Effects of meteo-oceanographic conditions on the weathering processes of oil spills in northeastern Brazil.

This paper presents the graphical results of the Lagrangian-model and the weathering processes associated with oil spills in the tropical South Atlantic, taking into account the meteorological and oceanographic conditions of the study region. The scenarios were created in the Brazilian-NE waters adjacent, with simulation times of 670 h, and densities of 35, 25, and 15API with volume of 1590 m3 were considered. The main results showed that the meteo-oceanographic characteristics of the study region influence the trajectories and weathering processes in the oil spill. The trajectories varied for each launch point and reached the continent severely in January and October. The associated weathering processes showed higher rates in September and lower rates in April, indicative of the influence of phenomena such as Intertropical Tropical Convergence Zone and warm pool in the South Atlantic region. Sea surface temperature and wind speed are key factors that correlate positively with these months.

Long-term water quality conditions and trends in 12 tropical coastal rivers in Northeast Brazil.

The water quality and trends in 12 tropical rivers in northeastern Brazil over a 27-year period (1990-2016; N = 39,008 samples) were evaluated. The analyzed parameters included temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (NH4+), total phosphorus (P), and fecal coliforms. Densely populated basins (> 1000 inhab km-2) presented lower DO values (average 3.4 mg l-1; 43% DO saturation), while those with low demographic density (< 100 inhab km-2) presented values that aligned well with the recommendations of environmental legislation (average 5.8 mg l-1; 75% DO saturation). The NH4+ and P compound concentrations were typical of water bodies affected by urban inputs. The average p values were above the allowable limit (< 0.1 mg l-1) at all stations. The NH4+ values were high at the stations showing low DO concentrations, which suggested that due to reducing conditions after NH4+ accumulation was favored in those aquatic systems. In densely populated basins, the average fecal coliform concentrations were > 40,000 MPN 100 ml-1, indicating the input of improperly treated domestic/industrial liquid wastes. For the period from 1990 to 2016, 45% of the stations (N = 19) showed a rate of DO reduction that ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 mg l-1.O2 year-1. An increase in NH4+ concentrations was observed in 33% of the stations (N = 14), with an estimated average increase rate from 0.013 to 1.8 mg l-1 NH4+ year-1. These results demonstrated that the rates of increase in anthropogenic factors were significant (p < 0.05), while the natural factors remained constant.

Reabilitação funcional e estética de dente anterior fraturado em paciente hebiátrico: relato de caso / Functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of fractured anterior teeth in a hebiatric patient: case report / Rehabilitación funcional y estética de diente anterior fracturado en paciente hebiátrico: relato de caso

Introdução: Após fratura decorrente de trauma e consequente tratamento endodôntico, os dentes têm sua resistência mecânica reduzida, sendo necessária, em alguns casos, a utilização de um retentor intrarradicular. Objetivo: Descrever um caso clínico de reabilitação de um dente anterior que apresentava fratura decorrente de trauma, de um paciente adolescente. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 15 anos de idade, apresentou-se com a queixa da aparência estética do dente 32. Na anamnese o paciente relatou que há cerca de 1 ano havia fraturado o referido dente enquanto brincava, e que sentiu dor apenas nas primeiras horas após o acidente, não se queixando mais de qualquer sintomatologia dolorosa desde então. Ao exame radiográfico, observou-se fratura do dente 32, além da presença de imagem radiolúcida na região periapical do mesmo dente. Assim, baseado na avaliação radiográfica e após criteriosos exames com recursos semiotécnicos empregados na Endodontia, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de necrose pulpar no referido dente. Foi instituído o tratamento endodôntico previamente ao tratamento restaurador. A reabilitação consistiu inicialmente pelo tratamento endodôntico. Na sequência optou-se pela instalação de um pino de fibra de vidro (PFV). Por fim, a reconstrução coronária foi realizada de forma direta, em resina composta e com o auxílio de uma coroa de cloreto de polivinila (PVC). Conclusão: Através do resultado final obtido, concluiu-se que esta é uma alternativa rápida e viável para casos como o apresentado, proporcionando não somente o restabelecimento funcional e estético do dente, mas também satisfação e elevação da autoestima de pacientes hebiátricos(AU)

