The role of platelet-rich plasma in androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also referred to as male or female pattern hair loss, is the commonest cause of chronic hair loss and affects up to 80% of men by the age of 70. Despite a high prevalence, there are few approved therapies, which show minimal efficacy. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PrP) in the treatment of AGA in male patients. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane (CENTRAL), CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, Google Scholar and the Science Citation Index database were searched to identify eligible studies. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies related to PrP use in AGA were included. Primary outcomes included changes in hair density and hair count. Methodological quality was assessed using bias assessment tools. RESULTS: Eight RCTs and one cohort study were included in the review with a total of 291 participants. Six studies reported a statistically significant increase in hair density in the PrP group versus the control. Five studies reported a statistically significant increase in hair count with PrP. Seven studies showed moderate risk and two showed low risk of bias. CONCLUSION: In a methodologically robust review on the effectiveness of PrP on male AGA, PrP demonstrated some potential to be used therapeutically. However, the low quality of evidence, moderate risk of bias, and high heterogeneity of included studies limit inferences and call for more robust designs to investigate this further.

Blinded comparison of faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation.

AIM: To compare faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation. METHODS: The study group was a convenience sample of patients attending the Durham Constipation Clinic. All patients underwent transit studies according to an established protocol, and severity of constipation was assessed contemporaneously using a validated questionnaire (PAC-SYM). Transit studies were performed using radio-opaque markers that were ingested over 3 consecutive days, with a radiograph taken on the fourth day. Digital images of the radiograph were digitally altered to remove all traces of the transit markers without affecting the underlying pattern of faecal loading. Four observers assessed faecal loading independently; two clinicians (C1 and C2) and two radiologists (R1 and R2). C1 and R1 used a previously described formal scoring method of assessing faecal loading, whereas C2 and R2 assessed the images as if they were in a clinic or reporting session, grading the faecal loading as mild, moderate, or severe. RESULTS: One hundred patients were recruited out of 186 presenting in a 2-year period. All patients completed assessments. The correlation between observers was only fair to moderate (r ranging from 0.34-0.51). There were some surprisingly marked disagreements in 10-18% of assessments. The correlation between faecal loading and transit was weak for all observers (r ranging from 0.261-0.311). Symptom severity did not correlate with faecal loading. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is considerable inter-observer variation in the radiological assessment of faecal loading, irrespective of the training or method used by the observer, and that there is very poor correlation with colonic transit. The diagnosis of constipation, and the assessment of severity, is best performed clinically.

CT evaluation of treatment response in advanced gastric cancer.

Ninety-one patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were followed by serial computed tomography (CT) in a phase II study using multi-agent chemotherapy. Regression of primary tumour was seen in 43, with complete resolution in 5 and > 50% regression in 29. Involvement of loco-regional lymph nodes was seen in 43 patients, with complete resolution in 16, and > 50% regression in 21. Hepatic metastases were seen in 40 patients, with complete resolution in three and > 50% regression in 17. Regression in other less common sites in the chest and abdomen were also documented. The pattern of maximum response in all sites of disease was seen within the first 12 weeks of chemotherapy. The difficulties of disease management are discussed and recommendations for CT evaluation in this group of patients are made.

Posterior urethral valves in male infants and newborns: detection with US of the urethra before and during voiding.

PURPOSE: To document the appearance and width of the posterior urethra with transperineal ultrasound (US) before and during voiding in male infants and newborns with posterior urethral valves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with bilateral hydronephrosis underwent prospective transabdominal and transperineal US. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had proved posterior urethral valves (obstructed group); 18 patients had no obstruction (unobstructed group). In the obstructed group, the median posterior urethral width was 4.5 mm before and 10.0 mm during voiding. In the unobstructed group, the median posterior urethral width was 1.0 mm (P = .046) before and 4.0 mm (P < .001) during voiding. Bladder wall thickness was 3.0-7.6 mm (obstructed group) and 2.0-5.0 mm (unobstructed group; P < .001). With a posterior urethral diameter of at least 6 mm during voiding as a criterion for transperineal US diagnosis of obstruction, sensitivity was 100%; specificity, 89%; and positive predictive value, 88%. CONCLUSION: Transperineal voiding US is noninvasive and useful in diagnosing posterior urethral valves.

