Thoracic Electrical Impedance Tomography-The 2022 Veterinary Consensus Statement.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive real-time non-ionising imaging modality that has many applications. Since the first recorded use in 1978, the technology has become more widely used especially in human adult and neonatal critical care monitoring. Recently, there has been an increase in research on thoracic EIT in veterinary medicine. Real-time imaging of the thorax allows evaluation of ventilation distribution in anesthetised and conscious animals. As the technology becomes recognised in the veterinary community there is a need to standardize approaches to data collection, analysis, interpretation and nomenclature, ensuring comparison and repeatability between researchers and studies. A group of nineteen veterinarians and two biomedical engineers experienced in veterinary EIT were consulted and contributed to the preparation of this statement. The aim of this consensus is to provide an introduction to this imaging modality, to highlight clinical relevance and to include recommendations on how to effectively use thoracic EIT in veterinary species. Based on this, the consensus statement aims to address the need for a streamlined approach to veterinary thoracic EIT and includes: an introduction to the use of EIT in veterinary species, the technical background to creation of the functional images, a consensus from all contributing authors on the practical application and use of the technology, descriptions and interpretation of current available variables including appropriate statistical analysis, nomenclature recommended for consistency and future developments in thoracic EIT. The information provided in this consensus statement may benefit researchers and clinicians working within the field of veterinary thoracic EIT. We endeavor to inform future users of the benefits of this imaging modality and provide opportunities to further explore applications of this technology with regards to perfusion imaging and pathology diagnosis.

Assessment of Postnatal Pulmonary Adaption in Bovine Neonates Using Electric Impedance Tomography (EIT).

Several aspects of postnatal pulmonary adaption in the bovine neonate remain unclear, particularly the dynamics and regional ventilation of the lungs. We used electric impedance tomography (EIT) to measure changes in ventilation in the first 3 weeks of life in 20 non-sedated neonatal calves born without difficulty in sternal recumbency. Arterial blood gas variables were determined in the first 24 h after birth. Immediately after birth, dorsal parts of the lungs had 4.53% ± 2.82% nondependent silent spaces (NSS), and ventral parts had 5.23% ± 2.66% dependent silent spaces (DSS). The latter increased in the first hour, presumably because of gravity-driven ventral movement of residual amniotic fluid. The remaining lung regions had good ventilation immediately after birth, and the percentage of lung regions with high ventilation increased significantly during the study period. The centre of ventilation was always dorsal to and on the right of the theoretical centre of ventilation. The right lung was responsible for a significantly larger proportion of ventilation (63.84% ± 12.74%, p < 0.00001) compared with the left lung. In the right lung, the centrodorsal lung area was the most ventilated, whereas, in the left lung, it was the centroventral area. Tidal impedance changes, serving as a surrogate for tidal volume, increased in the first 3 weeks of life (p < 0.00001). This study shows the dynamic changes in lung ventilation in the bovine neonate according to EIT measurements. The findings form a basis for the recognition of structural and functional lung disorders in neonatal calves.

Prospective, controlled, blinded, randomized crossover trial evaluating the effect of maropitant versus ondansetron on inhibiting tranexamic acid-evoked emesis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of tranexamic acid (TXA)-induced nausea and vomiting after the prophylactic use of 2 antiemetics, ondansetron and maropitant, compared with saline. DESIGN: Prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. SETTING: University research facility. ANIMALS: Eight adult, purpose-bred Beagles. INTERVENTION: Dogs received 3 treatments on 3 occasions with a 3-week washout period. Either maropitant (1 mg/kg), ondansetron (0.2 mg/kg), or saline solution was given intravenously in equal volumes, followed 10 minutes later by 50 mg/kg IV TXA. A blinded observer evaluated the dogs for signs of vomiting and nausea for 30 minutes. The severity of nausea was assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS) and recorded at baseline before TXA, and at the end of 3 observational periods: 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 minutes after TXA. A generalized linear mixed effect model was used to assess for group and period effects. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: None of the dogs vomited after maropitant. Emesis occurred in 5 out of 8 dogs (62.5%), a median (range) of 1 time (1-2) after ondansetron and 1 time (1-3) after saline. There was a significant effect on vomiting of maropitant against saline (P < 0.0001) but not for ondansetron against saline (P = 0.53). The highest nausea VASs were recorded during the first 5 minutes after TXA with a significant reduction of VAS variability in the maropitant group (P = 0.003). The effect of maropitant and ondansetron against saline on the severity of nausea was not statistically significant (P = 0.069). CONCLUSION: The neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist maropitant at the dose used, administered IV 10 minutes before 50 mg/kg TXA, was effective in preventing vomiting compared with ondansetron and placebo. Our results support the prophylactic IV administration of maropitant in dogs that are scheduled to receive TXA.

