked out or silenced using siRNAs. RESULTS: In vitro and in vivo results suggest that the NLRP1 inflammasome promotes senescence by regulating the expression of p16, p21, p53, and SASP factors in a Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the NLRP1 inflammasome is activated in response to genomic damage detected by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that NLRP1 is a cGAS-dependent DNA damage sensor during senescence and a mediator of SASP release through GSDMD. This study advances the knowledge on the biology of the NLRP1 inflammasome and highlights this pathway as a potential pharmcological target to modulate senescence.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Senescência Celular , Dano ao DNA , Fibroblastos , Inflamassomos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato , Fenótipo Secretor Associado à Senescência , Animais , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas NLR/metabolismo , Proteínas NLR/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Camundongos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos Knockout , Humanos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , GasderminasRESUMO
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for a variety of solid and hematological malignancies. Despite its success in improving the survival rate of cancer patients, chemotherapy causes significant toxicity to multiple organs, including the skeleton, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Using tumor-free mouse models, which are commonly used to assess direct off-target effects of anti-neoplastic therapies, we found that doxorubicin caused massive bone loss in wild-type mice, a phenotype associated with increased number of osteoclasts, leukopenia, elevated serum levels of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs; e.g. cell-free DNA and ATP) and cytokines (e.g. IL-1ß and IL-18). Accordingly, doxorubicin activated the absent in melanoma (AIM2) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in macrophages and neutrophils, causing inflammatory cell death pyroptosis and NETosis, which correlated with its leukopenic effects. Moreover, the effects of this chemotherapeutic agent on cytokine secretion, cell demise, and bone loss were attenuated to various extent in conditions of AIM2 and/or NLRP3 insufficiency. Thus, we found that inflammasomes are key players in bone loss caused by doxorubicin, a finding that may inspire the development of a tailored adjuvant therapy that preserves the quality of this tissue in patients treated with this class of drugs.
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Inflamassomos , Melanoma , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Alarminas , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , InflamaçãoRESUMO
Epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory arthritis. DNA hypomethylating agents, such as decitabine (DAC), have been shown to dampen inflammation and restore immune homeostasis. In the present study, we demonstrate that DAC elicits potent anti-inflammatory effects and attenuates disease symptoms in several animal models of arthritis. Transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling show that DAC-mediated hypomethylation regulates a wide range of cell types in arthritis, altering the differentiation trajectories of anti-inflammatory macrophage populations, regulatory T cells, and tissue-protective synovial fibroblasts (SFs). Mechanistically, DAC-mediated demethylation of intragenic 5'-Cytosine phosphate Guanine-3' (CpG) islands of the transcription factor Irf8 (interferon regulatory factor 8) induced its re-expression and promoted its repressor activity. As a result, DAC restored joint homeostasis by resetting the transcriptomic signature of negative regulators of inflammation in synovial macrophages (MerTK, Trem2, and Cx3cr1), TREGs (Foxp3), and SFs (Pdpn and Fapα). In conclusion, we found that Irf8 is necessary for the inhibitory effect of DAC in murine arthritis and that direct expression of Irf8 is sufficient to significantly mitigate arthritis.
