Development and initial qualitative evaluation of a novel school-based nutrition intervention - COOKKIT (Cooking Kit for Kids).

BACKGROUND: Excess weight and an unhealthy diet are risk factors for many cancers, and in high income countries, both are more prevalent among low income families. Dietary interventions targeting primary-school aged children (under 11) can improve healthy eating behaviours, but most are not designed to support the translation of skills learnt in the classroom to the home setting. This paper assessed attitudes and approaches to cooking and eating at home, and the potential to enhance engagement in healthy eating through the COOKKIT intervention. METHODS: COOKKIT is an intervention to deliver weekly cooking classes and supportive materials for low-income families to maintain healthy eating at home. Preliminary qualitative interviews were conducted with teachers and parent-child dyads from a range of primary schools in the UK to explore attitudes, barriers and facilitators for healthy eating and inform the development of COOKKIT. Following implementation, ten children (8-9 y/o) participated in post-intervention focus groups, alongside interviews with teaching staff and parents. RESULTS: Thematic analysis identified five themes under which to discuss the children's experience of food, cooking and the impact of COOKKIT: Involving children in planning and buying food for the family; Engaging children in preparing meals at home; Trying to eat healthy meals together in the midst of busy lives; Role-modelling; and Balancing practicalities, information and engagement when delivering cooking classes. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest COOKKIT provides engaging and easy to follow in-school resources for children and school staff with take-home kits facilitating continued engagement and reinforcing lessons learned in the home environment. Importantly, participants highlighted the combination of healthy eating information, applied practical skills and low costs could support families to continue following the COOKKIT advice beyond the intervention, suggesting further evaluation of COOKKIT is warranted.

"We have been magnified for years - Now you are under the microscope!": Co-researchers with Learning Disabilities Created an Online Survey to Challenge Public Understanding of Learning Disabilities.

Public attitudes towards learning disabilities (LDs) are generally reported as positive, inclusive and empathetic. However, these findings do not reflect the lived experiences of people with LDs. To shed light on this disparity, a team of co-researchers with LDs created the first online survey to challenge public understanding of LDs, asking questions in ways that are important to them and represent how they see themselves. Here, we describe and evaluate the process of creating an accessible survey platform and an online survey in a research team consisting of academic and non-academic professionals with and without LDs or autism. Through this inclusive research process, the co-designed survey met the expectations of the co-researchers and was well-received by the initial survey respondents. We reflect on the co-researchers' perspectives following the study completion, and consider the difficulties and advantages we encountered deploying such approaches and their potential implications on future survey data analysis.

Using Design Thinking to Develop New Methods of Inclusive Exhibition Making.

Museums and galleries are now making significant developments in the area of inclusion and awareness of disability rights. There have been noticeable advances in the design of cultural, physical and digital spaces, which provide wider access to a museum's physical and intellectual resources, for individuals of diverse ages and abilities. However, responses have varied in consistency, efficacy, and legacy. This year-long design research project, in partnership with the Wellcome Collection and the Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design, Royal College of Art, develops a working set of tools that can be used by museums to improve accessibility in a more permanent and reiterative manner, with a view towards gathering and sharing relevant data, and design responses, within a broad network of museums and cultural institutions. This paper outlines recent approaches by relevant experts in the field and outlines a new approach to incorporating inclusive design within the process of exhibition creation. It uses co-design methods to provide a set of principled guidelines that respond to all relevant stakeholders. These guidelines are predicated on the understanding that establishing empathetic links between exhibition-makers and exhibition audience members is essential, resulting in a positive collaboration, combining the skills of museum professionals with the lived experience of people with disabilities. A central goal of the research is to explore how design issues surrounding access can be framed as an essential and positive component of the design process, and, more importantly, an opportunity for innovation, not simply an obligatory requirement. This paper comprises the observations of a current research project of a 12 month project, commencing in September 2017 and concluding in September 2018.

Design and the Mind Engaging and Collaborative Workshops for the Neurodiverse.

