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1.
Gels ; 8(9)2022 Sep 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36135306

RESUMO

Gelatin is a popular biopolymer for biomedical applications due to its harmless impact with a negligible inflammatory response in the host organism. Gelatin interacts with soluble molecules in aqueous media as ionic counterparts such as ionic liquids (ILs) to be used as cosolvents to generate the so-called Ionogels. The perfluorinated IL (FIL), 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium perfluorobutanesulfonate, has been selected as co-hydrosolvent for fish gelatin due to its low cytotoxicity and hydrophobicity aprotic polar structure to improve the drug aqueous solubility. A series of FIL/water emulsions with different FIL content and their corresponding shark gelatin/FIL Ionogel has been designed to enhance the drug solubility whilst retaining the mechanical structure and their nanostructure was probed by simultaneous SAXS/WAXS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, DSC and rheological experiments. Likewise, the FIL assisted the solubility of the antitumoural Doxorubicin whilst retaining the performing mechanical properties of the drug delivery system network for the drug storage as well as the local administration by a syringe. In addition, the different controlled release mechanisms of two different antitumoral such as Doxorubicin and Mithramycin from two different Ionogels formulations were compared to previous gelatin hydrogels which proved the key structure correlation required to attain specific therapeutic dosages.

2.
Pharmaceutics ; 14(6)2022 May 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35745711

RESUMO

A series of bionanocomposites composed of shark gelatin hydrogels and PLA nanoparticles featuring different nanostructures were designed to generate multifunctional drug delivery systems with tailored release rates required for personalized treatment approaches. The global conception of the systems was considered from the desired customization of the drug release while featuring the viscoelastic properties needed for their ease of storage and posterior local administration as well as their biocompatibility and cell growth capability for the successful administration at the biomolecular level. The hydrogel matrix offers the support to develop a direct thermal method to convert the typical kinetic trapped nanostructures afforded by the formulation method whilst avoiding the detrimental nanoparticle agglomeration that diminishes their therapeutic effect. The nanoparticles generated were successfully formulated with two different antitumoral compounds (doxorubicin and dasatinib) possessing different structures to prove the loading versatility of the drug delivery system. The bionanocomposites were characterized by several techniques (SEM, DLS, RAMAN, DSC, SAXS/WAXS and rheology) as well as their reversible sol-gel transition upon thermal treatment that occurs during the drug delivery system preparation and the thermal annealing step. In addition, the local applicability of the drug delivery system was assessed by the so-called "syringe test" to validate both the storage capability and its flow properties at simulated physiological conditions. Finally, the drug release profiles of the doxorubicin from both the PLA nanoparticles or the bionanocomposites were analyzed and correlated to the nanostructure of the drug delivery system.

3.
Gels ; 8(4)2022 Apr 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35448138

RESUMO

The skin of yellowfin tuna is one of the fishery industry solid residues with the greatest potential to add extra value to its circular economy that remains yet unexploited. Particularly, the high collagen content of fish skin allows generating gelatin by hydrolysis, which is ideal for forming hydrogels due to its biocompatibility and gelling capability. Hydrogels have been used as drug carriers for local administration due to their mechanical properties and drug loading capacity. Herein, novel tuna gelatin hydrogels were designed as drug vehicles with two structurally different antitumoral model compounds such as Doxorubicin and Crocin to be administrated locally in tissues with complex human anatomies after surgical resection. The characterization by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of purified gelatin confirmed their heterogeneity composition, exhibiting three major bands that correspond to the ß and α chains along with high molecular weight species. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of gelatin probed the secondary structure of the gelatin showing the simultaneous existence of α helix, ß sheet, and random coil structures. Morphological studies at different length scales were performed by a multi-technique approach using SAXS/WAXS, AFM and cryo-SEM that revealed the porous network formed by the interaction of gelatin planar aggregates. In addition, the sol-gel transition, as well as the gelation point and the hydrogel strength, were studied using dynamic rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Likewise, the loading and release profiles followed by UV-visible spectroscopy indicated that the novel gelatin hydrogels improve the drug release of Doxorubicin and Crocin in a sustained fashion, indicating the structure-function importance in the material composition.

