Association between maternal postpartum depression and children's physical growth in early childhood: a birth cohort study.

Background: Untreated maternal postpartum depression (PPD) has consequences for children's physical growth, but no published study has evaluated changes in this effect over time. Here we therefore aimed to evaluate the dynamic effects of PPD on the physical growth of children in a prospective birth cohort. Methods: Between 2015 and 2019, 960 mother-child pairs in Changsha, China were followed up when the child was aged 1-48 months. Data were obtained through household surveys. The mothers' depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1 month postpartum. Linear mixed models were used to examine the changes in the association of PPD and EPDS scores with physical growth in six different age groups of children between 1 and 48 months. Results: A total of 604 mother-child pairs completed the follow-up, and 3.3% of mothers reported PPD. No associations were found between PPD and weight or height growth at any age. While EPDS scores were associated with weight gain (ß = -0.014, 95% CI (-0.025, -0.002), P = 0.024) and height growth (ß = -0.044, 95% CI (-0.084, -0.004), P = 0.030) rates at 1-3 months, no associations were found in older children. Limitations: The number of mothers who reported PPD was relatively small, and the measurement of PPD was not continuously taken. Conclusions: After adjustments for confounders, no dynamic association was found between PPD and children's weight and height growth. EPDS scores, in contrast, did negatively affect children's weight and height growth at age 1-3 months, but this effect was not long-lasting.

Association of outdoor activity time and screen time with sleep for 36 to 54 months children in Kaifu District, Changsha: A birth cohort study. / 长沙市开福区36~54æœˆé¾„å„¿ç«¥æˆ·å¤–æ´»åŠ¨æ—¶é—´å’Œå±å¹•æ—¶é—´ä¸Žç¡çœ å ³ç³»çš„å‡ºç”Ÿé˜Ÿåˆ—ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence rate of sleep problems in children in China is increasing in recent years. There are inconsistencies in the relationship between physical activity and sleep, and the impact of screen time on young children seems more obvious.This study aims to understand the current situation of outdoor activity time, screen time and sleep (total sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-up time) and the associations between outdoor activity time and screen time with sleep for children aged 36-54 months in Kaifu District of Changsha. METHODS: Using the cluster sampling method, 1 286 newborns delivered in 3 community health service centers in Kaifu District, Changsha from January to December 2015 were selected as the research subjects to establish a prospective birth cohort. According self-designed questionnaire and household follow-up to select 36, 42, 48, 54 months Children's data. The mixed linear model was used to explore the associations of outdoor activity time and screen time with sleep. RESULTS: The 36-54 months children's total sleep duration was decreased from 11.60 h/d to 10.92 h/d (P<0.001); bedtime time delayed from 21:58 to 22:00 (P=0.124); wake-up time advanced from 7:52 to 7:37 (P<0.001); outdoor activity time was decreased from 2.58 h/d to 1.94 h/d (P<0.001), and screen time was decreased from 1.28 h/d to 1.09 h/d (P<0.001). With aging, the prevalence of sleep <10 h/d and outdoor activity time <2 h/d was increased significantly, and the prevalence of screen time ≥1 h/d was decreased (P<0.05). Mixed linear models showed that longer outdoor activity time was related to increased total sleep duration (ß=0.22, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.44) and delayed wake-up time (ß=0.16, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.32), and longer screen time was related to delayed bedtime (ß=0.22, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.39) and wake-up time (ß=0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.41). These associations were different in gender. Longer outdoor activity time was related to delayed wake-up time (ß=0.37, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.59) in boys, but not in girls (ß=-0.16, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.01). Longer screen time was associated with delayed bedtime (ß=0.40, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.63) and wake-up time (ß=0.33, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.51) in girls, but only related to delayed wake-up time (ß=0.29, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.52) in boys, and the degree of association was lower than that of girls. CONCLUSIONS: Among children aged 36-54 months in Kaifu District, Changsha, there are problems including going to bed late and getting up late, insufficient physical activity, and long screen time. Outdoor activity time and screen time are related to sleep. Increasing outdoor activity time and reducing screen time can help to improve children's sleep.

Bidirectional relationship between nocturnal subjective sleep duration and cognitive performance in Chinese over 45 years old: a national representative longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have inconsistent associations between changes in sleep duration and cognitive function and have not separated interindividual effects from intraindividual effects. This study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between subjective night sleep duration and cognitive function while differing intraindividual and interindividual effects. METHODS: A national representative sample was obtained from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study during 2011-2018. Night sleep duration and potential confounders were assessed and collected by questionnaires. Cognition was assessed in three categories (orientation, executive function, and memory), and z scores were used for global cognitive performance. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the temporal associations during 2011-2018. RESULTS: Across 9404 participants over 45, at interindividual level, moderate (ß= -0.014) and long sleepers (ß= -0.06) had positive association between sleep duration and cognitive decline after adjusted covariates, but short sleepers had negative associations between sleep duration and cognitive decline (ß = 0.87). At intraindividual level, prolonged sleep duration predicted better cognition for short (ß= -0.021 at wave2-3; ß= -0.04 at wave3-4) and moderate (ß= -0.017 at wave3-4) sleepers. CONCLUSION: For short sleepers, longer subjective nocturnal sleep duration predicted better cognitive performance; but moderate and long sleepers showed opposite results-short and moderate sleepers with prolonged subjective nocturnal sleep duration would have later cognitive decline. Our findings tentatively suggested that an increased subjective night sleep duration and subjective long sleep duration could be regarded as useful tools for identifying middle- and old adults at higher risks of progressing to cognitive decline.

Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of screen viewing among Chinese children in Changsha: a birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: High screen viewing time has detrimental effects on children's health, development, and behavior developing. Children are being exposed to more and more media devices at an earlier age. This study was aimed to determine the amount of daily screen time and its variation and to assess potential factors of screen time by identifying the trajectory of screen time among children aged 1 to 5 years. METHOD: This study was based on a representative sample of Changsha young children from a cohort study during 2015-2020. The demographic information and children's screen viewing time were collected by parents or caregivers through face-to-face interviews. The Latent growth model was used to test the effects of outdoor play on screen viewing time at eight time points, meanwhile, unconditional and conditional models were examined sequentially. RESULT: After excluding respondents with missing key variables, we included 953 children in the final analysis. Children's outdoor play was slightly increased at 18 months and subsequently declined at 24-60 months, with a maximum duration of 2.96 h per day. Children's average screen time was increased at 18-36 months, and decreased at 42-54 months, with a slight increase at 60 months. The duration of media exposure peaked at 1.4 h/d at age of 36 months and 60 months. Standardized coefficients of the outdoor play at age of 12 months showed negative effects on the screen time in children, but with positive influence at age of 24, 36, and 42 months (P <  0.01). CONCLUSION: High proportions of young Chinese children in Changsha had more screen time than the AAP recommended according to our analysis. Significant predictors of screen time included pregnancy computer use, paternal educational level, and outdoor play in this study, however, further understanding of risk factors is needed to promote great public health efforts to reduce children's screen exposure.

Gender and residence differences in the association between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese oldest-old: A national longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the gender and residence (rural/urban) differences in the associations between the specific dimensions of social support and subjective well-being (SWB) among the Chinese oldest-old. METHODS: This study included 12,989 individuals aged ≥ 80 from 2011, 2014, and 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. SWB was measured by ten items covering self-rated life satisfaction, positive emotions (optimism, happiness, personal control, and conscientiousness), and negative emotions (loneliness, anxiety, uselessness, depression, and boring feelings). Social support included the variables of marriage quality, living arrangements, contacts with others, children's and siblings' frequent visits and telecommunications, children and siblings living nearby, the main source of financial support, adequate financial support, social security and commercialized insurances, community social services, the caregiver when sick, and main medical expenses payer. Generalized estimating equation models were used to determine the effects of social support on the SWB. RESULTS: Gender differences were found in the associations of living arrangements, contacts with others, children's frequent visits and telecommunications, community social services, caregiver when sick, and main medical expenses payer with SWB. Residence differences were found in the associations of living arrangements, contacts with others, children's frequent visits and telecommunications, siblings' frequent visits, community social services, and main medical expenses payer with SWB. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender and residence differences in the relationships between many dimensions of social support and SWB. Gender and residence-tailored interventions for social support are necessary to promote the well-being of the oldest old.

Trajectory patterns of blood pressure change up to six years and the risk of dementia: a nationwide cohort study.

The present study aimed to investigate the associations between the trajectory of blood pressure (BP) change and the risk of subsequent dementia and to explore the differences in age, gender, and hypertension subgroups. We included 10,660 participants aged ≥ 60 years from 1998 to 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Latent growth mixture models were used to estimate BP trajectories. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to analyze the effects of BP trajectories on the risk of dementia. According to the results, stabilized systolic BP (SBP) was found to be associated with a higher risk of dementia compared with normal SBP [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-2.07] and elevated SBP (aHR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.51-3.28) in and only in the subgroups of the oldest-old, women, and subjects without hypertension at baseline. Similarly, stabilized pulse pressure (PP) was associated with a higher risk of dementia compared with normal PP (aHR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.24-1.88) and elevated PP (aHR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.48-3.04) in and only in the subgroups of the oldest-old, women, and subjects with hypertension at baseline. These findings suggest that stabilized SBP and PP have predictive significance for the occurrence of dementia in late life, and the factors of age, gender, and late-life hypertension should be considered when estimating the risk of BP decline on dementia.

Parental Age and the Risk of ADHD in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Evidence has suggested that parental age at birth is a risk factor of offspring attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies investigating the association between parental age and offspring ADHD. We conducted a systematic search that followed the recommended guidelines for performing meta-analyses on PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 8 April 2021. We calculated pooled risk estimates from individual age with and without adjusting for possible confounding factors. Dose-response analysis for parental age and ADHD risk was performed. Eleven studies were selected in this meta-analysis, which included 111,101 cases and 4,417,148 participants. Compared with the reference points, the lowest parental age category was associated with an increased risk of ADHD in the offspring, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.49 (95% confidence intervals (95%CI) 1.19-1.87) and 1.75 (95%CI 1.31-2.36) for the mother and father, respectively. The highest parental age was statistically insignificant, with adjusted ORs of 1.11 (95%CI 0.79-1.55) and 0.93 (95%CI 0.70-1.23) for mother and father separately. Dose-response analysis indicated a non-linear relationship of parental age with offspring ADHD, with the lowest ADHD risk at 31-35 years old. The results of this meta-analysis support an association between young parental age and the risk of ADHD. More high-quality studies are needed to establish whether the association with parental age is causal.