This project seeks to reframe notions and approaches for engagement with neurodiverse groups and individuals using a developed design suite of functioning and dynamic tools and methods underpinned by inclusive principled guidelines which will be used by The Wellcome Collection Hub, the wider organisation and Hub partners to improve inclusion and accessibility. These orthodoxies will aid the reframing of neurodiverse inclusive museum focused interactions and co-creation at the Wellcome Collection Hub. The project, has been undertaken in partnership with the Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design, Royal College of Art and the Wellcome Collection. Museums are re-considering the future of their offerings in its current format, reach and relevance to today's and tomorrow's society where it has become a shifting landscape moving towards multiple modes and alternative interactions with museum based artefacts and content. With an inclusive design approach which centres non-typical visitors, their experiences and requirements, a positive impact can be better obtained and extended engagement fostered, facilitated and enabled to flourish. This study aims to outline some of the approaches undertaken during the study with insights from relevant experts in the field and target group particularly in respect of non-typical reasons for differentiation, requirements and the rainbow of intelligences [27]. The aim will be to additionally demystify and explain how inclusive engagement approaches centre on non-typical visitors and their experiences, which in turn can have a positive impact on The Wellcome Collection Hub community and relevant stakeholders. This approach helps to further the progress of integrating the neurodiversity paradigm and barriers approach when scaffolding engagement and offerings for non-typical and neurodivergent individuals and groups, through encouraging organisational change and a demystifying of neurodivergent centred engagement and co-creation methods; resulting in a reframing of perspectives around integrated offerings, triangulating approaches in neurodiverse spaces for broader audiences. This may include the shifting of outputs and offerings from those of well-intentioned cautious 'accessibility' to one of ambition, inclusivity and achievability. A central goal of Design and The Mind (DTM) is to demystify the invisible barriers and issues surrounding cognitive, physical, digital access and engagement with the Hub and its resources; this approach formed an integral and positive part of the design process, through spotlighting opportunities for innovation. This paper highlights the most salient observations of a live research project. With a duration of 1 year, commencing in October 2017 and concluding in October 2018 is this project will run parallel to the Wellcome Collection Hub's work but will also be a distinct and separate body of research.

Designing for designers: insights into the knowledge users of inclusive design.

Over the last twenty years, research on inclusive design has delivered a wealth of publications and initiatives, forming an emerging knowledge base for inclusive design. The inclusive design knowledge base breaks down into two discrete areas - understanding end users from many different perspectives, and understanding the information needs of the knowledge users (e.g. designers) who are involved in promoting and delivering inclusive design solutions. Much research has focused on the end users, but in recent years, understanding the needs and the characteristics of knowledge users has added a new dimension to the research task. This paper focuses on the knowledge users of inclusive design. It discusses the different types of knowledge users and their knowledge needs. The research programmes undertaken by the Inclusive Design Research Group (IDRG) are used to illustrate the process of understanding knowledge needs of designers, developing different types of tools to meet those needs and evaluating their effectiveness. The paper concludes with a discussion on how to adopt an inclusive design research methodology to effectively engage the knowledge users in the development of inclusive design tools.

Synthesis of 11-thialinoleic acid and 14-thialinoleic acid, inhibitors of soybean and human lipoxygenases.

Lipoxygenases catalyse the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and have been invoked in many diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Currently, no X-ray structures are available with substrate or substrate analogues bound in a productive conformation. Such structures would be very useful for examining interactions between substrate and active site residues. Reported here are the syntheses of linoleic acid analogues containing a sulfur atom at the 11 or 14 positions. The key steps in the syntheses were the incorporation of sulfur using nucleophilic attack of metallated alkynes on electrophilic sulfur compounds and the subsequent stereospecific tantalum-mediated reduction of the alkynylsulfide to the cis-alkenylsulfide. Kinetic assays performed with soybean lipoxygenase-1 showed that both 11-thialinoleic acid and 14-thialinoleic acid were competitive inhibitors with respect to linoleic acid with K(i) values of 22 and 35 microM, respectively. On the other hand, 11-thialinoleic acid was a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to arachidonic acid with K(is) and K(ii) values of 48 and 36 microM, respectively. 11-Thialinoleic acid was also a noncompetitive inhibitor of human 15-lipoxygenase-1 with arachidonic acid (K(is) = 11.4 microM, K(ii) = 18.1 microM) or linoleic acid as substrate (K(is) = 20.1 microM, K(ii) = 20.0 microM), and a competitive inhibitor of human 12-lipoxygenase with arachidonic acid as substrate (K(i) = 2.5 microM). The presence of inhibitor did not change the regioselectivity of soybean lipoxygenase-1, human 12- or 15-lipoxygenase-1.

