RESUMO
Epithelial inclusion cysts (EIC) are a rare ocular disease and its physiopathology is not well-known. They consist on growths of ocular surface epithelial cells inside the anterior segment of the eye in the form of a cyst. To date several cases have been published in the literature, none of them related to glaucoma surgery. We describe two cases of EIC after glaucoma devices implantation. An 86 year-old male patient with primary open angle glaucoma develop an EIC in right eye three years after removal of PRESERFLO™ MicroShunt (Santen, Osaka, Japan) and a 9 year-old female patient with glaucoma secondary to uveitis for juvenile idiopathic arthritis develops an EIC under the tube of an Ahmed valve implant during postoperative period. EIC develop after ocular penetrating wounds and an inflammatory stimulus. They are benign proliferations, follow-up is necessary to detect space complications early, so less mutilating surgery is needed for removal.
Assuntos
Implantes para Drenagem de Glaucoma , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Implantes para Drenagem de Glaucoma/efeitos adversos , Criança , Cistos/etiologia , Cistos/cirurgia , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/cirurgia , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/etiologia , Artrite Juvenil/complicações , Glaucoma/etiologia , Glaucoma/cirurgia , Uveíte/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility of peripapillary, optic nerve head (PP-ONH) and macular vessel density (VD) by Spectral Domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD OCT-A) in glaucoma patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Cross-sectional study assessing 63 eyes of 63 subjects, including 33 glaucoma patients and 30 healthy subjects. Glaucoma was classified in mild, moderate, or advanced. Two consecutive scans were acquired by Spectralis Module OCT-A (Heidelberg, Germany), and provided images of the superficial vascular complex (SVC), nerve fiber layer vascular plexus (NFLVP), superficial vascular plexus (SVP); deep vascular complex (DVC), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). VD (%) was calculated by AngioTool. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. RESULTS: Among PP-ONH VD, better ICC presented advanced (ICC 0.86-0.96) and moderate glaucoma (ICC 0.83-0.97) compared with mild glaucoma (0.64-0.86). For the macular VD reproducibility, ICC results for superficial retinal layers were better for mild glaucoma (0.94-0.96) followed by moderated (0.88-0.93) and advanced glaucoma (0.85-0.91), and for deeper retinal layers ICC was better for moderate glaucoma (0.95-0.96) followed by advanced (0.80-0.86) and mild glaucoma (0.74-0.91). CVs ranged from 2.2% to 10.94%. Among healthy subjects, ICCs for the PP-ONH VD measurements (0.91-0.99) and for the macular VD measurements (0.93-0.97) were excellent in all layers, with CVs from 1.65% to 10.33%. CONCLUSIONS: SD OCT-A used to quantify macular and PP-ONH VD showed excellent and good reproducibility in most layers of the retina, both in healthy subjects and in glaucoma patients regardless of the severity of the disease.
Assuntos
Glaucoma , Macula Lutea , Disco Óptico , Humanos , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagem , Disco Óptico/irrigação sanguínea , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Macula Lutea/diagnóstico por imagem , Macula Lutea/irrigação sanguínea , Glaucoma/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the peripapillary and optic nerve head vessel density (PP-ONH VD) between glaucoma patients (all, early, moderated, and advanced) and healthy subjects of Afro-Caribbean descent (AD) and European descent (ED). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. One eye was evaluated in 90 subjects, including 66 glaucoma patients and 24 healthy subjects, who underwent PP-ONH VD imaging using SPECTRALIS® Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A). We analysed the superficial vascular complex using the AngioTool version 0.6a software. The correlation between the PP-ONH VD and visual field mean deviation (MD) was evaluated using a scatter plot and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Among the healthy subjects, the AD group had a lower superficial PP-ONH VD [43.29±3.25% (mean±standard deviation)] than the ED group (46.06±1.75%) (P=0.016). Overall, superficial PP-ONH VD did not show any significant differences between the total AD and ED glaucoma patients or in the subgroup analyses (early/moderate/advanced) (AD: 32.73±6.70%, 37.11±5.72%, 32.48±5.73%, 27.76±4.74%, respectively; ED: 33.94±6.89%, 38.52±3.82%, 35.56±4.18%; 27.65±6.31%, respectively) (P>0.05 for all). A strong, statistically significant correlation was established between vessel density and mean deviation among AD and ED glaucoma patients (r=0.709 and r=0.704, respectively) (P<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows that healthy subjects of AD had lower peripapillary and optic nerve head superficial vessel density than healthy subjects of ED, but no significant differences were found between AD and ED glaucoma groups (all, early, moderate, or advanced).