Erros no preparo e na administração de medicamentos intravenosos / Errores en la preparación y administración de medicamentos intravenosos / Errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs

Objetivo identificar os erros no preparo e na administração de medicamentos intravenosos. Método estudo observacional e descritivo realizado de 694 doses de medicamentos intravenosos realizadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem em pacientes adultos nas unidades de Emergência, Internamento e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital de pequeno porte do recôncavo da Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em março e abril de 2019, por meio da observação não participante, tendo como instrumento dois roteiros de observação. As variáveis descritivas foram analisadas por meio da distribuição de frequência absoluta e relativa. Resultados destacou-se os erros de técnica com observação da ocorrência de 60% de erros de técnica do preparo e 75% de erros de técnica de administração dos medicamentos intravenosos. Conclusão Tanto no preparo quanto na administração dos medicamentos intravenosos, foram identificados erros de técnica e de horário, apontando a necessidade de implementação de estratégias voltadas para a segurança do paciente.

Objetivo identificar errores en la preparación y administración de medicaciones intravenosas. Método estudio observacional y descriptivo, realizado con 694 dosis de medicaciones intravenosas realizadas por profesionales de enfermería en pacientes adultos en las Unidades de Emergencia, Internación y Cuidados Intensivos de un pequeño hospital en el recóncavo de Bahía, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados en los meses de marzo y abril de 2019, mediante observación no participante, utilizando dos guiones de observación como instrumento. Las variables descriptivas se analizaron mediante la distribución de frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Resultados se observaron errores técnicos, con ocurrencia del 60% de errores de técnica de preparación y 75% de errores de técnica de administración de fármacos intravenosos. Conclusión tanto en la preparación como en la administración de medicamentos por vía intravenosa se identificaron errores en la técnica y en el tiempo, señalando la necesidad de implementar estrategias orientadas a la seguridad del paciente.

Objective to identify errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs. Method observational and descriptive study. 694 doses of intravenous medications performed by nursing professionals in adult patients were observed in the Emergency, Inpatient and Intensive Care Units of a small hospital in the recôncavo of Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected in March and April 2019, through non-participant observation, using two observation scripts as instruments. Descriptive variables were analyzed using the absolute and relative frequency distribution. Results the occurrence of 60% of errors in the preparation technique and 75% of errors in the technique of administering intravenous drugs was highlighted. Conclusion both in the preparation and administration of intravenous medications, errors in technique and time were identified, pointing out the need to implement strategies aimed at patient safety.

Cardiovascular effects of two adenosine constant rate infusions in anaesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: Adenosine induces vasodilatation. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular effects of two adenosine constant rate infusion (CRI) doses in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, longitudinal repeated measure design. ANIMALS: Ten healthy purpose-bred Beagle dogs. METHODS: Each dog was sedated with butorphanol. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol intravenously and maintained with sevoflurane (inspired oxygen fraction = 47-55%). Controlled mechanical ventilation was used to maintain normocapnia. Two doses of adenosine were administered as CRIs to each dog: 140 µg kg-1 minute-1 (A140) followed by 280 µg kg-1 minute-1 (A280). Pulse rate, invasive arterial pressure and stroke volume (by magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography) were measured at baseline, 3 minutes after starting adenosine and 3 and 10 minutes after discontinuing adenosine. Cardiac output, cardiac index and approximated systemic vascular resistances (approximate SVR) were calculated. Additionally, arterial blood gases, co-oximetry, electrolytes, glucose and lactate were measured and oxygen content and delivery calculated. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: A140 and A280 resulted in a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure [systolic (p = 0.008), mean (p = 0.003), and diastolic arterial pressure (p = 0.004)] and approximate SVR (p = 0.008) compared with baseline. No significant changes were detected for the other variables. All values returned to baseline within 3 minutes after adenosine discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adenosine CRI decreases arterial pressure by vasodilatation in healthy dogs. No additional effects were observed with the higher dose. The effects in compromised dogs remain to be investigated.