Isotope sensitive branching and kinetic isotope effects in the reaction of deuterated arachidonic acids with human 12- and 15-lipoxygenases.

Lipoxygenases (LOs) catalyze lipid peroxidation and have been implicated in a number of human diseases connected to oxidative stress and inflammation. These enzymes have also attracted considerable attention due to large kinetic isotope effects (30-80) for the rate-limiting hydrogen abstraction step with linoleic acid (LA) as substrate. Herein, we report kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in the reactions of three human LOs (platelet 12-hLO, reticulocyte 15-hLO-1, and epithelial 15-hLO-2) with arachidonic acid (AA). Surprisingly, the observed KIEs with AA were much smaller than the previously reported values with LA. Investigation into the origins for the smaller KIEs led to the discovery of isotope sensitive branching of the reaction pathways. Product distribution analysis demonstrated an inversion in the regioselectivity of 15-hLO-1, with hydrogen abstraction from C13 being the major pathway with unlabeled AA but abstraction from C10 predominating when the methylene group at position 13 was deuterated. Smaller but clear changes in regioselectivity were also observed for 12-hLO and 15-hLO-2.

Synthesis of 7-thiaarachidonic acid as a mechanistic probe of prostaglandin H synthase-2.

The mechanism by which prostaglandin synthase converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G(2), creating five new chiral centers in the process, is still incompletely understood. The first radical intermediate has been characterized by EPR spectroscopy but subsequent proposed intermediates have not succumbed to detection. We report the synthesis of 7-thiaarachidonic acid designed to stabilize one of the proposed radical intermediates, which may allow its detection.

Synthesis of site-specifically deuterated arachidonic acid derivatives containing a remote tritium radiolabel.

The synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives containing site-specifically incorporated deuterium atoms and also a remote tritium label are described. Deuterium incorporation at the C11 and/or C15 position was achieved using Wittig chemistry, while the radiolabel was introduced at a remote position using [(3)H]NaBH(4) as the radiolabel source. These compounds can be used to measure secondary kinetic isotope effects for both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes under aerobic turnover with high precision.

Synthesis of site-specifically labeled arachidonic acids as mechanistic probes for prostaglandin H synthase.

[structure: see text] Prostaglandin H synthase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane. Herein we report the synthesis of four site-specifically labeled arachidonic acids for investigation of the radical intermediate formed during this enzymatic reaction. Two compounds were prepared using a common C9-C11 fragment, while another target was synthesized using a previously reported advanced intermediate. An alkyne coupling followed by hydrogenation and Wittig reaction was used to prepare the final labeled substrate.

Enzymatic hydrogen atom abstraction from polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid initiates a plethora of cell signaling pathways in animals and plants. The chemistry of the enzymatic oxidation has been investigated for several enzymes, most notably prostaglandin synthase and the lipoxygenases, revealing many surprises and impressive examples of enzymatic control of hydrogen atom abstraction and subsequent oxygenation.

Mechanistic investigation of a novel vitamin B(12)-catalyzed carbon [bond] carbon bond forming reaction, the reductive dimerization of arylalkenes.

In the presence of catalytic vitamin B(12) and a reducing agent such as Ti(III)citrate or Zn, arylalkenes are dimerized with unusual regioselectivity forming a carbon [bond] carbon bond between the benzylic carbons of each coupling partner. Dimerization products were obtained in good to excellent yields for mono- and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes. Dienes containing one aryl alkene underwent intramolecular cyclization in good yields. However, 1,2-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes were unreactive. Mechanistic investigations using radical traps suggest the involvement of benzylic radicals, and the lack of diastereoselectivity in the product distribution is consistent with dimerization of two such reactive intermediates. A strong reducing agent is required for the reaction and fulfills two roles. It returns the Co(II) form of the catalyst generated after the reaction to the active Co(I) state, and by removing Co(II) it also prevents the nonproductive recombination of alkyl radicals with cob(II)alamin. The mechanism of the formation of benzylic radicals from arylalkenes and cob(I)alamin poses an interesting problem. The results with a one-electron transfer probe indicate that radical generation is not likely to involve an electron transfer. Several alternative mechanisms are discussed.