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Artrite , Azacitidina , Camundongos , Animais , Decitabina/farmacologia , Azacitidina/farmacologia , Epigênese Genética , Metilação de DNA , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Artrite/genética , Anti-Inflamatórios , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Inflammasomes modulate the release of bioactive interleukin (IL)-1ß. Excessive IL-1ß levels are detected in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) with mutated and unmutated inflammasome components, raising questions on the mechanisms of IL-1ß regulation in these disorders. METHODS: To investigate how the NLRP3 inflammasome is modulated in sJIA, we focused on Transmembrane protein 178 (Tmem178), a negative regulator of calcium levels in macrophages, and measured IL-1ß and caspase-1 activation in wild-type (WT) and Tmem178-/- macrophages after calcium chelators, silencing of Stim1, a component of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), or by expressing a Tmem178 mutant lacking the Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (Stim1) binding site. Mitochondrial function in both genotypes was assessed by measuring oxidative respiration, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and mitochondrial damage. CSS development was analyzed in Perforin-/- /Tmem178-/- mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in which inflammasome or IL-1ß signaling was pharmacologically inhibited. Human TMEM178 and IL1B transcripts were analyzed in data sets of whole blood and peripheral blood monocytes from healthy controls and patients with active sJIA. RESULTS: TMEM178 levels are reduced in whole blood and monocytes from patients with sJIA while IL1B levels are increased. Accordingly, Tmem178-/- macrophages produce elevated IL-1ß compared with WT cells. The elevated intracellular calcium levels after SOCE activation in Tmem178-/- macrophages induce mitochondrial damage, release mtROS, and ultimately promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, inhibition of inflammasome or IL-1ß neutralization prolongs Tmem178-/- mouse survival in LCMV-induced CSS. CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of TMEM178 levels may represent a marker of disease activity and help identify patients who could benefit from inflammasome targeting.
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Inflamassomos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismoRESUMO
Objective: Inflammasomes modulate the release of bioactive IL-1ß. Excessive IL-1ß levels are detected in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) with mutated and unmutated inflammasome components, raising questions on the mechanisms of IL-1ß regulation in these disorders. Methods: To investigate how the NLRP3 inflammasome is modulated in sJIA, we focused on Tmem178, a negative regulator of calcium levels in macrophages, and measured IL-1ß and caspase-1 activation in wild-type (WT) and Tmem178 -/- macrophages following calcium chelators, silencing of Stim1, a component of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), or by expressing a Tmem178 mutant lacking Stim1 binding site. Mitochondrial function in both genotypes was assessed by measuring oxidative respiration, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and mitochondrial damage. CSS development was analyzed in Perforin -/- /Tmem178 -/- mice infected with LCMV in which inflammasome or IL-1 signaling was pharmacologically inhibited. Human TMEM178 and IL-1B transcripts were analyzed in a dataset of peripheral blood monocytes from healthy controls and active sJIA patients. Results: TMEM178 levels are reduced in monocytes from sJIA patients while IL-1B show increased levels. Accordingly, Tmem178 -/- macrophages produce elevated IL-1ß compared to WT cells. The elevated intracellular calcium levels following SOCE activation in Tmem178 -/- macrophages induce mitochondrial damage, release mtROS, and ultimately, promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo , inhibition of inflammasome or IL-1 neutralization prolongs Tmem178 -/- mouse survival to LCMV-induced CSS. Conclusion: Downregulation of Tmem178 levels may represent a new biomarker to identify sJIA/CSS patients that could benefit from receiving drugs targeting inflammasome signaling.
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Senescence is a cellular aging-related process triggered by different stresses and characterized by the secretion of various inflammatory factors referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we present evidence that the inflammasome sensor, NLRP1, is a key mediator of senescence induced by irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. The NLRP1 inflammasome promotes senescence by regulating the expression of p16, p21, p53, and SASP in Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent manner as these responses are reduced in conditions of NLRP1 insufficiency or GSDMD inhibition. Mechanistically, the NLRP1 inflammasome is activated downstream of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) in response to genomic damage. These findings provide a rationale for inhibiting the NLRP1 inflammasome-GSDMD axis to treat senescence-driven disorders.
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Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and gasdermin E (GSDME) perpetuate inflammation by mediating the release of cytokines such as interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-18. However, not only are the actions of GSDMD in colitis still controversial, but its interplay with GSDME in the pathogenesis of this disease has not been investigated. We sought to fill these knowledge gaps using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) experimental mouse colitis model. DSS ingestion by wild-type mice caused body weight loss as the result of severe gut inflammation, outcomes that were significantly attenuated in Gsdmd -/- or Gsdme -/- mice and nearly fully prevented in Gsdmd -/- ;Gsdme -/- animals. To assess the translational implications of these findings, we tested the efficacy of the active metabolite of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved disulfiram, which inhibits GSDMD and GSDME function. The severe DSS-induced gut toxicity was significantly decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor. Collectively, our findings indicate that disruption of the function of both GSDMD and GSDME is necessary to achieve maximal therapeutic effect in colitis.