4.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(22)2021 Nov 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34829985

RESUMO

The expansion of fish filleting, driven by the increasing demand for convenience food, concomitantly generates a rising amount of skinning by-products. Current trends point to a growing share of aquaculture in fish production, so we have chosen three established aquaculture species to study the properties of gelatin extracted from their skin: rainbow trout, commonly filleted; and seabass and seabream, marketed whole until very recently. In the first case, trout skin yields only 1.6% gelatin accompanied by the lowest gel strength (96 g bloom), while yield for the other two species exceeds 6%, and gel strength reaches 181 and 229 g bloom for seabass and seabream, respectively. These results are in line with the proportion of total imino acids analyzed in the gelatin samples. Molecular weight profiling shows similarities among gelatins, but seabass and seabream gelatins appear more structured, with higher proportion of ß-chains and high molecular weight aggregates, which may influence the rheological properties observed. These results present skin by-products of seabream, and to a minor extent seabass, as suitable raw materials to produce gelatin through valorization processes.


Assuntos
Aquicultura , Gelatina/isolamento & purificação , Perciformes , Pele/química , Animais , Bass/metabolismo , Produtos Pesqueiros , Gelatina/química , Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolismo , Dourada/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinhos
5.
Biology (Basel) ; 10(11)2021 Nov 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34827183

RESUMO

The major priority of research in the present day is to conserve the environment by reducing GHG emissions. A proposed solution by an expert panel from 195 countries meeting at COP 21 was to increase global SOC stocks by 0.4% year-1 to compensate for GHG emissions, the '4 per 1000' agreement. In this context, the application of biocrusts is a promising framework with which to increase SOC and other soil functions in the soil-plant continuum. Despite the importance of biocrusts, their application to agriculture is limited due to: (1) competition with native microbiota, (2) difficulties in applying them on a large scale, (3) a lack of studies based on carbon (C) balance and suitable for model parameterization, and (4) a lack of studies evaluating the contribution of biocrust weathering to increase C sequestration. Considering these four challenges, we propose three perspectives for biocrust application: (1) natural microbiome engineering by a host plant, using biocrusts; (2) quantifying the contribution of biocrusts to C sequestration in soils; and (3) enhanced biocrust weathering to improve C sequestration. Thus, we focus this opinion article on new challenges by using the specialized microbiome of biocrusts to be applied in a new environment to counteract the negative effects of climate change.

6.
Biology (Basel) ; 10(10)2021 Oct 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34681103

RESUMO

Manganese (Mn) oxidation is performed through oxidative Mn-oxidizing bacteria (MnOxb) as the main bio-weathering mechanism for Mn(III/IV) deposits during soil formation. However, with an increase in temperature, the respiration rate also increases, producing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as by-products, which are harmful to microbial cells. We hypothesize that bacterial ROS oxidize Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) as a secondary non-enzymatic temperature-dependent mechanism for cell protection. Fourteen MnOxb were isolated from Antarctic soils under the global warming effect, and peroxidase (PO) activity, ROS, and Mn(III/IV) production were evaluated for 120 h of incubation at 4 °C, 15 °C, and 30 °C. ROS contributions to Mn oxidation were evaluated in Arthrobacter oxydans under antioxidant (Trolox) and ROS-stimulated (menadione) conditions. The Mn(III/IV) concentration increased with temperature and positively correlated with ROS production. ROS scavenging with Trolox depleted the Mn oxidation, and ROS-stimulant increased the Mn precipitation in A. oxydans. Increasing the Mn(II) concentration caused a reduction in the membrane potential and bacterial viability, which resulted in Mn precipitation on the bacteria surface. In conclusion, bacterial ROS production serves as a complementary non-enzymatic temperature-dependent mechanism for Mn(II) oxidation as a response in warming environments.

