Social determinants of health as a framework to identify and assess cross-sector funding opportunities.

OBJECTIVE: To present a content analysis and method for applying a social determinants of health (SDOH) analytical framework to legislation. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: Secondary data include 215 sections of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) and related information from federal government websites (e.g., press releases, notices of funding announcements, and funding tables). STUDY DESIGN: Researchers conducted a qualitative content analysis of legislative text, recording all sections, appropriations, allocations, and administrators. Using an SDOH analytical framework defined by Healthy People 2030, researchers coded each section, appropriation, and allocation within the legislation. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Researchers reviewed all ARPA sections, appropriations, and allocations separately, resulting in 328 entries. Descriptive characteristics were calculated using Tableau and Microsoft Excel. Researchers coded each appropriation or allocation using definitions and key words presented in the SDOH analytical framework. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Applying an SDOH analytical framework to the legislation's funding amounts reveals an overlap of investment opportunities that cross-sector initiatives can leverage. This overlap is seen primarily in two ways: (1) specific allocations and appropriations that can be used to meet multiple SDOH goals and (2) federal administrators receiving money that can be categorized according to multiple SDOHs. For example, approximately 99% of tracked ARPA funds can be used to support one or more SDOHs. Thirty-five appropriations or allocations can support programs categorized for more than one SDOH category. Eight departments received funds that could be designated for two or more SDOHs. All five SDOH categories can potentially receive funding from 3 to 11 federal administrators. CONCLUSIONS: Using an SDOH analytical framework is an innovative approach to conceptualizing and synthesizing the contents of complex legislation. This approach demonstrates funding patterns across SDOH that can encourage cross-sector collaborations. Future content analysis of legislation can employ this SDOH framework to demonstrate cross-sector initiative funding opportunities.

Development and Validation of a Measure to Assess Readiness to Advance Health and Equity: The Assessment for Advancing Community Transformation (AACT).

Multi-sector partnerships are core in efforts to improve population health but are often not as fully developed or positioned to advance health and equity in their communities as believed to be. Therefore, measuring the collaborations multi-sector partnerships undertake is important to document the inputs, processes, and outcomes that evolve as they work together towards achieving their goals, which ultimately creates a greater sense of shared accountability. In this study we present the development and validation of the Assessment for Advancing Community Transformation (AACT), a new tool designed to measure readiness to advance health and health equity. Development of the AACT included initial item pool creation, external evaluation from five subject matter experts, and pilot testing (including user feedback surveys) among 103 individuals. Validation of the AACT was performed using a series of confirmatory factor analyses on an expanded dataset representing 352 individuals from 49 multi-sector collaboratives across the United States. The results of our study indicate the items in the AACT align to six domains created during the scale development process, and that the tool demonstrates desirable measurement characteristics for use in research, evaluation, and practice.

Aligning healthcare, public health and social services: A scoping review of the role of purpose, governance, finance and data.

Organisations spanning social services, public health and healthcare have increasingly experimented with collaboration as a tool for improving population health and reducing health disparities. While there has been progress, the results have fallen short of expectations. Reflecting on these shortcomings, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) recently proposed a new framework for cross-sector alignment intended to move the field towards improved outcomes. A central idea in this framework is that collaboratives will be more effective and sustainable if they develop collaborative systems in four core areas: shared purpose, governance, finance and shared data. The goal of this paper is to provide a foundation for research on the four core areas of the cross-sector alignment framework. Accordingly, this study is based on two guiding questions: (1) how are collaboratives currently implementing systems in the four core areas identified in the framework, and (2) what strategies does the literature offer for creating sustainable systems in these four areas? Given the emergent nature of research on health-oriented cross-sector collaboration and the broad research questions, we conducted a systematic scoping review including 179 relevant research papers and reports published internationally from the years 2010-2020. We identified the main contributions and coded each based on its relevance to the cross-sector alignment framework. We found that most papers focused on programme evaluations rather than theory testing, and while many strategies were offered, they tended to reflect a focus on short-term collaboration. The results also demonstrate that starting points and resource levels vary widely across individuals and organisations involved in collaborations. Accordingly, identifying and comparing distinct pathways by which different parties might pursue cross-sector alignment is an imperative for future work. More broadly, the literature is ripe with observations that could be assessed systematically to produce a firm foundation for research and practice.

Dynamics of Parental Opioid Use and Children's Health and Well-Being: An Integrative Systems Mapping Approach.

