Factor V Leiden, MTHFR, and FXIIIVal34Leu gene polymorphisms and their association with clinical features and risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is expanding to epidemic levels globally due to the progressing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, the association between factor V Leiden (FVL), MTHFRC677T, and FXIIIVal34Leu polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy was investigated in Eastern Iran. Methods: This case-control study enlisted the participation of 300 people (diabetic patients=100, diabetic retinopathy patients=100, healthy controls=100), and polymorphisms were examined by Tetra primer ARMS-PCR. Results: The frequency of FVL (p=0.294) and FXIIIVal34Leu (P=0.349) polymorphism showed no significant results between the genotype frequency in the mentioned groups. In contrast, MTHFRC677T SNP was significantly different in diabetic patients and controls (P=0.008). The MTHFRC677T polymorphism was found to be connected with increased systolic blood pressure in patients who had the TT genotype (130.96±11.92mm/Hg; P=0.011). Conclusion: Our study recommended that the MTHFRC677T polymorphism may offer to DR development. Studies with larger sample sizes and a wider spectrum of populations are authorized to verify this finding.

Glucose increases proliferation and chemoresistance in chronic myeloid leukemia via decreasing antioxidant Properties of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of Iron.

BACKGROUND: There is a strong association between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and the onset and progression of diabetes which causes a higher risk of cancer. This study investigated, the effect of concomitant use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) with iron supplements in hyper-glucose conditions on the K-562 cell line. METHODS: The effects of iron, ω-3 PUFAs, and a combination of both on K-562 cells were investigated under normal and high glucose conditions. The impact of these treatments was evaluated using multiple methodologies, including the MTT assay for cell viability, quantification of oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA)], and analysis of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the expression levels of TNFα and p53 mRNA were measured using Real-time PCR. RESULTS: The co-treatment of ω-3 PUFAs and iron in the presence of high glucose had notable effects, as evidenced by an increase in cell survival, resistance to imatinib chemotherapy, TNFαmRNA expression levels, MDA levels, and percentage of cells in the G2/S phase. Additionally, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression of p53 and TAC levels compared to treatment in the normal-glucose condition. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemic conditions in conjunction with the combined treatment of theω-3 PUFAs and iron, led to reduced anticancer capacity, chemosensitivity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the K-562 cells. These effects were found to be mediated by oxidative stress.

An Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects of Human Amniotic Fluid on Pathogenic and Probiotic Bacteria In Vitro.

Background: Amniotic fluid in the uterus is beneficial for the fetus growth and protection due to its nutritional elements as well as its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Today, body membranes are increasingly being used in multiple fields. The purpose of the current study was evaluation of the antibacterial effects of amniotic fluid and comparison of its effects on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on amniotic fluid obtained from 43 healthy mothers who gave birth by selective cesarean section. Then, antibacterial effects of amniotic fluids were investigated on 8 standard bacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, and Lactobacillus plantarum by agar well-diffusion method. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, vs. 22 (IBM, US). Results: Amniotic fluid revealed an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes strains showed growth inhibition in 39% and 17% of samples, respectively. In other bacterial strains, there was growth inhibition in less than 5% of the samples. Also, the zone of growth inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes was significantly higher than the other strains. Amniotic fluid samples had an antibacterial effect on all pathogen strains in general, but not on the Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strain. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the antibacterial effect of amniotic fluid on pathogenic bacteria is significantly higher than the Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic one. Overall, the findings support the use of natural substances as alternative therapeutic agents to combat antibiotic resistance.

Protective Effects of Chrysin on Hippocampal Damage Induced by Chlorpyrifos in Adult Rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of chlorpyrifos on the rat hippocampus and evaluate whether these effects can be decreased with chrysin co-administration in an animal model. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; Control (C), Chlorpyrifos (CPF), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (12.5 mg/kg) (CPF + CH1), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (25 mg/kg) (CPF + CH2), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (50 mg/kg) (CPF + CH3). After 45 days, hippocampus tissues were evaluated by biochemical and histopathological tests. RESULTS: Biochemical findings indicated that CPF and CPF plus CH administration could not significantly change SOD activity, and MAD, GSH, and NO levels in the hippocampus tissue of animals versus controls. Histopathological findings of the toxic effects of CPF on hippocampus tissue as evidenced by inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration/necrosis, and mild hyperemia. CH could ameliorate these histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, CH was effective against histopathological damage induced by CPF in the hippocampus through modulating inflammation and apoptosis.

The protective effect of crocin on cisplatin-induced testicular impairment in rats.

