Comparison of surface adsorption efficacies of eco-sustainable agro/animal biomass-derived activated carbon for the removal of rhodamine B and hexavalent chromium.

Effective management and remediation strategies are crucial to minimize the impacts of both organic and inorganic contaminants on environmental quality and human health. This study investigates a novel approach utilizing cotton shell activated carbon (CSAC), rice husk activated carbon (RHAC), and wasp hive activated carbon (WHAC), produced through alkali treatment and carbonization under N2 atmosphere at 600 °C. The adsorption capacities of biomass-derived mesoporous activated carbons (CSAC, RHAC, WHAC) alongside macroporous commercial activated carbons (CAC) were evaluated for removing rhodamine B (Rh B) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+). The CSAC exhibits remarkable adsorption efficiency (255.4 mg.g-1) for Cr(VI) removal, while RHAC demonstrates superior efficacy (174.2 mg.g-1) for Rh B adsorption. Investigating various optimal parameters including initial pH (pH 3 for Cr and pH 7 for Rh B), catalyst dosage (200 mg.L-1), and initial concentration (20 mg.L-1), the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model is applied to reveal a hybrid adsorption mechanism encompassing monolayer (chemisorption) and multilayer (van der Waals adsorption) processes. Kinetic analysis highlights the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models as the most suitable, suggesting physiochemisorption mechanisms. Thermodynamic analysis indicates the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, with increased randomness at the solid-solution interface. Isosteric heat investigations using Clausius-Clapeyron, Arrhenius, and Eyring equations reveal a heterogeneous surface nature across all activated carbons. Further confirmation of Rh B and Cr(VI) adsorption onto activated carbons is provided through FTIR, FESEM, and EDAX analysis. This study highlights the innovation and promise of utilizing biomass-derived activated carbons for effective pollutant removal.

Observation of topological frequency combs.

On-chip generation of optical frequency combs using nonlinear ring resonators has enabled numerous applications of combs that were otherwise limited to mode-locked lasers. Nevertheless, on-chip frequency combs have relied predominantly on single-ring resonators. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of a novel class of frequency combs, the topological frequency combs, in a two-dimensional lattice of hundreds of ring resonators that hosts fabrication-robust topological edge states with linear dispersion. By pumping these edge states, we demonstrate the generation of a nested frequency comb that shows oscillation of multiple edge state resonances across ≈40 longitudinal modes and is spatially confined at the lattice edge. Our results provide an opportunity to explore the interplay between topological physics and nonlinear frequency comb generation in a commercially available nanophotonic platform.

Excitonic Mott insulator in a Bose-Fermi-Hubbard system of moiré WS2/WSe2 heterobilayer.

Understanding the Hubbard model is crucial for investigating various quantum many-body states and its fermionic and bosonic versions have been largely realized separately. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides heterobilayers have emerged as a promising platform for simulating the rich physics of the Hubbard model. In this work, we explore the interplay between fermionic and bosonic populations, using a WS2/WSe2 heterobilayer device that hosts this hybrid particle density. We independently tune the fermionic and bosonic populations by electronic doping and optical injection of electron-hole pairs, respectively. This enables us to form strongly interacting excitons that are manifested in a large energy gap in the photoluminescence spectrum. The incompressibility of excitons is further corroborated by observing a suppression of exciton diffusion with increasing pump intensity, as opposed to the expected behavior of a weakly interacting gas of bosons, suggesting the formation of a bosonic Mott insulator. We explain our observations using a two-band model including phase space filling. Our system provides a controllable approach to the exploration of quantum many-body effects in the generalized Bose-Fermi-Hubbard model.

The Indian perspective on the harmful substances found in sanitary napkins and their effects on the environment and human health.

In this study, hazardous substances in 5 different brands of sanitary napkins being used in India have been analysed through gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Concentration of chemicals such as volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) (acetone, iso propyl alcohol, toluene), persistent organic pollutant (dioxins and furans), phthalates and total chlorine present in sanitary napkin have been reported. Furthermore, amounts of plastic present per sanitary napkin and total plastic waste generation potential have been calculated. Additionally, data analysis was done to understand the health impacts of these hazardous chemicals on users and the environment. It has been found that Indian sanitary pads have higher concentration of hazardous chemicals, as compared to similar product being sold in developed countries like - USA, Europe and Japan. The values of total chlorine observed in 5 different brands were found to be in the range of 170 to 460 ppm; dioxins varied from 0.244 to 21.419 pg/g; furans varied from 0.07 to 0.563 pg/g; acetone varied from 351 to 429 ppm; isopropyl alcohol varied from 125 to 184 ppm; toluene varied from 2.91 to 3.21 ppb; concentration of two phthalates, DBP and DEHP varied from 57.3 to 127.8 and from 146.2 to 188.5, respectively. Plastic pollution potential of this waste is approximately 33,210 tons/year. Daily exposure volume (DEV) of dioxins varied from 2.295 to 2.266 pg TEQ/g and furan from 0.0616 to 0.0738 pg TEQ/kg/day, compared to safe TDI value < 0.7 TEQ/kg/day. Dioxin's value is around 3 times higher than the accepted TDI value, whereas furan is within acceptable limit. Daily exposure doses (DED) of DBP were observed in-between 4.24 and 9.47 µg/kg-bw/day, whereas the DEHP value varied from 0.541 to 0.698 µg/kg-bw/day.