Assuntos
Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto , Glaucoma , Disco Óptico , Região do Caribe , Estudos Transversais , Angiofluoresceinografia , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular , Projetos Piloto , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia de Coerência ÓpticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained using the Icare 200™ (IC200) rebound tonometer and the hand-held version of the Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (Perkins™ tonometer, GAT) in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and in healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 42 eyes of healthy subjects (G1) and 40 patients with PCG (G2) were analysed. The following clinical data were collected: gender, age, Cup/Disc ratio, central corneal thickness (CCT). IOP was determined in the examination room using the IC200 and GAT tonometers, in the same order. Agreement between both tonometers was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot. A linear regression analysis was used to establish the IOP was affected by the studied variables. RESULTS: Mean IOP between both tonometers (IC200 minus GAT) was: G1=15.91 (2.57) mmHg vs. 15.06 (2.12) mmHg (mean difference, MD=0.84 (0.50) mmHg; P<.101) and G2=20.10 (6.37) vs.19.12 (5.62) (MD=0.98 (1.36); P=.474). Excellent agreement was found between IC200 and GAT in both groups (ICC=G1: 0.875 (95% CI; 0.768-0.933; P<.001); G2: 0.924 (95% CI; 0.852-0.961; P<.001), and there was a statistically significant correlation between the IOP difference measured with IC200 and GAT and CCT in G1 (B=0.021; 95% CI; 0.005-0.037; P=.008), but was not statistically significant in G2. CONCLUSION: There was excellent agreement between the IC200 and GAT tonometers, both in healthy subjects and PCG, with a trend to overestimate IOP when measured with IC200. There was no influence by CCT on IOP measurements in patients with PGC.
RESUMO
CASE REPORT: The case is presented of a 12 year-old boy with congenital glaucoma and low visual acuity diagnosed with Charles Bonnet syndrome. This consisted of the acute onset of complex, repetitive, persistent, and with visual hallucinations (people, brooms and coffeemakers) of self-limited evolution without treatment. The patient was diagnosed with congenital glaucoma at 3 years of age, and subjected to a trabeculectomy in right eye, and trabeculectomy and keratoplasty in his left eye. DISCUSSION: Charles Bonnet syndrome symptoms have been described in adults, but their presence in children is poorly reflected in literature, with unknown characteristics and prevalence.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Charles Bonnet/complicações , Glaucoma/congênito , Glaucoma/complicações , Criança , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Purpose. To study whether a corneal thickness segmentation model, consisting in a central circular zone of 1 mm radius centered at the corneal apex (zone I) and five concentric rings of 1 mm width (moving outwards: zones II to VI), could boost the diagnostic accuracy of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph's (HRT's) MRA and GPS. Material and Methods. Cross-sectional study. 121 healthy volunteers and 125 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Six binary multivariate logistic regression models were constructed (MOD-A1, MOD-A2, MOD-B1, MOD-B2, MOD-C1, and MOD-C2). The dependent variable was the presence of glaucoma. In MOD-A1, the predictor was the result (presence of glaucoma) of the analysis of the stereophotography of the optic nerve head (ONH). In MOD-B1 and MOD-C1, the predictor was the result of the MRA and GPS, respectively. In MOD-B2 and MOD-C2, the predictors were the same along with corneal variables: central, overall, and zones I to VI thicknesses. This scheme was reproduced for model MOD-A2 (stereophotography along with corneal variables). Models were compared using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Results. MOD-A1-AUC: 0.771; MOD-A2-AUC: 0.88; MOD-B1-AUC: 0.736; MOD-B2-AUC: 0.845; MOD-C1-AUC: 0.712; MOD-C2-AUC: 0.838. Conclusion. Corneal thickness variables enhance ONH assessment and HRT's MRA and GPS diagnostic capacity.