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Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in the world with significant societal consequences but lacks effective disease-modifying interventions. The pathophysiology consists of a prominent inflammatory component that can be targeted to prevent cartilage degradation and structural defects. Intracellular metabolism has emerged as a culprit of the inflammatory response in chondrocytes, with both processes co-regulating each other. The role of glutamine metabolism in chondrocytes, especially in the context of inflammation, lacks a thorough understanding and is the focus of this work. We display that mouse chondrocytes utilize glutamine for energy production and anabolic processes. Furthermore, we show that glutamine deprivation itself causes metabolic reprogramming and decreases the inflammatory response of chondrocytes through inhibition of NF-κB activity. Finally, we display that glutamine deprivation promotes autophagy and that ammonia is an inhibitor of autophagy. Overall, we identify a relationship between glutamine metabolism and inflammatory signaling and display the need for increased study of chondrocyte metabolic systems.
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Condrócitos , Osteoartrite , Animais , Cartilagem , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Osteoartrite/metabolismoRESUMO
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in localized microenvironments, or niches, in the bone marrow that provide key signals regulating their activity. A fundamental property of hematopoiesis is the ability to respond to environmental cues such as inflammation. How these cues are transmitted to HSPCs within hematopoietic niches is not well established. Here, we show that perivascular bone marrow dendritic cells (DCs) express a high basal level of Toll-like receptor-1 (TLR1) and TLR2. Systemic treatment with a TLR1/2 agonist induces HSPC expansion and mobilization. It also induces marked alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment, including a decrease in osteoblast activity and sinusoidal endothelial cell numbers. TLR1/2 agonist treatment of mice in which Myd88 is deleted specifically in DCs using Zbtb46-Cre show that the TLR1/2-induced expansion of multipotent HPSCs, but not HSPC mobilization or alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment, is dependent on TLR1/2 signaling in DCs. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is constitutively expressed in both murine and human DCs and is further induced after TLR1/2 stimulation. Systemic TLR1/2 agonist treatment of Il1r1-/- mice show that TLR1/2-induced HSPC expansion is dependent on IL-1ß signaling. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome bone marrow revealed that IL1B and TLR1 expression is increased in DCs. Collectively, these data suggest a model in which TLR1/2 stimulation of DCs induces secretion of IL-1ß and other inflammatory cytokines into the perivascular niche, which in turn, regulates multipotent HSPCs. Increased DC TLR1/2 signaling may contribute to altered HSPC function in myelodysplastic syndrome by increasing local IL-1ß expression.
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Células da Medula Óssea , Células Dendríticas , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Interleucina-1beta , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas , Animais , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/metabolismo , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , Receptor 1 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Autophagy is a highly evolutionarily conserved process in the eukaryotic cellular system by which dysfunctional organelles are selectively degraded through a series of processes of lysosomal activity and then returned to the cytoplasm for reuse. All cells require this process to maintain cellular homeostasis and promote cell survival during stress responses such as deprivation and hypoxia. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two cellular phenotypes in the bone that mediate bone homeostasis. However, an imbalance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption contributes to the onset of bone diseases. Recent studies suggest that autophagy, mitophagy, and selective mitochondrial autophagy may play an essential role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast maturation. Autophagic activity dysregulation alters the equilibrium between osteoblastic bone creation and osteoclastic bone resorption, allowing bone disorders like osteoporosis to develop more easily. The current review emphasizes the role of autophagy and mitophagy and their related molecular mechanisms in bone metabolic disorders. In the current review, we emphasize the role of autophagy and mitophagy as well as their related molecular mechanism in bone metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we will discuss autophagy as a target for the treatment of metabolic bone disease and future application in therapeutic translational research.
Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea , Osteoporose , Autofagia , Reabsorção Óssea/metabolismo , Humanos , Mitofagia , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoporose/metabolismoRESUMO
Amino-terminal fragments from proteolytically cleaved gasdermins (GSDMs) form plasma membrane pores that enable the secretion of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-18. Excessive GSDM-mediated pore formation can compromise the integrity of the plasma membrane thereby causing the lytic inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. We found that GSDMD and GSDME were the only GSDMs that were readily expressed in bone microenvironment. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that GSDMD and GSDME are implicated in fracture healing owing to their role in the obligatory inflammatory response following injury. We found that bone callus volume and biomechanical properties of injured bones were significantly reduced in mice lacking either GSDM compared with wild-type (WT) mice, indicating that fracture healing was compromised in mutant mice. However, compound loss of GSDMD and GSDME did not exacerbate the outcomes, suggesting shared actions of both GSDMs in fracture healing. Mechanistically, bone injury induced IL-1ß and IL-18 secretion in vivo, a response that was mimicked in vitro by bone debris and ATP, which function as inflammatory danger signals. Importantly, the secretion of these cytokines was attenuated in conditions of GSDMD deficiency. Finally, deletion of IL-1 receptor reproduced the phenotype of Gsdmd or Gsdme deficient mice, implying that inflammatory responses induced by the GSDM-IL-1 axis promote bone healing after fracture.
Assuntos
Inflamassomos , Interleucina-18 , Animais , Consolidação da Fratura , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-18/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Piroptose/genéticaRESUMO
Osteoarthritis is a joint disease characterized by a poorly-defined inflammatory response that does not encompass a massive immune cell infiltration yet contributes to cartilage degradation and loss of joint mobility, suggesting a chondrocyte intrinsic inflammatory response. Using primary chondrocytes from joints of osteoarthritic mice and patients, we first show that these cells express ample pro-inflammatory markers and RANKL in an NF-κB dependent manner. The inflammatory phenotype of chondrocytes was recapitulated by exposure of chondrocytes to IL-1ß and bone particles, which were used to model bone matrix breakdown products revealed to be present in synovial fluid of OA patients, albeit their role was not defined. We further show that bone particles and IL-1ß can promote senescent and apoptotic changes in primary chondrocytes due to oxidative stress from various cellular sources such as the mitochondria. Finally, we provide evidence that inflammation, oxidative stress and senescence converge upon IκB-ζ, the principal mediator downstream of NF-κB, which regulates expression of RANKL, inflammatory, catabolic, and SASP genes. Overall, this work highlights the capacity and mechanisms by which inflammatory cues, primarily joint degradation products, i.e., bone matrix particles in concert with IL-1ß in the joint microenvironment, program chondrocytes into an "inflammatory phenotype" which inflects local tissue damage.
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BACKGROUND: Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is cleaved by several proteases including by caspase-1, a component of intracellular protein complexes called inflammasomes. Caspase-1 also converts pro-interleukin-1ß (pro-IL-1ß) and pro-IL-18 into bioactive IL-1ß and IL-18, respectively. GSDMD amino-terminal fragments form plasma membrane pores, which mediate the secretion of IL-1ß and IL-18 and cause the inflammatory form of cell death pyroptosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GSDMD contributes to joint degeneration in the K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) model in which autoantibodies against glucose-6-phosphate isomerase promote the formation of pathogenic immune complexes on the surface of myeloid cells, which highly express the inflammasomes. The unexpected outcomes with the STIA model prompted us to determine the role of GSDMD in the post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) model caused by meniscus ligamentous injury (MLI) based on the hypothesis that this pore-forming protein is activated by signals released from damaged joint tissues. METHODS: Gsdmd +/+ and Gsdmd-/- mice were injected with K/BxN mouse serum or subjected to MLI to cause STIA or PTOA, respectively. Paw and ankle swelling and DXA scanning were used to assess the outcomes in the STIA model whereas histopathology and micro-computed tomography (µCT) were utilized to monitor joints in the PTOA model. Murine and human joint tissues were also examined for GSDMD, IL-1ß, and IL-18 expression by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, or immunoblotting. RESULTS: GSDMD levels were higher in serum-inoculated paws compared to PBS-injected paws. Unexpectedly, ablation of GSDMD failed to reduce joint swelling and osteolysis, suggesting that GSDMD was dispensable for the pathogenesis of STIA. GSDMD levels were also higher in MLI compared to sham-operated joints. Importantly, ablation of GSDMD attenuated MLI-associated cartilage degradation (p = 0.0097), synovitis (p = 0.014), subchondral bone sclerosis (p = 0.0006), and subchondral bone plate thickness (p = 0.0174) based on histopathological and µCT analyses. CONCLUSION: GSDMD plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PTOA, but not STIA, suggesting that its actions in experimental arthropathy are tissue context-specific.