Comparison of three continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interfaces in healthy Beagle dogs during medetomidine-propofol constant rate infusions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of three continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interfaces in dogs on gas exchange, lung volumes, amount of leak during CPAP and rebreathing in case of equipment failure or disconnection. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, crossover, experimental trial. ANIMALS: Ten purpose-bred Beagle dogs. METHODS: Dogs were in dorsal recumbency during medetomidine-propofol constant rate infusions, breathing room air. Three interfaces were tested in each dog in a consecutive random order: custom-made mask (M), conical face mask (FM) and helmet (H). End-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) measured by electrical impedance tomography was assessed with no interface (baseline), with the interface only (No-CPAP for 3 minutes) and at 15 minutes of 7 cmH2O CPAP (CPAP-delivery). PaO2 was assessed at No-CPAP and CPAP-delivery, partial pressure of inspired carbon dioxide (PICO2; rebreathing assessment) at No-CPAP and the interface leak (ΔPleak) at CPAP-delivery. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: During CPAP-delivery, all interfaces increased EELI by 7% (p<0.001). Higher ΔPleak was observed with M and H (9 cmH2O) in comparison with FM (1 cmH2O) (p<0.001). At No-CPAP, less rebreathing occurred with M (0.5 kPa, 4 mmHg) than with FM (1.8 kPa, 14 mmHg) and with H (1.4 kPa, 11 mmHg), but also lower PaO2 was measured with M (9.3 kPa, 70 mmHg) than with H (11.9 kPa, 90 mmHg) and FM (10.8 kPa, 81 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All three interfaces can be used to provide adequate CPAP in dogs. The leak during CPAP-delivery and the risk of rebreathing and hypoxaemia, when CPAP is not maintained, can be significant. Therefore, animals should always be supervised during administration of CPAP with any of the three interfaces. The performance of the custom-made M was not superior to the other interfaces.

"Pit-stop" sobre saúde do trabalhador: um relato de experiência / "Pit-stop" on occupational health: an experience report / "Pit-stop" sobre salud del trabajador: un relato de experiencia

Objetivo: apresentar a experiência vivenciada por graduandos de enfermagem em projeto de intervenção voltado à saúde do trabalhador em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família no interior da Bahia. Método: 82 profissionais participaram. Desenvolveu-se, em 3 momentos, a apresentação de conceitos e doenças relacionadas à Saúde do Trabalhador; a administração de vacinas; o controle glicêmico e de pressão arterial (P.A.); e atividades de orientação à saúde. Resultados: foram visitados 10 ambientes de trabalho na área com a identificação de pessoas acometidas pelas doenças. Realizou-se a vacinação e controle glicêmico e de P.A. em 37 profissionais e 15 participantes receberam orientação nutricional e de ergonomia. Conclusão: é necessário reconhecer que as más condições de trabalho favorecem o adoecimento dos profissionais, as quais geram incapacidades funcionais.(AU)

Objective: to present an experience of nursing students in an intervention project aimed at occupational health in a Family Health Unit in Bahia. Method: participants were 82 professionals. It was developed in three moments, the presentation of concepts and diseases related to Occupational Health; administration of vaccines; glycemic and blood pressure (BP) control; and activities of guidance to health. Results: we visited 10 workplaces in that area with the identification of people affected by the diseases. It was held vaccination and glycemic and BP control in 37 professionals, and 15 participants received nutritional ergonomics guidance and. Conclusion: it must be recognized that poor working conditions favor the illness of professionals and generate functional disabilities.(AU)

Objetivo: presentar la experiencia vivida por graduandos de enfermería en proyecto de intervención dirigido a la salud del trabajador en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia en el interior de Bahia. Método: 82 profesionales participaron. Se desarrolló, en 3 momentos, la presentación de conceptos y enfermedades relacionadas a la Salud del Trabajador; la administración de vacunas; el control glicémico y de presión arterial (P.A.); y actividades de orientación a la salud. Resultados: fueron visitados 10 ambientes de trabajo en el área con la identificación de personas afectados por las enfermedades. Se realizó la vacunación y control glicémico y de P.A. en 37 profesionales y 15 participantes recibieron orientación nutricional y de ergonomía. Conclusión: es necesario reconocer que las malas condiciones de trabajo favorecen las enfermedades de los profesionales, las cuales generan incapacidades funcionales.(AU)