7.
Mar Drugs ; 19(9)2021 Aug 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34564153

RESUMO

Rising trends in fish filleting are increasing the amount of processing by-products, such as skins of turbot, a flatfish of high commercial value. In line with circular economy principles, we propose the valorization of turbot skins through a two-step process: initial gelatin extraction described for the first time in turbot, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining solids to produce collagen hydrolysates. We assayed several methods for gelatin extraction, finding differences in gelatin properties depending on chemical treatment and temperature. Of all methods, the application of NaOH, sulfuric, and citric acids at 22 °C results in the highest gel strength (177 g), storage and loss moduli, and gel stability. We found no relation between mechanical properties and content of pyrrolidine amino acids, but the best performing gelatin displays higher structural integrity, with less than 30% of the material below 100 kDa. Collagen hydrolysis was more efficient with papain than alcalase, leading to a greater reduction in Mw of the hydrolysates, which contain a higher proportion of essential amino acids than gelatin and show high in vitro anti-hypertensive activity. These results highlight the suitability of turbot skin by-products as a source of gelatin and the potential of collagen hydrolysates as a functional food and feed ingredient.


Assuntos
Linguados , Gelatina/química , Pele/química , Aminoácidos/análise , Animais , Colágeno/análise , Papaína/química , Alimentos Marinhos , Subtilisinas/química
8.
Polymers (Basel) ; 13(16)2021 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34451367

RESUMO

Salmon processing commonly involves the skinning of fish, generating by-products that need to be handled. Such skin residues may represent valuable raw materials from a valorization perspective, mainly due to their collagen content. With this approach, we propose in the present work the extraction of gelatin from farmed salmon and further valorization of the remaining residue through hydrolysis. Use of different chemical treatments prior to thermal extraction of gelatin results in a consistent yield of around 5%, but considerable differences in rheological properties. As expected from a cold-water species, salmon gelatin produces rather weak gels, ranging from 0 to 98 g Bloom. Nevertheless, the best performing gelatins show considerable structural integrity, assessed by gel permeation chromatography with light scattering detection for the first time on salmon gelatin. Finally, proteolysis of skin residues with Alcalase for 4 h maximizes digestibility and antihypertensive activity of the resulting hydrolysates, accompanied by the sharpest reduction in molecular weight and higher content of essential amino acids. These results indicate the possibility of tuning salmon gelatin properties through changes in chemical treatment conditions, and completing the valorization cycle through production of bioactive and nutritious hydrolysates.

9.
J Fungi (Basel) ; 7(8)2021 Jul 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34436159

RESUMO

Microaerophilic white-rot fungi (WRF) are impacted by oxygen depletion because of fluctuating redox occurrence in southern temperate forest soils of Chile (1500-5000 mm year-1). How these conditions influence WRF survival has been scarcely examined. We explored the contributions of WRF to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of N2O and CH4 and soil organic C oxidation (CO2) in five sterilized and inoculated forest soils derived from various parent materials and climates. The soil was incubated for 20 days following (i) oxic, (ii) anoxic, and (iii) fluctuating redox conditions. Fungi contributed to 45% of the total GHG under redox fluctuating conditions, including the contribution of bacteria, while the opposite (26%) was valid for oxic treatment. On average, the highest gas emission (62%) was N2O for WRF under redox treatment, followed by anoxic (22%) and oxic (16%) treatments, while CO2 and CH4 emissions followed oxic > redox > anoxic. These data suggest that indigenous microbial WRF communities are well adapted to fluctuating redox milieu with a significant release of GHG emissions in humid temperate forests of the southern cone.