The seemingly intractable opioid epidemic compels researchers, the media, and families to better understand the causes and effects of this complex and evolving public health crisis. The effects of this crisis on people using opioids, maternal prenatal opioid exposure, and neonatal abstinence syndrome are well-documented, but less is known about the impact of caregivers' opioid use on children's health and well-being. One challenge to understanding the effects of parental opioid use disorder (OUD) on child and adolescent outcomes is the numerous interrelated pathways in which a child's health and well-being can be impacted. To better understand these dynamic relationships, we applied a systems mapping approach to visualize complex patterns and interactions between pathways and potential leverage points for interventions. Specifically, we developed a causal loop diagram system map to elucidate the complex and interconnected relationships between parental OUD, social determinants of health at the family and socio-environmental levels, family strengths, social supports, and possible adverse impacts on children's physical and mental health and risks for future substance misuse. The goals of this research are to (1) identify factors and dynamics that contribute to the relationship between parental OUD and children's health and well-being and (2) illustrate how systems mapping as a tool can aid in understanding the complex factors and dynamics of the system(s) that influence the well-being of children and their parents or primary caregivers.

Community voice in cross-sector alignment: concepts and strategies from a scoping review of the health collaboration literature.

BACKGROUND: Health care access is an important driver of population health, and factors beyond health care also drive health outcomes. Recognizing the importance of the social determinants of health (SDOH), different actors in the health care, public health, and social service sectors are increasingly collaborating to improve health outcomes in communities. To support such collaboration, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation developed a cross-sector alignment theory of change. According to the cross-sector alignment theory of change, community voice is critical for helping collaboratives address community health needs. Yet research on health collaboratives offers mixed guidance on how community voice should be understood and which community voice strategies are most effective. METHODS: This study addresses a gap in the literature with a systematic scoping review of research on health-oriented cross-sector collaboration and community voice. By scanning key academic journals, searching three academic databases, and obtaining documents from across our professional networks, we identified 36 documents that address community voice in health collaboratives. RESULTS: The review reveals several conceptions of community voice and a range of community voice strategies. We find that community voice strategies fall on a spectrum between two broad types of approaches: active and passive. These vary not only in the level of power shared between communities and collaborators, but also in the level of involvement required from the community, and this in turn has important implications for community collaboration strategies. We also find that while most strategies are discussed in the context of short-term collaboration, many also lend themselves to adoption in the context of sustainable collaboration and, ultimately, cross-sector alignment. CONCLUSION: This review provides a characterization and conceptualization of community voice in health-oriented collaborations that provides a new theoretical basis for future research. Passive and active community voice strategies can be studied in more detail for their expected impact on health outcomes and disparities. Increased attention to active community voice and the resources it requires can help practitioners achieve improved health outcomes and researchers understand the pathways to health improvement through collaboration.

Health And Human Services Integration: Generating Sustained Health And Equity Improvements.

Concurrent increases in evidence about social determinants of health and the use of value-based health care incentives are driving new efforts to integrate health care and human services. Despite expectations that the integration of these complementary services could improve health, reduce health inequities, and reduce potentially avoidable health care use and costs, current evidence on the effectiveness, implementation, and sustainability of such cross-sectoral partnerships is sparse and mixed. To realize the potential of health care and human services integration, knowledge gaps in these key areas must be filled. In doing so, particular attention needs to be paid to understanding how power and resource differentials between organizations in the two sectors influence integration approaches and their impacts. Furthermore, increased societal investments in resources to address social needs are likely necessary for integrative initiatives to yield desired individual- and population-level impacts.

Systems Thinking and Simulation Modeling to Inform Childhood Obesity Policy and Practice.

OBJECTIVES: In 2007, 31.7% of Georgia adolescents in grades 9-12 were overweight or obese. Understanding the impact of policies and interventions on obesity prevalence among young people can help determine statewide public health and policy strategies. This article describes a systems model, originally launched in 2008 and updated in 2014, that simulates the impact of policy interventions on the prevalence of childhood obesity in Georgia through 2034. METHODS: In 2008, using information from peer-reviewed reports and quantitative estimates by experts in childhood obesity, physical activity, nutrition, and health economics and policy, a group of legislators, legislative staff members, and experts trained in systems thinking and system dynamics modeling constructed a model simulating the impact of policy interventions on the prevalence of childhood obesity in Georgia through 2034. Use of the 2008 model contributed to passage of a bill requiring annual fitness testing of schoolchildren and stricter enforcement of physical education requirements. We updated the model in 2014. RESULTS: With no policy change, the updated model projects that the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents aged ≤18 in Georgia would hold at 18% from 2014 through 2034. Mandating daily school physical education (which would reduce prevalence to 12%) and integrating moderate to vigorous physical activity into elementary classrooms (which would reduce prevalence to 10%) would have the largest projected impact. Enacting all policies simultaneously would lower the prevalence of childhood obesity from 18% to 3%. CONCLUSIONS: Systems thinking, especially with simulation models, facilitates understanding of complex health policy problems. Using a simulation model to educate legislators, educators, and health experts about the policies that have the greatest short- and long-term impact should encourage strategic investment in low-cost, high-return policies.