RESUMO
CASE REPORT: A 60-year old patient was referred for cataract surgery. The examination showed retrokeratic pigment in the left eye, which had an intraocular pressure of 24 mm Hg. The funduscopy showed a brown lesion on the left optic disk, with adjacent vitreous seeding of pigment. The patient was thus diagnosed with secondary pigment dispersion syndrome due to optic disk melanocytoma. DISCUSSION: Although melanocytoma is most commonly a benign, stationary tumor, it may present with major complications leading to significant visual loss. A patient with melanocytoma of the optic disk should be examined periodically.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Exfoliação/etiologia , Nevo Pigmentado/complicações , Neoplasias do Nervo Óptico/complicações , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/administração & dosagem , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/uso terapêutico , Tartarato de Brimonidina/administração & dosagem , Tartarato de Brimonidina/uso terapêutico , Catarata/complicações , Extração de Catarata , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Achados Incidentais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nevo Pigmentado/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Ocular/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Ocular/etiologia , Soluções Oftálmicas , Neoplasias do Nervo Óptico/diagnóstico , Conduta ExpectanteRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To present a clinical practice guideline update on the medical, laser, and surgical treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in adults. METHODS: Following the formulation of key questions using the PICO scheme (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), a systematic review was performed on the literature published to date, including international clinical practice guidelines. The AMSTAR and Risk of Bias tools were used for evaluating the quality of the information. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation was established following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) system. RESULTS: Following the above methodology, recommendations of medical, laser and surgical treatment in adult PACG and levels of evidence are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the level of scientific evidence for many of the questions raised is not very high, a review is presented on updated treatment recommendations for adult PACG. Among the limitations for the implementation of these recommendations is that most studies have been conducted in Asian populations, and that the effectiveness is measured almost exclusively in terms of reducing intraocular pressure, and does not include visual function, quality of life or cost-effectiveness parameters.
Assuntos
Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica , Terapia Combinada , Quimioterapia Combinada , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/tratamento farmacológico , Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/cirurgia , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia a Laser , Fotocoagulação , Metanálise como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prostaglandinas F Sintéticas/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Tonometria Ocular , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine correlations between cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios determined by the new Laguna ONhE (optic nerve hemoglobin) color imaging procedure, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal scanning laser tomography using Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), and examining retinal images. METHODS: C/D ratio measurements were made on 154 eyes of 154 subjects (52 healthy controls, 36 with ocular hypertension and 66 with primary open-angle glaucoma) using the Laguna ONhE, HRT-III (Heidelberg Engineering) and OCT Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering) instruments and photographs of the optic disc were examined by a blinded observer (experienced glaucoma specialist). RESULTS: Global intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were: 0.379 (95% CI: 0.233-0.508) for Laguna ONhE-HRT, 0.621 (95% CI: 0.513-0.709) for Laguna ONhE-OCT, and 0.558 (95% CI: 0.398-0.678) for the Laguna ONhE-observer, indicating significant agreement in each case (P<.001). The highest ICC was recorded for OCT- observer (0.715; 95% CI: 0.605-0.795). CONCLUSIONS: C/D ratios measured using the Laguna ONhE procedure correlated well with OCT measurements and retinography measurements made by an experienced observer. Best correlation was observed for OCT versus observer measurements. Agreement was good between the Laguna ONhE, OCT and observer measurements, and was somewhat lower between HRT and the remaining procedures.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia/métodos , Idoso , Antropometria , Colorimetria , Feminino , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/diagnóstico , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Lasers , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipertensão Ocular/diagnóstico , Nervo Óptico/química , Método Simples-Cego , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodosRESUMO
CASE REPORT: A 70-year- old woman who consulted due to poor vision in her right eye for 2 weeks. The examination showed a visual acuity (VA) of 0.6 and 1.0, with normal anterior pole and intraocular pressure and a relative afferent pupillary defect. Some papillitis was observed in the fundus of her right eye. The high levels of acute phase reactants led to an initial diagnosis of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) and treatment with corticosteroids was started. DISCUSSION: According to the age of the patient, the fundus and the high levels of acute phase reactants, the initial diagnosis was AAION. However, the atypical papillitis features, with good AV and non-specific perimetry, together with a suitable medical history, and a profile of viral characteristics, with laboratory confirmation, led to the diagnosis of a primary papillitis infection due to Epstein-Barr virus, a very rare case due to the advanced age of the patient.