10.
Nanomaterials (Basel) ; 11(3)2021 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33671036

RESUMO

In this work, polymeric membranes functionalized with ionic liquids (ILs) and exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) were developed and characterized. These membranes based on graphene ionanofluids (IoNFs) are promising materials for gas separation. The stability of the selected IoNFs in the polymer membranes was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of membranes was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and interferometric optical profilometry (WLOP). SEM results evidence that upon the small addition of xGnP into the IL-dominated environment, the interaction between IL and xGnP facilitates the migration of xGnP to the surface, while suppressing the interaction between IL and Pebax®1657. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also used to determine the polymer-IoNF interactions and the distribution of the IL in the polymer matrix. Finally, the thermodynamic properties and phase transitions (polymer-IoNF) of these functionalized membranes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This analysis showed a gradual decrease in the melting point of the polyamide (PA6) blocks with a decrease in the corresponding melting enthalpy and a complete disappearance of the crystallinity of the polyether (PEO) phase with increasing IL content. This evidences the high compatibility and good mixing of the polymer and the IoNF.

11.
Nanomaterials (Basel) ; 11(3)2021 Feb 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33652731

RESUMO

Membrane technology can play a very influential role in the separation of the constituents of HFC refrigerant gas mixtures, which usually exhibit azeotropic or near-azeotropic behavior, with the goal of promoting the reuse of value-added compounds in the manufacture of new low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant mixtures that abide by the current F-gases regulations. In this context, the selective recovery of difluorometane (R32, GWP = 677) from the commercial blend R410A (GWP = 1924), an equimass mixture of R32 and pentafluoroethane (R125, GWP = 3170), is sought. To that end, this work explores for the first time the separation performance of novel mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) functionalized with ioNanofluids (IoNFs) consisting in a stable suspension of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) into a fluorinated ionic liquid (FIL), 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium perfluorobutanesulfonate ([C2C1py][C4F9SO3]). The results show that the presence of IoNF in the MMMs significantly enhances gas permeation, yet at the expense of slightly decreasing the selectivity of the base polymer. The best results were obtained with the MMM containing 40 wt% IoNF, which led to an improved permeability of the gas of interest (PR32 = 496 barrer) with respect to that of the neat polymer (PR32= 279 barrer) with a mixed-gas separation factor of 3.0 at the highest feed R410A pressure tested. Overall, the newly fabricated IoNF-MMMs allowed the separation of the near-azeotropic R410A mixture to recover the low-GWP R32 gas, which is of great interest for the circular economy of the refrigeration sector.

12.
Sci Total Environ ; 760: 143397, 2021 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33199010

RESUMO

Mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO2) release from soil in the absence of oxygen were studied considering the Fenton process, which encompasses the reaction of H2O2 with Fe(II) yielding a hydroxyl radical (OH), in combination with manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP). This study aimed to explain the high rate of soil organic matter (SOM) mineralisation and CO2 release from humid temperate rainforest soils under oxygen-limited conditions. The investigated mechanisms challenge the traditional view that SOM mineralisation in rainforest is slow due to anaerobic (micro)environments under high precipitation and explain intensive CO2 release even under oxygen limitation. We hypothesised that the Fenton reaction (FR) greatly contributes to the CO2 released from SOM mineralised under anaerobic conditions especially in the presence of ligninolytic enzymes. We used a novel technique that combines labelled H218O2 and Fe(II) to induce the FR and measured CO18O, Fe(II) solubilisation, and peroxide consumption in a closed gas circulation system for 6 h. Maximal CO2 amount was released when the FR was induced in combination with LiP addition. The CO2 efflux with LiP was 10-fold that of abiotic FR reactions without enzymes, or in soils amended with MnP. This was consistent with i) the contribution of 18O from peroxide to CO2 release, ii) peroxide consumption, and iii) Fe(II) solubilisation by FR. The amount of consumed peroxide was closely correlated with the CO18O derived from soil without enzyme addition or with LiP addition. Concluding, abiotic Fenton Reaction coupled with oxidative enzymes, such as LiP, are crucial for SOM oxidation under anaerobic conditions, e.g. in temperate rainforest soils.