Introduction: After fracture resulting from trauma and consequent endodontic treatment, the teeth have reduced mechanical resistance, and in some cases, the use of an intraradicular retainer is necessary. Objective: To describe a case report of rehabilitation of anterior tooth who presented a fracture due to trauma of a hebiatric patient. Case report: A 15-year-old male presented with the complaint of the aesthetic appearance of the tooth 32. During the anamnesis, the patient reported that about 1 year had fractured said tooth while playing, and who felt pain only in the first few hours after the accident, not complaining any more of any painful symptomatology ever since. Radiographic examination revealed a fracture of the tooth 32, besides the presence of a radiolucent image in the periapical region of the same tooth. Thus, based on the radiographic evaluation and after careful examinations with semiotechnical resources used in Endodontics, the diagnosis of pulp necrosis in this tooth was confirmed. Endodontic treatment was instituted prior to restorative treatment. The rehabilitation initially consisted of endodontic treatment. In the sequence, a fiberglass pin (FGP) was installed. Finally, the direct coronary reconstruction was performed, in a composite resin and with the aid of a crown of polyvinyl chloride (CPC). Conclusion: Through the final result obtained, it was concluded that this is a fast and viable alternative for cases such as the one presented, providing not only the functional and aesthetic restoration of the dental element, but also satisfaction and elevation of self-esteem of hebiatric patients(AU)

Introducción: Después de la fractura resultante de trauma y consecuente tratamiento endodóntico, los dientes tienen su resistencia mecánica reducida, siendo necesaria, en algunos casos, la utilización de un retén intrarradicular. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de rehabilitación de un diente anterior que presentaba fractura resultante de trauma, de un paciente adolescente. Relato del caso: Paciente del sexo masculino, 15 años de edad, se presentó con la queja de la apariencia estética del diente 32. En el anamnesis, el paciente relató que hace cerca de 1 año, había fracturado el referido diente mientras jugaba, y, en el caso de la mujer, que sintió dolor sólo en las primeras horas después del accidente, no se quejó más de cualquier sintomatología dolorosa desde entonces. En el examen radiográfico, se observó fractura del diente 32, además de la presencia de imagen radiolúcida en la región periapical del mismo diente. Así, basado en la evaluación radiográfica y después de criteriosos exámenes con recursos semiotécnicos empleados en la Endodoncia, se confirmó el diagnóstico de necrosis pulpar en el referido diente. Se ha instituido el tratamiento endodóntico previamente al tratamiento restaurador. La rehabilitación consistió inicialmente en el tratamiento endodóntico. En la secuencia se optó por la instalación de un pasador de fibra de vidrio (PFV). Por último, la reconstrucción coronaria fue realizada de forma directa, en resina compuesta y con el auxilio de una corona de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC). Conclusión: A través del resultado final obtenido, se concluyó que esta es una alternativa rápida y viable para casos como el presentado, proporcionando no sólo el restablecimiento funcional y estético del diente, sino también satisfacción y elevación de la autoestima de pacientes hebiátricos(AU)

Spatial distribution of maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence: An ecological analysis to identify high-risk areas.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the spatial and spatial-temporal distribution of oral and maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence, as well as to identify underlying disparities at regional level through a geostatistical approach. METHODS: This was a historical ecological cohort study of trauma cases caused by urban violence using aggregate data from victims assisted in a Brazilian medical-forensic service between January 2012 and December 2015. The longitudinal patterns of change observed in each geographic area (neighbourhoods) were evaluated using the finite mixture model (FMM). The spatial autocorrelation of events was investigated using the Getis-Ord Indicator (Gi*) to identify significant hot and cold spatial clusters. With a spatial regression model, it was also found when socioeconomic variables, residential infrastructure and neighbourhood infrastructure were associated with high incidence rates. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The finite mixture model revealed three different patterns of longitudinal trajectory of the incidence of oral and maxillofacial trauma caused by urban violence (TP1 to TP3, P < 0.05). TP1 was characterized by an incidence that remained stable and high over time, comprising 17.4% of the city's neighbourhoods. In TP2, it was observed that the incidence was moderate, with a slightly increasing trend in the last year evaluated, representing around 41.8% of the sample. In contrast, in TP3, it was found that the incidence was relatively low and remained stable over time, accounting for about 40.8% of the sample. The Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistic identified significant high-risk clusters in the western (P < 0.05), southern (P < 0.05), and eastern regions (P < 0.05) and low risk in the northern region (P < 0.05). The spatial regression model indicated significant association between areas with unfavourable socioeconomic conditions and higher incidence of events (ß = 0.178, SE = 0.046, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Clusters demarcating areas with high socio-spatial vulnerability for urban violence and oral and maxillofacial injuries were identified. The findings highlight the need to improve living conditions in segregated urban areas and develop intersectoral actions to improve living conditions, employment, public safety, social support, health care and prevention.

