The effects of resistance training in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Resistance training (RT) is well tolerated and has shown promise for decreasing fatigue. However, the effects of RT have never been examined in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of a resistance exercise program on fatigue in patients with pSS. METHODS: This is a parallel, single-blind randomized trial. Women aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with pSS according to the American-European criteria, were included. We randomized 59 participants to a resistance training group (RT) or a control group (CG). Participants in the RT group performed a 16-week resistance exercise program. The sessions consisted of three sets of resistance exercises (10 repetitions each) at 60 to 80% of 1 repetition maximum, designed to improve whole-body strength. The participants in the CG received their usual pharmacological treatment and instructions regarding disease control, pain management, sleep hygiene, and activities of daily living. To compare intergroup and intragroup variability, a one-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. RESULTS: RT effectively improved fatigue, pain, functional capacity, emotional aspects, vitality, and subjective perception of disease activity by the patient. No between-group differences were found in the ESSPRI mental score, ESSDAI, SF-36-Physical Aspects, SF-36-General Health, SF-36-Social aspects, and SF-36-Mental Health after the training period. CONCLUSION: An RT program was safe and effective in improving fatigue, pain, functional capacity, emotional aspects, vitality, and subjective perception of disease activity by the patient in women with pSS. Key Points • This is the first study to evaluate the effects of a resistance training program on fatigue in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. • A resistance training program was shown to be effective in improving fatigue in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. • A resistance training program is well-tolerated, has good compliance, and is not associated with serious adverse effects in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.

Cardiovascular Effect of Physical Exercise on Primary Sjogren's Syndrome (pSS): Randomized Trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of an exercise program on aerobic capacity, echocardiographic parameters, metabolic profile, quality of life and safety in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome in a randomized trial. Methods: 60 women with pSS were evaluated from the SF-36 Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) questionnaires. The participants performed ergospirometry and echocardiography; blood samples were collected to evaluate the metabolic profile. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: a training group that participated in the supervised training program and a control group. All variables were analyzed at baseline and after 28 weeks for both groups and we performed an intention-to-treat analysis. The training program consisted of 16 weeks of resistance exercises and, after, the exercise became aerobic. Patients and coaches were not blinded, contrary to the evaluators of all examinations/procedures and data analysts. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon's rank sum test, chi-square test, and ANOVA test. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The 2 groups were homogeneous at baseline. The training group showed a significant improvement in oxygen maximum volume (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold (AT). Comparison of the training group and control group after 28 weeks showed a significant difference relating to VO2max and in AT. We did not find statistically significant diference in echocardiographic parameters, metabolic profile and in questionnaires SF-36 and ESSDAI. Conclusions: This study showed significant improvement in aerobic capacity and glycated hemoglobin after a supervised training program in patients with pSS with safety.

Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis in Primary Sjögren Syndrome: Correlation Between Low Ankle Brachial Index and Autoantibodies Positivity.

BACKGROUND: Primary Sjögren syndrome is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The delay in diagnosis allows the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state, which makes primary Sjögren syndrome an interesting model for the study of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis in 49 patients with Sjögren syndrome using noninvasive methods. METHODS: We assessed traditional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and family history of atherosclerosis. Patients with prior cardiovascular events and a history of atherosclerosis were excluded. Clinical and laboratory features were recorded, as well as the European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren's Syndrome Activity Index calculation. The atherosclerosis evaluation was done by carotid intima-media thickness, measured by ultrasonography, and ankle-brachial index (ABI). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (31%) had at least 1 traditional risk factor, and 65.3% had a European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren's Syndrome Activity Index score from mild to moderate. Only 2 patients had increased carotid intima-media thickness. However, 59% presented ABI alterations. Multiple correspondence analysis showed a clear correlation between low ABI and the positivity of autoantibodies (antinuclear antibodies, anti-SSA, rheumatoid factor). CONCLUSIONS: The subgroup of patients with positive autoantibodies showed low ABI, which may represent a higher risk of early atherosclerosis and indicate the need for more careful monitoring in this group.

Negative energy balance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation causes multicompartmental changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Objective. Describe multicompartmental changes in the fat and various muscle fiber types, as well as the hormonal profile and metabolic rate induced by SD in rats. Methods. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were equally distributed into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG was submitted to SD for 96 h. Blood levels of corticosterone (CORT), total testosterone (TESTO), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were used to assess the catabolic environment. Muscle trophism was measured using a cross-sectional area of various muscles (glycolytic, mixed, and oxidative), and lipolysis was inferred by the weight of fat depots from various locations, such as subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and epididymal. The metabolic rate was measured using oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) measurement. Results. SD increased CORT levels and decreased TESTO, IGF-1, and T4. All fat depots were reduced in weight after SD. Glycolytic and mixed muscles showed atrophy, whereas atrophy was not observed in oxidative muscle. Conclusion. Our data suggest that glycolytic muscle fibers are more sensitive to atrophy than oxidative fibers during SD and that fat depots are reduced regardless of their location.