Assuntos
Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Solo , Radical Hidroxila , Ferro , Oxirredução
13.
Sci Total Environ ; 761: 143194, 2021 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33183799

RESUMO

Iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) are crucial for electron transfer in anaerobic soil microsites. The utilization of the energy gathered by this mechanism by decomposers of organic matter is a challenging and fascinating issue. We hypothesized that bacteria reducing Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides to soluble Fe(II) obtain electrons from reduced soil organic matter (SOMr) involving lignin oxidation. Iron-reducing bacteria were isolated from topsoils of various climates (humid temperate, cold temperate, subpolar), vegetation types (mostly grasslands and forests), and derived from various parent materials treatments assigned as Granitic, Volcanic-allophanic, Fluvio-glacial, Basaltic-Antarctic and Metamorphic. After the screening of IRB by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and PCR identification (full-length 16S rDNA), the IRB were inoculated to 20 samples (five soils and 4 replicates) and a broad range of parallel processes were traced. Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter lovleyi were the main Geobacteraceae-strains present in all soils and strongly increased the activity of ligninolytic enzymes: lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. Carbon dioxide (CO2) released from IRB-inoculated soils was 140% higher than that produced by Fenton reactions (induced by H2O2 and Fe(II) addition) but 40% lower than in non-sterile soils. CO2 release was closely correlated with the produced Fe (II) and H2O2 consumption. The highest CO2 was released from Basaltic-Antarctic soils with the highest Fe content and was closely correlated with lignin depolymerization (detection by fluorescence images). All IRB oxidized the lignin contained in the SOM within a wide pH range and in soils from all parent materials. We present a conceptual model showing electron shuttling from SOM containing lignin (as a C and energy source) to IRB to produce energy and promote Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides reduction was proposed and discussed.


Assuntos
Lignina , Solo , Regiões Antárticas , Bactérias , Elétrons , Geobacter , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Ferro , Oxirredução
14.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 11289, 2020 07 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32647197

RESUMO

In temperate rainforest soils of southern Chile (38 °S), there are high rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization under oxygen (O2) limitation. We study the combined effects of Fenton reactions and the activity of two enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), which was hypothesised potentiate SOC mineralization under anoxic conditions leading to carbon dioxide (CO2) release. Both mechanisms produce free radicals when competing for SOC oxidation in the absence of microorganisms. We quantify the CO2 release by induced Fenton reactions in combination with MnP and LiP under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (20 °C, 36 h) in temperate rainforest soils. CO2 levels released by Fenton reactions and enzyme activity were eight times higher than those released by Fenton reaction and peroxidase enzymes in individual treatment. Approximately 31% of the CO2 released under aerobic soil incubation was found to be abiotic (sterilized), while 69% was biotic (non-sterilized soils), and respective values of 17% and 83% were recorded under anaerobic conditions. The relative fluorescence intensity clearly shows ·OH radicals production from Fenton reactions. In conclusion, levels of MnP and LiP coupled with Fenton reactions strongly increase SOC mineralization under long periods of O2 limitation in temperate rainforest soils.

15.
Sci Total Environ ; 737: 139744, 2020 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32512304

RESUMO

Enzyme activities (EAs) respond to contamination in several ways depending on the chemical form and content of heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) and their interactions with various soil properties. A systematic and mechanistic understanding of EA responses to HM contamination in soil is necessary for predicting the consequences for nutrient availability and the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). In this study, a meta-analysis based on 671 observations found the activities of seven enzymes to decrease in response to soil contamination with Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and As. HM contamination linearly reduced the activities of all enzymes in the following order: arylsulfatase > dehydrogenase > ß-glucosidase > urease > acid phosphatase > alkaline phosphatase > catalase. The activities of two endoenzymes: arylsulfatase (partly as exoenzyme) and dehydrogenase were reduced by 72% and 64%, respectively. These reductions were two times greater than of exoenzymes: ß-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and catalase (partly endoenzyme). This reflects the much stronger impact of HMs on living microorganisms and their endoenzymes than on extracellular enzymes stabilized on clay minerals and organic matter. Increasing clay content weakened the negative effects of HM contamination on EAs. All negative effects of HMs on EAs decreased with soil depth because HMs remain mainly in the topsoil. EAs involved in the cycling of C and S were more affected by HMs than the enzymes associated with the cycling of N and P. Consequently, HM contamination may alter the stoichiometry of C, N, P and S released by enzymatic decomposition of organic compounds that consequently affect microbial community structure and activity.