Importância da Saúde Bucal entre Adolescentes de Escolas Públicas de Campina Grande/PB, Brasil / Importance of Oral Health among Adolescents in Public Schools of Campina Grande/PB, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar a importância da saúde bucal para adolescentes de escolas públicas de Campina Grande-PB e a influência do gênero neste contexto. Método: Foi um estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 679 adolescentes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário autoaplicável, previamente validado, contendo quatro questões sobre o grau de importância das regiões do corpo durante a higiene corporal, grau de importância dos dentes, conhecimento sobre doenças bucais, percepção da saúde bucal e sobre o desejo de receber instruções de como ter uma boca saudável. A análise entre gêneros foi realizada peloQui-Quadrado e Exato de Fischer (significância de 5%). Resultados: Em relação às partes do corpo com maior valorização na higiene corporal, o gênero feminino apresentou diferença significativa nas seguintes variáveis: a pele do rosto (p=0,022) e os cabelos (p<0,001). Na análise da importância dos dentes para vida, a beleza foi mais importante para o gênero feminino (p=0,019) e a sexualidade, para o masculino (p=0,034). A cárie dentária foi mais conhecida pelo gênero masculino (p=0,027). Foi considerada ôboaõ a saúde oral pela maioria dos informantes, sem diferença entre os grupos (p=0,188) e o gênero feminino apresentou maior interesse em receber orientações de como ter uma boca saudável (p=0,001). Conclusão: Verificou-se prioridade para a estética, o desconhecimento sobre doenças bucais, a satisfação com a condição bucal e interesse em informações sobre a saúde bucal, havendo diferenças significativas entre os gêneros na maioria das questões

Objective: To evaluate the importance of oral health for adolescents in public schools in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, and the influence of gender in this context.Method: The study was a cross-sectional probability sample of 679adolescents. Data collection was performed using self-administered questionnaire, previously validated, containing four questions about the degree of importance of body regions during hygiene, degree of importance of the teeth, their knowledge of oral disease, perceived oral health and the desire to receive instructions on how to have a healthier mouth. The gender analysis was performed by chi-square and Fisher exact (5% significance).Results: For those parts of the body with greater emphasis on hygiene,the females showed a significant difference in the following variables: facial skin (p=0.022) and hair (p<0.001). In analyzing the significance of teeth for life, the beauty was more important for females (p=0.019) and sexuality for males (p=0.034). Dental caries was best known for the male gender (p=0.027). Oral health was considered "good" by most respondents, with no difference between groups (p=0.188) and females showed greater interest in receiving guidance on how to have a healthy mouth (p=0.001).Conclusion: There is a priority for the aesthetics, lack of knowledge about oral diseases, satisfaction with oral health status and interest in information on dental health, with significant differences between genders on most issues

Demineralization effects of hydrogen peroxide on bovine enamel and relation to shear bond strength of brackets.