Selecting, Adapting, and Implementing Evidence-based Interventions in Rural Settings: An Analysis of 70 Community Examples.

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores how communities translate evidence-based and promising health practices to rural contexts. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative analysis was conducted using data from 70 grantees funded by the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy to implement evidence-based health practices in rural settings. Findings were organized using The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation. RESULTS: Grantees broadly interpreted evidence-based and promising practices, resulting in the implementation of a patchwork of health-related interventions that fell along a spectrum of evidentiary rigor. The cohort faced common challenges translating recognized practices into rural community settings and reported making deliberate modifications to original models as a result. CONCLUSION: Opportunities for building a more robust rural health evidence base include investments to incentivize evidence-based programming in rural settings; rural-specific research and theory-building; translation of existing evidence using a rural lens; technical assistance to support rural innovation; and prioritization of evaluation locally.

Using systems thinking in state health policymaking: an educational initiative.

In response to limited examples of opportunities for state policymakers to learn about and productively discuss the difficult, adaptive challenges of our health system, the Georgia Health Policy Center developed an educational initiative that applies systems thinking to health policymaking. We created the Legislative Health Policy Certificate Program - an in-depth, multi-session series for lawmakers and their staff - concentrating on building systems thinking competencies and health content knowledge by applying a range of systems thinking tools: behavior over time graphs, stock and flow maps, and a system dynamics-based learning lab (a simulatable model of childhood obesity). Legislators were taught to approach policy issues from the big picture, consider changing dynamics, and explore higher-leverage interventions to address Georgia's most intractable health challenges. Our aim was to determine how we could improve the policymaking process by providing a systems thinking-focused educational program for legislators. Over 3 years, the training program resulted in policymakers' who are able to think more broadly about difficult health issues. The program has yielded valuable insights into the design and delivery of policymaker education that could be applied to various disciplines outside the legislative process.

Georgia's Utilization Minigrant Program: promoting Medicaid/CHIP outreach.

Funded community-based organizations improved utilization of children's health services by developing innovative staffing patterns, creating new data systems for scheduling appointments and maintaining records, and forging new collaborative relationships to leverage financial support. These strategies were rooted in collaboration with community-based organizations, health care providers, and the state Medicaid agency.

Access and satisfaction among children in Georgia's Medicaid Program and SCHIP: 2000 to 2003.

The lagging reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) affects States' plans for sustaining mature programs. This study used the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) program survey in order to assess changes in access and satisfaction for Georgia's SCHIP (PeachCare) and Medicaid children as PeachCare matured 2000 to 2003. Adjusting for family and child characteristics, PeachCare enrollees reported better access and higher satisfaction than Medicaid clientele initially, but access differences narrowed by 2003 while differences in satisfaction grew. This may point to cultural/language issues or treatment stigma for Medicaid clientele. Nonetheless, overall plan ratings remained high for both groups.

Discontinuity of coverage for Medicaid and S-CHIP children at a transitional birthday.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To investigate disenrollment from public insurance at the 6-year transitional birthday when eligibility for many children moves from Medicaid to State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP). DATA SOURCES: Data from Georgia's S-CHIP (PeachCare) and Medicaid programs from 2000 to 2002. STUDY DESIGN: The likelihood of dropping public coverage after the reference birthday is modeled for children turning age 6 compared with a control cohort of children turning age 9 controlling for demographic and geographic differences between enrollees. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Over 17 percent of 6-year-olds versus only 7 percent of the control cohort dropped coverage. After controlling for other factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, prior enrollment, and geographic region) having lower historical expenditures is predictive of dropping coverage among all children, although the unadjusted effect is stronger among children enrolled in PeachCare before their sixth birthday. Only 1 percent of Medicaid children who remained covered transitioned to PeachCare. CONCLUSIONS: Turnover at transitional birthdays identifies a common pathway for children into the ranks of the uninsured. Facilitating continuous enrollment would retain in the programs children with lower than average expenditures. This may be one of the more cost effective ways of reducing the number of uninsured children in Georgia.