Assuntos
Metaloides , Metais Pesados/análise , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Solo , Microbiologia do Solo
16.
Nanomaterials (Basel) ; 9(2)2019 Feb 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30759883

RESUMO

Suspensions of nanometric-sized graphene platelets have been proposed recently as potential heat exchange working fluids, due to their remarkably enhanced thermal profile. Nevertheless, their use presents serious long-term stability issues. Due to this limitation, the nanoplatelets surface chemical functionalization has been postulated as a promising alternative to solve this problem. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets were functionalized following an oxidation-reduction process, and then dispersed in glycol as base fluid. The nanoparticles chemical profile was determined using XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The thermo-physical properties characterization of these nanofluids was performed by determining their viscosity and thermal conductivity, because of their impact on practical applications related with fluid flow and heat transfer. The effect of temperature and shearing time on viscosity were analyzed. Viscosity was measured with a stress-controlled rheometer. All samples show shear-thinning behavior with a very remarkable influence of temperature in their viscoelastic profile.

17.
ACS Omega ; 3(1): 744-752, 2018 Jan 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31457928

RESUMO

In this study, the effect of chemical surface functionalization through oxidation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets in the transport properties of their aqueous nanofluids has been analyzed. With this objective, thermal conductivity and viscoelastic properties have been determined for original and oxidized nanoplatelets. The results show that the functionalization completely changes the internal structure of the suspension, which is reflected in shifts of even orders of magnitude on viscosity, yield stress, or storage or loss moduli. It is evident that this influences thermal conduction properties as well, as it has been also demonstrated. This shows that nanostructure surface functionalization can be a useful strategy to tune nanofluid thermophysical properties.

18.
Soft Matter ; 12(8): 2264-75, 2016 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26822724

RESUMO

The rheological behavior of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets has been carried out using a cone-plate Physica MCR rheometer. Initial experiments based on flow curves were carried out, the flow curves were based on the controlled shear stress model, these tests show that the studied nanofluids present non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior with yield stress. Furthermore, linear viscoelastic experiments were conducted in order to determine the viscoelastic behavior: using strain sweep and frequency sweep tests the storage and loss modulus were determined. The fractal dimension (Df) was estimated from the suspension static yield-stress and volume fraction (ϕ) dependence, and was determined to be Df = 2.36, a value consistent with a process of aggregation of RLCA type (reaction limited cluster aggregation). This value is unusual if compared with other nanofluids, and can be regarded as a result of the bidimensionality of the suspended nanoplatelets. Finally, creep-recovery tests and mechanical models confirm the viscoplastic nature of our nanofluids, a feature never shown so far for this type of systems, increasing the solid-like character in the range of concentrations studied if compared with other nanofluids reported in the literature. This is a result of the combination of a remarkable internal structure and strong interactions, which evidence an unexpected behaviour sharing many solid-like features.