A cross-sectional study to correlate antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and inflammation with prevalence of hypertension.

AIMS: Hypertension a multifactorial consequence of environmental factors, life style and genetics is the well-recognized risk factor contributing to coronary heart diseases. The antioxidant imbalance, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress which is pivotal in progression of hypertension. The present study aims to understand the complex interaction between oxidative stress, inflammation and antioxidant system which is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis which further can exaggerate hypertension pathophysiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The metabolic profile of hypertensive and normotensive subjects from Malwa region, Punjab was compared by estimating lipid profile, cardiac, hepatic and renal markers. The oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation), inflammatory markers (Nitric oxide, Myeloperoxidase and advanced oxygen protein products), and antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS: It is observed that the metabolic markers are altered in hypertensive subjects which further these subjects showed increased oxidative, inflammatory profile and compromised antioxidant status when compared with normotensive subjects. Co-relation analysis validated the involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in impaired endothelial function and vital organ damage. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: These markers may act as early indicators of hypertension which usually do not show any physical symptoms, thus can be diagnosed and treated at the earliest. The current study suggests that disturbed homeostasis, a consequence of altered interaction between antioxidant system and inflammatory events raises the oxidative stress levels which eventually leads to hypertension and associated complications. These indicators can serve as early indicators of future chronic complications of hypertension.

Meta-analysis of uranium contamination in groundwater of the alluvial plains of Punjab, northwest India: Status, health risk, and hydrogeochemical processes.

Despite numerous studies, there are many knowledge gaps in our understanding of uranium (U) contamination in the alluvial aquifers of Punjab, India. In this study, a large hydrogeochemical dataset was compiled to better understand the major factors controlling the mobility and enrichment of uranium (U) in this groundwater system. The results showed that shallow groundwaters (<60 m) are more contaminated with U than from deeper depths (>60 m). This effect was predominant in the Southwest districts of the Malwa, facing significant risk due to chemical toxicity of U. Groundwaters are mostly oxidizing and alkaline (median pH: 7.25 to 7.33) in nature. Spearman correlation analysis showed that U concentrations are more closely related to total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, Na, K, HCO3-, NO3- Cl-, and F- in shallow water than deep water, but TDS and salinity remained highly correlated (U-TDS: ρ = 0.5 to 0.6; U-salinity: ρ = 0.5). This correlation suggests that the salt effect due to high competition between ions is the principal cause of U mobilization. This effect is evident when the U level increased with increasing mixed water species (Na-Cl, Mg-Cl, and Na-HCO3). Speciation data showed that the most dominant U species are Ca2UO2(CO3)2- and CaUO2(CO3)3-, which are responsible for the U mobility. Based on the field parameters, TDS along with pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were better fitted to U concentration above the WHO guideline value (30 µg.L-1), thus this combination could be used as a quick indicator of U contamination. The strong positive correlation of U with F- (ρ = 0.5) in shallow waters indicates that their primary source is geogenic, while anthropogenic factors such as canal irrigation, groundwater table decline, and use of agrochemicals (mainly nitrate fertilizers) as well as climate-related factors i.e., high evaporation under arid/semi-arid climatic conditions, which result in higher redox and TDS/salinity levels, may greatly affect enrichment of U. The geochemical rationale of this study will provide Science-based-policy implications for U health risk assessment in this region and further extrapolate these findings to other arid/semi-arid areas worldwide.

Source apportionment, chemometric pattern recognition and health risk assessment of groundwater from southwestern Punjab, India.

The groundwater quality of southwestern Punjab, India, is a serious cause of concern due to the presence of chemical contaminants in it. However, limited studies of groundwater quality, sources of chemical contaminants and their health risks are available for the region. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the source, distribution and potential health risk assessment of groundwater quality in three districts of southwestern Punjab, India. The spatial distribution of groundwater chemical contaminants and their potential health risks have been illustrated using inverse distance weighting interpolation technique. The concentration of fluoride (F-; ranged from 0.08 to 4.79 mg L-1) exceeded the WHO limit (1.5 µg L-1) in 80 and 50% samples collected from Bathinda and Ludhiana districts, respectively. The uranium (U) concentration ranged from 0.5 to 432 µg L-1 and shows ~ 85%, 75% and 10% of samples collected from Bathinda, Barnala and Ludhiana districts exceeded the WHO drinking water limit (30 µg L-1), respectively. The groundwater quality of the Bathinda district is a matter of concern due to elevated levels of alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, uranium and nitrate (NO3-). The principal component analysis shows close association between F- and U, which indicates their geogenic origin. Further, they also seem to be subordinately influenced by diffuse anthropogenic activities. The clustering of Cu and Pb with NO3- and SO42- indicates their anthropogenic origin. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicates that F-, NO3- and U are the major health risk pollutants in the study area. The carcinogenic health risk of As and Cr exceeded the USEPA limits (10-6) in the entire study area, but observed to be more serious for the district Bathinda (10-3-10-5). The spatial distribution maps illustrate that the health risk for Bathinda district inhabitants is higher than Barnala and Ludhiana districts.