Assuntos
Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo , Artrite , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Ferimentos e Lesões/complicações , Animais , Artrite/etiologia , Autoanticorpos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
NOD-like receptor (NLR), family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) assembles a protein complex known as the NLRP3 inflammasome upon sensing certain pathogen products or sterile danger signals. Gain-of-function mutations such as the D301N substitution in NLRP3, which cause its constitutive activation (NLRP3CA) also results in inflammasome assembly. This inflammasome processes prointerleukin-1 ß (proIL-1ß) and proIL-18 into bioactive IL-1ß and IL-18, respectively, and cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD). GSDMD amino-terminal fragments form plasma membrane pores that facilitate the secretion of IL-1ß and IL-18 and lead to the inflammatory cell death pyroptosis. Accordingly, GSDMD inactivation results in negligible spontaneous inflammation in various experimental models such as in Nlrp3CA/+ mice lacking GSDMD (Nlrp3CA/+;Gsdmd−/− mice). Here, we found that Nlrp3CA/+;Gsdmd−/− mice, when challenged with LPS or TNF-α, still secreted IL-1ß and IL-18, indicating inflammasome activation independent of GSDMD. Accordingly, Gsdmd−/− macrophages failed to secrete IL-1ß and undergo pyroptosis when briefly exposed to NLRP3 inflammasome activators but released these cytokines when persistently activated. Sustained NLRP3 inflammasome induced caspase-8/-3 and GSDME cleavage and IL-1ß maturation in vitro in Gsdmd−/− macrophages. Thus, a salvage inflammatory pathway involving caspase-8/-3GSDME was activated after NLRP3 activation when the canonical NLRP3-GSDMD signaling was blocked. Consistent with genetic data, the active metabolite of FDA-approved disulfiram CuET, which inhibited GSDMD and GSDME cleavage in macrophages, reduced the severe inflammation and tissue damage that occurred in the Nlrp3CA/+ mice. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation overwhelms the protection afforded by GSDMD deficiency, rewiring signaling cascades through mechanisms that include GSDME to propagate inflammation.
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Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/imunologia , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/deficiênciaRESUMO
Inflammation is a hallmark of aging and accelerated aging syndromes such as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). In this study, we present evidence of increased expression of the components of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in HGPS skin fibroblasts, an outcome that was associated with morphological changes of the nuclei of the cells. Lymphoblasts from HGPS patients also showed increased basal levels of NLRP3 and caspase 1. Consistent with these results, the expression of caspase 1 and Nlrp3, but not of the other inflammasome receptors was higher in the heart and liver of Zmpste24-/- mice, which phenocopy the human disease. These data were further corroborated in LmnaG609G/G609G mice, another HGPS animal model. We also showed that pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by its selective inhibitor, MCC950, improved cellular phenotype, significantly extended the lifespan of progeroid animals, and reduced inflammasome-dependent inflammation. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of HGPS.