Assuntos
Erros de Diagnóstico , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Papiledema/diagnóstico , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antipiréticos/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Neurite Óptica/diagnóstico , Papiledema/complicações , Papiledema/virologia , Baixa Visão/etiologiaRESUMO
CASE REPORT: 78-year-old male patient diagnosed with Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) showing secondary visual deficit toward end-stage glaucoma. He progressed to amaurosis, with an abrupt disappearance of hallucinations in parallel to the loss of residual vision. DISCUSSION: The paradoxical cessation of CBS occurs when the patient loses residual vision and progresses to amaurosis. The lack of stimulation, both in the corresponding retina and the cortex, lead to the disappearance of hallucinations because the desafferented and hyper-excited neurons lose the necessary stimulus that triggers CBS.
Assuntos
Cegueira/etiologia , Alucinações/complicações , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , SíndromeAssuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/uso terapêutico , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Lactação , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Administração Oftálmica , Administração Oral , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/efeitos adversos , Animais , Tartarato de Brimonidina , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/efeitos adversos , Contraindicações , Feminino , Feto/efeitos dos fármacos , Géis , Glaucoma/fisiopatologia , Glaucoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Hipotensão/induzido quimicamente , Pressão Intraocular , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Soluções Oftálmicas , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Complicações na Gravidez/cirurgia , Prostaglandinas/uso terapêutico , Quinoxalinas/efeitos adversos , Quinoxalinas/uso terapêutico , Timolol/administração & dosagem , Timolol/efeitos adversos , Timolol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine whether the intraocular penetration of travoprost 0.004% is affected by central corneal thickness. METHODS: Sixty-four patients who were scheduled for cataract surgery without any other ophthalmologic pathology of significance were enrolled in this study. At 120 min before surgery, one drop of travoprost 0.004% was instilled in the eye to be operated on. At the start of surgery, a sample of aqueous humour was extracted to subsequently determine its AL-5848 concentration. These concentrations were compared among three groups of patients established according to central corneal thickness measurements obtained by ultrasound pachymetry. RESULTS: Mean AL-5848 concentrations were 3.27±2.03 ng/ml in Group I (CCT<511 microns), 3.27±2.44 ng/ml in Group II (CCT≥511 and ≤574 microns), and 2.73±2.15 ng/ml in Group III (CCT>574 microns), indicating no significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to demonstrate the greater or lesser penetration of travoprost depending on corneal thickness, which could explain differences in patient responses to this drug.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacocinética , Humor Aquoso/metabolismo , Cloprostenol/análogos & derivados , Córnea/anatomia & histologia , Glaucoma/metabolismo , Adulto , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Cloprostenol/farmacocinética , Cloprostenol/uso terapêutico , Córnea/metabolismo , Feminino , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , TravoprostRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine the capacity for measurement of central corneal thickness by ultrasound pachymetry and by Pentacam (pachymetry at the pupillary axis and minimum corneal pachymetry) to discriminate between healthy controls and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: Measurements of the left eyes of 123 control subjects and 128 glaucomatous patients were taken. Differences between the two data sets for each variable were identified using a t-test for independent samples. Three univariate binary logistic regression models (to discriminate between glaucoma and controls) were constructed, in which the predictive variables were the determinations of corneal thickness. RESULTS: All variables showed a normal distribution. Controls and patients failed to differ significantly in terms of ultrasound pachymetry but did differ in terms of pupillary axis thickness (mean difference 22.01µm in favour of controls; 95% CI: 5.61-34.15) and minimum corneal thickness (mean difference 21.65µm in favour of controls; 95% CI: 3.05-32.25). The logistic regression model for ultrasound pachymetry was not significant (P=0.051) but significant discriminatory capacity was shown for pupillary axis thickness (expB=0.987; 95% CI: 0.99-0.993; sensitivity: 58.5%; specificity: 64.8%) and minimum corneal thickness (expB=0.987; 95% CI: 0.981-0.994; sensitivity: 61.9%; specificity: 63.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Central corneal thickness measurement by Pentacam, while not an ad hoc diagnostic test for glaucoma, showed a similar yet not inappreciable capacity to discriminate between glaucoma patients and controls.