Clinical outcome and restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for ischaemic rest pain or ulceration.

The role of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the management of severe leg ischaemia is controversial. To investigate further the efficacy of angioplasty and the clinical consequences of restenosis, a randomly selected cohort of 29 patients with ischaemic rest pain or ulceration was studied for 6 months after a technically successful balloon angioplasty. All patients had digital subtraction arteriography at the end of follow-up. Seven of 15 patients undergoing the procedure for rest pain had sustained relief from the initial dilatation. Partial or complete healing was noted in all 14 patients with ulceration and was maintained at 6 months in 11 despite significant (greater than 30 per cent) restenosis at the angioplasty site in eight. There were no complications or clinical deterioration associated with the procedure. Angioplasty is an effective method for treating the severely ischaemic leg, especially when used to achieve ulcer healing; restenosis is often clinically unimportant.

Radiographic features of limb lengthening in children.

We report our experience in radiographic imaging in limb lengthening procedures using callotasis for limb lengthening discrepancy with the Orthofix dynamic monoaxial external fixator. Seventeen patients (average age at operation 10.8 years) completed 22 bone segments (7 femora, 11 tibiae, 4 ulnae) lengthening procedures. The average time for formation of good medullary bridging was over 6 months. The commonest radiographic abnormality was a periosteal reaction around the pin sites seen in 14 patients, while evidence of pin loosening was present in 10. All patients with pin loosening also showed periosteal reaction which pre-dated the loosening in 5 of 12 patients by an average of 47 days. Angulation was detected in 9 patients in the a.p. plane, and in 6 in the lateral plane. Six patients developed a ragged radiolucent region through the newly forming bone at an average of 95 days from the corticotomy but with uneventful healing.

Case report: hypomagnesaemia in a patient with acromesomelic dysplasia.

Hypomagnesaemia and acromesomelic dwarfism are both rare inherited disorders. We report the first case of both these conditions occurring in the same patient. Our child and his family pedigree are further evidence that both these diseases are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions. There is no known association between these two diseases.

Hypertension in paediatrics: can pre- and post-captopril technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scans exclude renovascular disease?

In children over 1 year of age, renal disease is the commonest cause of hypertension. Arteriography is considered the reference method to establish the diagnosis of renovascular disease; however, it is an invasive technique with a high radiation burden for children. This was a retrospective study of pre- and post-capto-technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) imaging compared with arteriography in 18 children between the ages of 3 and 17 years. Alone, the 99mTc-DMSA scan is a sensitive indicator of renal parenchymal disease, although non-specific in suggesting the pathology. The combination of pre- and post-captopril studies may increase the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of renovascular disease in the presence of hypertension. This work suggests that a screening investigation with a low radiation burden can be carried out at most institutions; if the investigation is positive, there will be a high index of suspicion that renovascular disease is the cause of the hypertension.

Septicemia in a child undergoing callotasis limb lengthening.

We report a patient undergoing femoral callotasis lengthening using the dynamic axial fixator to correct a post-infective leg length discrepancy of 7.8 cm. Seventeen days after the operation, the patient developed a pin site infection, which was successfully treated by oral antibiotics. On the 34th post-operative day, the infection reoccurred, and was accompanied by generalized malaise, vomiting and pyrexia. Serology identified Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. Following removal of the fixator, the child recovered, but only four cm of lengthening was achieved. The pins probably acted as a persistent foreign body, with local inflammation creating favorable ground for bacterial infection. The role of the previous multifocal osteomyelitis unclear, but it could have acted as a continuous source of pathogens. The resulting toxemia was not immediately suspected, and could have resulted in the loss of the patient had the fixator not been removed promptly.