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Progéria , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Inflamassomos , Lamina Tipo A/genética , Longevidade , Camundongos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Progéria/genéticaRESUMO
Overwhelming evidence indicates that excessive stimulation of innate immune receptors of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family causes significant damage to multiple tissues, yet the role of these proteins in bone metabolism is not well known. Here, we studied the interaction between the NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes in bone homeostasis and disease. We found that loss of NLRP3 or NLRC4 inflammasome attenuated osteoclast differentiation in vitro. At the tissue level, lack of NLRP3, or NLRC4 to a lesser extent, resulted in higher baseline bone mass compared to wild-type (WT) mice, and conferred protection against LPS-induced inflammatory osteolysis. Bone mass accrual in mutant mice correlated with lower serum IL-1ß levels in vivo. Unexpectedly, the phenotype of Nlrp3-deficient mice was reversed upon loss of NLRC4 as bone mass was comparable between WT mice and Nlrp3;Nlrc4 knockout mice. Thus, although bone homeostasis is perturbed to various degrees by the lack of NLRP3 or NLRC4, this tissue appears to function normally upon compound loss of the inflammasomes assembled by these receptors.
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Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Reabsorção Óssea/metabolismo , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Homeostase/fisiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteólise/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The gene TNFRSF11B encodes for osteoprotegerin (OPG) and was recently identified as the CCAL1 locus associated with familial calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD). While the CCAL1 OPG mutation (OPG-XL) was originally believed to be a gain-of-function mutation, loss of OPG activity causes arthritis-associated osteolysis in mice, which is likely related to excess subchondral osteoclast formation and/or activity. The purpose of the present study was to further explore the effect of OPG-XL in osteoclastogenesis. METHODS: The effects of recombinant OPG-XL and wild-type (WT) OPG were determined in monoculture and coculture models of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. The effects of OPG-XL on osteoclast survival as well as on TRAIL-induced apoptosis were determined using standard in vitro assays and compared to WT OPG. The ability of OPG-XL and WT OPG to bind to osteoblasts was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry using the osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line. RESULTS: OPG-XL was less effective than WT OPG at blocking RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in monoculture and coculture models. Osteoclast survival and inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis were similar in the presence of OPG-XL and WT OPG. Compared to WT OPG, considerably less OPG-XL bound to cells. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that OPG-XL is a loss-of-function mutation as it relates to RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, and thus may permit increased osteoclast numbers and heightened bone turnover. Further studies are necessary to demonstrate how this mutation contributes to arthritis in individuals carrying this mutation.
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Condrocalcinose/genética , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Osteogênese/genética , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Animais , Remodelação Óssea/genética , Linhagem Celular , Técnicas de Cocultura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , CamundongosRESUMO
Inflammation is a hallmark of aging and is negatively affecting female fertility. In this study, we evaluate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ovarian aging and female fertility. Age-dependent increased expression of NLRP3 in the ovary was observed in WT mice during reproductive aging. High expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1ß was also observed in granulosa cells from patients with ovarian insufficiency. Ablation of NLRP3 improved the survival and pregnancy rates and increased anti-Müllerian hormone levels and autophagy rates in ovaries. Deficiency of NLRP3 also reduced serum FSH and estradiol levels. Consistent with these results, pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 using a direct NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, improved fertility in female mice to levels comparable to those of Nlrp3-/- mice. These results suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in the age-dependent loss of female fertility and position this inflammasome as a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of infertility.
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Radiotherapy is a commonly used conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Cytotoxicity limits the use of this life-saving therapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we use the syngeneic mouse BMT model to test the hypothesis that lethal radiation damages tissues, thereby unleashing signals that indiscriminately activate the inflammasome pathways in host and transplanted cells. We find that a clinically relevant high dose of radiation causes severe damage to bones and the spleen through mechanisms involving the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes but not the NLRC4 inflammasome. Downstream, we demonstrate that gasdermin D (GSDMD), the common effector of the inflammasomes, is also activated by radiation. Remarkably, protection against the injury induced by deadly ionizing radiation occurs only when NLRP3, AIM2, or GSDMD is lost simultaneously in both the donor and host cell compartments. Thus, this study reveals a continuum of the actions of lethal radiation relayed by the inflammasome-GSDMD axis, initially affecting recipient cells and ultimately harming transplanted cells as they grow in the severely injured and toxic environment. This study also suggests that therapeutic targeting of inflammasome-GSDMD signaling has the potential to prevent the collateral effects of intense radiation regimens.