19.
Cienc. enferm ; 20(3): 131-140, dic. 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, BDENF - Enfermagem | ID: lil-734646

RESUMO

En el nivel primario de atención chileno existen algunos profesionales de enfermería que, a pesar de la alta sobrecarga laboral, el difícil ambiente de trabajo y los escasos recursos asignados, continúan trabajando con gran pasión y energía. Este fenómeno se explicaría a través del constructo "Engagement". Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia del fenómeno, éste no ha sido lo suficientemente estudiado en nuestro país, y menos en el contexto de enfermería en el nivel primario. Objetivo: describir la manifestación del Engagement en profesionales de enfermería del nivel primario de atención adscritos en la comuna de San Pedro de la Paz, Chile, año 2012. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico y transversal, que utiliza una estrategia de estudio de casos múltiples. La muestra fue elegida a través de muestreo por intensidad, quedando finalmente compuesta por 3 enfermeras con larga trayectoria laboral, que son identificadas por las jefaturas y funcionarios de los centros de salud como profesionales con Engagement. Resultados: Se desprende de la investigación que son personas que poseen, principalmente, un gran sentido de ayuda, el cual satisfacen a través de la profesión, mostrando conductas altamente motivadas y experimentando emociones positivas muy intensas durante el contacto con los usuarios. Conclusión: Este estudio aporta importante evidencia sobre la existencia del Engagement en nuestro medio, hipotetizando que estas profesionales entienden su profesión como algo significativo, como parte de su identidad, donde satisfacen su necesidad de ayudar, y donde se valora el vínculo afectivo con los usuarios como estrategia principal.


In the Chilean primary health care system, there are some nurses who, despite having a high work overload, a difficult work environment and scarce resources, continue to working with great passion and energy. This phenomenon is explained by the construct of "Engagement". However, despite the importance of this phenomenon, it has not been deeply studied in our country, especially in the context of Primary Health Care (PHC) nursing. Objective: This study aims to describe the manifestation of Engagement in nurses working in PHC centers located at the municipality of San Pedro de la Paz, Chile in 2012. Method: This is a qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a phenomenological approach, which uses a strategy of multiple case analyses. Sample was selected via sampling intensity. Three nurses with a long professional history, which were identified as Engagement professionals by the headquarters and staff of the health centers, were selected. Results: During the research, it was found that these nurses have, mainly, a great need to help other people, which they satisfy through their profession, showing highly motivated behaviors and experiencing intense positive emotions during the contact with patients. Conclusion: This study provides important evidence about the existence of Engagement in our environment, hypothesizing that these nurses understand their profession as meaningful, as part of their identity, and where they meet their need to help others, appreciating the affective bond with PHC users as the main strategy.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Condições de Trabalho , Enfermagem de Atenção Primária , Engajamento no Trabalho , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Chile , Motivação
20.
Vet Microbiol ; 166(3-4): 590-4, 2013 Oct 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23953028

RESUMO

Pyometra is the most common diestrual uterine disease of bitches. Escherichia coli is the most frequent bacterium isolated from the uterine content of pyometra uteri and it is associated with the most severe clinical signs, leading to endotoxemia and sepsis. In this study, canine E. coli isolates from pyometra (n=31), cystitis (n=23) and fecal (n=26) origin were compared regarding the prevalence of 23 potential virulence traits (15 virulence factor (VF) genes and 8 pathogenicity associated islands-PAIs), detected by PCR assays. Overall, there was a considerable overlap between pyometra, cystitis and fecal isolates regarding the phylogenetic grouping and virulence traits. Virulence traits more prevalent in pyometra than in cystitis and fecal isolates included two PAIs (PAI IV536 and PAI ICFT073) and three VF genes (sfa/focDE, fyuA and chuA). Regardless the isolates' origin, the average number of virulence traits per strain was higher in B2 than in the other phylogenetic groups (A, B1 and D). The prevalence of phylogenetic group B2 was significantly higher in pyometra (94%) than in cystitis (48%) and fecal (39%) isolates. In conclusion, pyometra isolates have a high potential of virulence and a broad virulence genotype, although being similar to a subset of cystitis and fecal isolates. This leads to the suggestion that cystitis and fecal isolates may be able to induce pyometra in receptive hosts.


Assuntos
Cistite/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Fezes/microbiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Cistite/microbiologia , Cães , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Ilhas Genômicas , Genótipo , Filogenia , Piometra/microbiologia
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