BACKGROUND: Side effects of cisplatin (CIS) such as testicular toxicity restrict its clinical use. Instead, evidence indicates that crocin (CR) has synergistic anti-cancer potential with CIS and exhibited beneficial effects on CIS-induced hepatorenal damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective potential of CR against CIS-induced testicular toxicity in rats. METHODS: Fifty adult male Wistar rats randomly assigned to five equal groups including control, CIS, and CIS plus CR at doses of 6.25 mg/kg (CIS + CR6.25), 25 mg/kg (CIS + CR25), and 100 mg/kg (CIS + CR100). CIS and CIS + CR groups received a single intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection of CIS (7 mg/kg). CR (6.25-100 mg/kg i.p.) injections were started three days before the CIS injection and continued once a day for up to 13 days. On the 14th day, all animals were sacrificed and their blood samples and testes were removed for biochemical and histological analyses. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, CIS significantly decreased relative testis weight (0.28 vs. 0.39, p < 0.001), testosterone level (0.3 vs. 2.31 ng/mL, p < 0.001), germinal layer area (25,886 vs. 35,320 µm2, p < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.9 vs.1.73 U/mg, p < 0.001) and increased testicular lipid peroxidation (3.05 vs. 15.35 nmol/mg, p < 0.001). CR at 25 mg/kg ameliorated testicular lipid peroxidation and enhanced SOD activity compared to CIS group (p < 0.05). Besides, CR treatment at the maximum dose (100 mg/kg) resulted in reversing CIS effects on testis weight, testosterone level, SOD, lipid peroxidation, and germinal layer area. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that CR co-treatment could prevent CIS-induced testicular toxicity in rats.

Chlorpyrifos with Age-Dependent Effects in Cardiac Tissue of Male Rats.

BACKGROUND: Age-dependent toxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have not been fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the cardiotoxic damage of chlorpyrifos (CPF) by evaluating oxidative modifications in young (2-month old), middle-aged (10- month old), and aged (20-month old) rats. OBJECTIVE: Five mg/kg of CPF was administered orally for 45 days to young, middle-aged, and aged male Wistar rats. In the end, animals were anesthetized and the heart of each rat was dissected for biochemical assay. METHODS: Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed in the cardiac tissue of rats. RESULTS: The results indicated an increase in the levels of MDA and NO, and also a decline in the levels of GSH and TAC as well as a decrease in the SOD activity in the heart of aged rats compared with young rats. CPF administration deteriorated these changes in the heart of exposed rats compared with the age-matched controls. Additionally, these oxidative modifications were more severe in aged rats versus other age. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, advancing age may increase oxidative changes in the heart of animals exposed to CPF. It is suggested that aging can affect cardiac toxicity induced by OPs.

Zinc enhances the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference through dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.

The antidepressant-like effects of zinc (Zn) have been documented in some animal models of depression. In addition, antidepressants may reduce the abuse potential of opioids by affecting their rewarding effect. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the effect of Zn on the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male rats. We used an unbiased CPP paradigm for investigating the effect of Zn. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administrations of Zn (5-20 mg/kg, i.p., and 10 nmol/rat, respectively) with or without morphine did not induce conditioned place aversion (CPA) or CPP during acquisition phase. However, the same i.p. and i.c.v. administrations of Zn induced morphine-like CPP in the expression phase. Pre-treatment with dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH23390, sulpiride, and haloperidol) and serotonin receptor antagonists (WAY100135, ketanserin, and ondansetron) reversed the enhancement effect of Zn on the expression of morphine-induced CPP (especially 20mg/kg, i.p. and 10 nmol/rat, i.c.v.). These findings suggest that acute i.p. and i.c.v administration of Zn might enhance the rewarding properties of morphine through involvement with dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal systems.

Protective Effects of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine on the Density of Spiral Ganglion Cells and Histological Changes Induced by Continuous Noise Exposure in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Noise exposure causes loss of cochlea hair cells, leading to permanent sensorineural hearing loss, and initiates pathological changes to the bipolar primary auditory neurons (ANs). This study focuses on the effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) in protecting the density of spiral ganglion cells and in histological changes induced by continuous noise exposure in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups to receive NAC, saline, noise, or both noise and NAC. Noise exposure continued for ten days. Saline and NAC were injected daily during the noise exposure, and 2 days before and after the noise exposure. Evaluation of cochlear histopathology and the density of spiral ganglion cells was performed 21 days after exposure. RESULTS: In the animals exposed to noise, a reduction in the density of spiral ganglion cells was evident in both the basal and middle turns of the cochlea. This improved on receiving NAC treatment (P = 0.046). In the histopathology evaluation, some histological changes, such as disorganised architecture of the outer hair and supporting cells and a slightly thickened basilar membrane, were found in the basal turns in the noise group. CONCLUSION: NAC offered partial protection against noise exposure by improving the density of spiral ganglion cells and reducing morphological changes.