Assuntos
Córnea/anatomia & histologia , Córnea/diagnóstico por imagem , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/diagnóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/instrumentação , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements made by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT). METHODS: IOPs were measured by GAT and DCT in 63 eyes of 63 healthy subjects. A comparison was made by intraclass correlation coefficient. Passing-Bablok plot was constructed to establish the existence of systematic and/or proportional biases. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine whether the measurements of both instruments were affected by the power of the steepest and flattest corneal axes, their orientation, age or central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS: The intra-class correlations (ICCs) were 0.57 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.29-0.74). Mean differences were 1.68 (DCT minus GAT) (95% CI: 0.92-2.44). Passing-Bablok analysis (X=DCT, Y=GAT) revealed a systematic bias (A=-14.35, 95% CI: -24.51-[-9.14]) and a proportional bias (B=1.74, 95% CI: 1.43-2.26). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the DCT was independent of the corneal characteristics analysed while GAT was biased by CCT (B=0.042, 95% CI: 0.002-0.082). CONCLUSIONS: While GAT was biased by corneal CCT; DCT readings were independent of corneal morphometry.
Assuntos
Córnea/anatomia & histologia , Hipertensão Ocular/diagnóstico , Tonometria Ocular/métodos , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Antropometria , Viés , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tonometria Ocular/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To report a case of angle closure glaucoma after piggyback intraocular lens implantation and its treatment. METHODS: The authors present the case of a 75-year-old woman who was seen in the emergency department with angle closure glaucoma. Two years before she had undergone piggyback intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in order to correct a refractive error after cataract surgery. Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a closed angle with synechiae in 360 degrees as well as the presence of two IOLs: one in the capsular bag and the other in the ciliary sulcus. Extraction of the anterior IOL was precluded due to the poor endothelial count. Peripheral iridotomy and trabeculectomy were ineffective to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP); the authors decided to implant with an Ahmed valve and to place the valve's tube between the two IOLs to protect the endothelium. RESULTS: After Ahmed valve implantation, IOP maintains stable around 10-12 mmHg without medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ahmed valve implantation is a good option in angle closure glaucoma due to piggyback. The placement of the valve's tube between the two IOLs is a good option to protect corneal endothelium.
Assuntos
Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/etiologia , Implante de Lente Intraocular/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Segmento Anterior do Olho/diagnóstico por imagem , Extração de Catarata , Feminino , Implantes para Drenagem de Glaucoma , Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/diagnóstico por imagem , Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado/cirurgia , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular , Microscopia Acústica , Erros de Refração/terapia , Tonometria OcularRESUMO
PURPOSE: To study the clinical characteristics of a cohort of Spanish patients diagnosed with Behcet disease and who also presented ocular inflammation. METHODS: Thirty cases of Behçet disease were studied retrospectively. The authors studied age distribution, distribution by sex, clinical course, laterality, type of uveitis, secondary glaucoma, corneal involvement, hypopyon, iris-lens synechiae, secondary cataract, cystoid macular edema (CME), and papillitis (optic neuritis). RESULTS: Fourteen of the patients were men and 16 were women (ratio 0.875:1). The mean age of the patients was 35.24 years (+/-10.917; 21-61 years). In 23 patients, the disease course was recurrent. In 9 patients, the disease manifested unilaterally. In 5 patients showing unilateral onset, the contralateral eye became affected. In 2 of the 30 patients, uveitis exclusively affected the anterior segment. In 8 patients, uveitis was solely posterior. There was one case of intermediate uveitis. The remaining 19 patients showed panuveitis. Three had focal chorioretinitis. One had diffuse chorioretinitis. Fifteen showed signs of diffuse vasculitis. Eight patients showed focal vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS: Women were slightly more affected than men, although the authors found no significant correlation between sex and the clinical variables examined. Apart from one unexpected case of intermediate uveitis, the observations are similar to those reported for other patient series.