PURPOSE: To measure the demineralization capacity of 37% phosphoric acid and shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets attached on bovine enamel at different times after bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four equally-sized pieces of each crown from 18 bovine incisors were randomly distributed among 7 groups (n = 10). After bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 1 h, specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 0 h, 24 h, or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks before bonding specimens to brackets. An unbleached group of specimens served as controls. Shear bond strength (SBS in MPa) was measured with a universal testing machine. Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores were determined after failure of bracket bonds. To measure demineralized Ca2+, four 4 x 4 mm sections from each of 15 bovine incisors were randomly distributed among 4 groups (n = 15). Specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 0 h, 24 h or 7 days after bleaching and then immersed in 37% phosphoric acid solution. After 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s, 5-ml aliquots of solution were removed for spectrophotometry. Unbleached specimens served as controls. RESULTS: Larger amounts of Ca2+ were extracted from the enamel by phosphoric acid up to 24 h after application of hydrogen peroxide, when there was also a significant decrease in bracket-enamel SBS. After 1 week, there were no changes in amounts of Ca2+ extracted, and SBS values returned towards unbleached values. CONCLUSION: Lower bracket-enamel SBS values at 24 h after bleaching are closely correlated with the larger amounts of Ca2+ extracted from the enamel.

Effects of phosphoric acid on bovine enamel bleached with carbamide peroxide.

The aim of this study was to measure the demineralization capacity of 37% phosphoric acid on bovine enamel at different time-points after bleaching with 30% carbamide peroxide. Five, 4 x 4-mm sections were obtained from the enamel of 10 bovine incisors. After applying 30% carbamide peroxide (Vivastyle) for 90 min, specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 0, 24, 72 h, or 7 d and then immersed in 37% phosphoric solution. At 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s, 5-ml aliquots were extracted. A control group of specimens was not bleached. Ca(2+) concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A larger amount of Ca(2+) was extracted from enamel by phosphoric acid after the application of 30% carbamide peroxide. Twenty-four hours after bleaching, significantly more Ca(2+) was extracted from bleached than from control specimens at all time-points, and this greater susceptibility to the action of the acid persisted for at least 1 wk after bleaching.

Use and occupation of Olinda littoral (NE, Brazil): guidelines for an integrated coastal management.

Located on the northeast Brazilian coast, Olinda is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, which is economically dependent on tourism, commerce, industry, and the informal economy. Despite its environmental and socioeconomic importance, the city of Olinda (understanding the coast as part of it) has suffered several environmental and human disturbances over the last decades. This work describes the environmental and social status of Olinda's beaches and makes recommendations concerning the development of an Integrated Coastal Management Plan for this coastal zone of the Brazilian littoral. The methodology adopted in this study is based on field campaigns (social, physical, chemical, and biological data collection), local observations, and the collection of sea contention building project data from city hall. The results showed that along the seven studied beaches, the main problems were related to the: (i) building of coastal protections, (ii) inefficient sewage disposal systems, (iii) inefficient urban management, and (iv) natural events (equinoctial spring tides and precipitation/evaporation rates). Casa Caiada beach showed the best hydrologic conditions as a consequence of its morphology and it presents facilities that attract housing and recreation investments (by private and public sectors) valuing and improving local use conditions. The obtained data showed that the studied beaches need an urgent action plan to minimize the environmental degradation of Olinda's littoral and to promote sustainable development of the local coastal environments.

Effect of coastline properties and wastewater on plankton composition and distribution in a stressed environment on the north coast of Olinda-PE (Brazil)

Foi realizado um estudo sobre a estrutura das comunidades planctônicas ao longo das praias de Casa Caiada e Rio Doce (Pernanbuco, Brasil). A área de estudo sofre grande influência antrópica onde as condições ambientais são controladas pela presença de estruturas costeiras, reduzindo a intensidade da circulação neste ambiente; e pelos efluentes clandestinos de esgoto que aportam águas poluídas para dentro do sistema protegido. Os resultados obtidos indicam que nas zonas protegidas as águas apresentam alta turbidez, temperaturas elevadas, salinidades reduzidas e altas concentrações de nutrientes e oxigênio. Estas condições são responsáveis pela redução da diversidade do plâncton e pelo aumento da biomassa das espécies mais resistentes. As diferenças registradas com respeito a áreas similares, porém não impactadas, parecem indicar que a estrutura planctônica pode ser usada como um indicador da qualidade ambiental, sugerindo uma baixa qualidade das praias em estudo.