Beneficial effects of Spirogyra Neglecta Extract on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of Spirogyra algae on oxidative damages and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by administration of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin. A total of sixty-four rats were divided into eight groups of eight rats each as follows:1) non-diabetic control; 2, 3, and 4) non-diabetic rats treated with 15, 30, and 45 mg of Spirogyra algae/kg/d; 5) control diabetic; and 6, 7, and 8) diabetic rats treated with 15, 30, and 45 mg of Spirogyra algae extract. At the end of the trial, the serum concentrations of glucose, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant status (TAS), C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were examined by specified procedures. Results Our findings indicated that the administration of STZ significantly increased the serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, IL-6, TNF-a, and MDA and decreased the serum levels of GSH and TAS (P<0.05) in diabetic rats. Oral administration of Spirogyra alleviated adverse effects of diabetes on oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Conclusion It can be stated that Spirogyra algae extract can be used for treatment of diabetes likely due to prevention of oxidative stress and alleviation of inflammation in the rat model.

The effects of oral supplementation of spirulina platensis microalgae on hematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

It is shown that diabetes can change hematological parameters and some microalgae, i.e. Spirulina platensis, could improve hematological parameters in non-diabetic rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Spirulina platensis (SPM) microalgae on hematological parameters in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin. Rats, 2.5 males old, were grouped into two sections including healthy and diabetic and received orally 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight SPM for 5 weeks. Control rats received 0.3 ml of distilled water. The experimental groups were as follows; (SH15), healthy rats fed SPM (SH30) 30 mg/kg, diabetic rats fed 15 mg/kg SPM (SD15), diabetic rats fed SPM (SD30) 15 mg/kg, and diabetic control (DC). At the end of the test, blood samples were collected to measure red blood cells, white blood cells, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV) and packed cell volume (PCV). The induction of diabetes decreased RBC, MCHC, PCV, MCV and WBC (P < 0.05), but the oral supplement of SPM (30 mg/kg body weight) could improve RBC, WBC, MCHC, PCV and MCV in rats (P < 0.05). The oral complement of SPM, at high levels, seems to be an effective strategy against the negative effects of diabetes on hematological parameters.

The effects of different levels of peppermint alcoholic extract on body-weight gain and blood biochemical parameters of adult male Wistar rats.

INTRODUCTION: Peppermint is an efficient medicinal plant for the treatment of diseases, and it also can be used to produce raw materials in the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of various levels of peppermint alcoholic extract on body-weight gain and blood biochemical parameters in adult male Wistar rats. METHODS: This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). Fifty adult, healthy, male Wistar rats (ages of 2.5-3 months; weights of 190-210 g) were allocated randomly into five groups. T1 was the control group in which the rats received 0.3 ml of distilled water). Groups T2, T3, T4, and T5 received 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of peppermint extract, respectively. The rats received daily pretreatment by oral gavages for 21 days. We recorded body weights at the beginning and at the end of the study to determine the changes in the body weights. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, albumin, globulin, and total protein. Statistical analysis of the data was done by SAS software. The data statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which was conducted through Dennett's multiple comparison post-test. RESULTS: The results indicated that the rats treated with peppermint gained more weight (p < 0.05) and also decreased the serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and glucose in T3, T4 and T5 than the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Peppermint extract had a positive effect on body-weight gain and some blood parameters in adult male Wistar rats. The findings showed that peppermint is a crucial substance at high temperature, and future research should be focused on determining the details of the mechanisms involved in producing the observed effects of peppermint extract.

A model portraying experimental loss of hair cell: the use of distortion product otoacoustic emission in the assessment of rat's ear.

The use of rats in research academies to study deafness is widespread, meanwhile medicinal methods to eliminate hair cells is also increasing. Thus, aminoglycosides and loop diuretics have grasped more attention. This study aimed at establishing an animal model in which a rapid distortion of the hair cell of cochlea administering amikacin and furosemide and using distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) the functioning of rat's ear would be assessed. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight 200-250g) were randomly divided into six equal groups. Except the control group the rest received 0.5mg/g, 0.75mg/g, 1mg/g, 1.25mg/g, and 1.5mg/g, of subcutaneous amikacin respectively. 30 minutes later every rat received 0.1mg/g of furosemide intrapritoneally. DPOAE of rats was measured before these injections and 72 hours later. Then tissue sections of the rat's cochlea were prepared. All the cases had a significant decrease in their DPOAE with the frequencies 2KHz-8KHz (p<0.05). The most change in DPOAE was in rats which had received 1mg/g - 1.5mg/g amikacin. Histological studies approved distortion of hair cell even the apical turn. To establish a deafness model due losing hair cells, it is possible to use a combination of 1mg/g amikacin and 0.1mg/g furosemide. Besides, to approve deafness DPOAE resulted can be used.