Iconicity mediates semantic networks of sound symbolisma).

One speech sound can be associated with multiple meanings through iconicity, indexicality, and/or systematicity. It was not until recently that this "pluripotentiality" of sound symbolism attracted serious attention, and it remains uninvestigated how pluripotentiality may arise. In the current study, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, and English speakers rated unfamiliar jewel names on three semantic scales: size, brightness, and hardness. The results showed language-specific and cross-linguistically shared pluripotential sound symbolism. Japanese speakers associated voiced stops with large and dark jewels, whereas Mandarin speakers associated [i] with small and bright jewels. Japanese, Mandarin, and English speakers also associated lip rounding with darkness and softness. These sound-symbolic meanings are unlikely to be obtained through metaphorical or metonymical extension, nor are they reported to colexify. Notably, in a purely semantic network without the mediation of lip rounding, softness can instead be associated with brightness, as illustrated by synesthetic metaphors such as yawaraka-na hizashi /jawaɾakanaçizaɕi/ "a gentle (lit. soft) sunshine" in Japanese. These findings suggest that the semantic networks of sound symbolism may not coincide with those of metaphor or metonymy. The current study summarizes the findings in the form of (phono)semantic maps to facilitate cross-linguistic comparisons of pluripotential sound symbolism.

Composite Bioprinted Hydrogels Containing Porous Polymer Microparticles Provide Tailorable Mechanical Properties for 3D Cell Culture.

The mechanical and architectural properties of the three-dimensional (3D) tissue microenvironment can have large impacts on cellular behavior and phenotype, providing cells with specialized functions dependent on their location. This is especially apparent in macrophage biology where the function of tissue resident macrophages is highly specialized to their location. 3D bioprinting provides a convenient method of fabricating biomaterials that mimic specific tissue architectures. If these printable materials also possess tunable mechanical properties, they would be highly attractive for the study of macrophage behavior in different tissues. Currently, it is difficult to achieve mechanical tunability without sacrificing printability, scaffold porosity, and a loss in cell viability. Here, we have designed composite printable biomaterials composed of traditional hydrogels [nanofibrillar cellulose (cellulose) or methacrylated gelatin (gelMA)] mixed with porous polymeric high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) microparticles. By varying the ratio of polyHIPEs to hydrogel, we fabricate composite hydrogels that mimic the mechanical properties of the neural tissue (0.1-0.5 kPa), liver (1 kPa), lungs (5 kPa), and skin (10 kPa) while maintaining good levels of biocompatibility to a macrophage cell line.