Quantification of groundwater-agricultural soil quality and associated health risks in the agri-intensive Sutlej River Basin of Punjab, India.

The quality of drinking water and agricultural soil significantly affects the health of residents of the area. The quality of groundwater used as drinking and irrigation water along with agricultural soil of an agri-intensive region of the Sutlej River Basin (SRB), Punjab (India), has been investigated in the present paper to further access their impacts on human health. The quality parameters studied are pH, conductivity, cations, anions and trace elements/heavy metals. The spatio-distribution maps of major contaminates have been made. The distribution of major existing groundwater and agricultural soil contaminants has also been illustrated using inverse distance weighting interpolation technique. Further, the Pearson correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) have been applied to explore the correlation and source apportionment analysis for the contaminants. Finally, the health risk assessment study has also been performed. The results showed elevated levels [compared to BIS acceptable limits] of bicarbonate and total hardness in more than 90% groundwater samples, while the concentration of Se and U exceeded in around 25% samples. Spatial distribution maps showed a non-homologous distribution pattern for most of the heavy metals except Zn, indicating their different origins. The significant existence of Se and U in groundwater and low content in soils indicated their geogenic origin. The Gibbs diagram suggested that rock-water interaction is the primary process controlling the chemical evolution of the groundwater in the region. The PCA indicated that Cu, Mn, Pb, NO3- and SO42- in groundwater have an anthropogenic origin, whereas Fe, As and U are mainly of geogenic origin. Significant positive correlations of heavy metals with Fe and Al in soils indicated scavenging of these elements by Fe/Al-oxyhydroxides minerals. Based on SAR, Na%, PI and corrosivity ratio analysis, it can be concluded that groundwater of the region is suitable for irrigation purposes Further, health risk assessment study indicated Cr and As are the possible cancer risk posing elements from both soil and groundwater. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that cumulative exposure (hazard index-1.98) of U (HQ 1.21), NO3- (HQ 0.37) and F- (HQ 0.34) might pose harmful impacts to residents through groundwater ingestion in the long term. Although currently the contaminants in the groundwater-soil system may not pose any human health risks, continuous long-term monitoring is required to keep a check on the changes in their quality with time.

Amido-amine derivative of alginic acid (AmAA) for enhanced adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution.

The present work reports the alternate synthesis of amido-amine derivative of alginic acid (AmAA) with high degree of functionalization. The AmAA have been characterized for percentage functionalization, functional group change, surface morphology and thermal decomposition behavior. The results indicate that the amido-amine derivatisation of alginic acid (AA) with >95% functionalization, significantly improves its Pb(II) adsorption efficiency (395.72 mg/g to 535.87 mg/g) over the AA. The equilibrium and kinetic studies showed that Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models fitted well to the experimental data, and these followed pseudo-second order kinetic model. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and 13C CP-MAS NMR (Cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) analysis revealed that Pb(II) binds to the carboxyl group in case of AA and to the carbonyl & amine group in case of AmAA, which leads to increase in its adsorption efficiency. The study concludes that the functionalization of amido-amine on AA improves its adsorptive efficiency for Pb(II) from aqueous medium.

Synthetic Gauge Field for Two-Dimensional Time-Multiplexed Quantum Random Walks.

Temporal multiplexing provides an efficient and scalable approach to realize a quantum random walk with photons that can exhibit topological properties. But two-dimensional time-multiplexed topological quantum walks studied so far have relied on generalizations of the Su-Shreiffer-Heeger model with no synthetic gauge field. In this work, we demonstrate a two-dimensional topological quantum random walk where the nontrivial topology is due to the presence of a synthetic gauge field. We show that the synthetic gauge field leads to the appearance of multiple band gaps and, consequently, a spatial confinement of the quantum walk distribution. Moreover, we demonstrate topological edge states at an interface between domains with opposite synthetic fields. Our results expand the range of Hamiltonians that can be simulated using photonic quantum walks.

Interference of Temporally Distinguishable Photons Using Frequency-Resolved Detection.

We demonstrate quantum interference of three photons that are distinguishable in time by resolving them in the conjugate parameter frequency. We show that the multiphoton interference pattern in our setup can be manipulated by tuning the relative delays between the photons, without the need for reconfiguring the optical network. Furthermore, we observe that the symmetries of our optical network and the spectral amplitude of the input photons are manifested in the interference pattern. We also demonstrate time-reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel-like interference in the spectral correlations using time-bin entangled photon pairs. By adding a time-varying dispersion using a phase modulator, our setup can be used to realize dynamically reconfigurable and scalable boson sampling in the time domain as well as frequency-resolved multiboson correlation sampling.

Photonic Anomalous Quantum Hall Effect.

We experimentally realize a photonic analogue of the anomalous quantum Hall insulator using a two-dimensional (2D) array of coupled ring resonators. Similar to the Haldane model, our 2D array is translation invariant, has a zero net gauge flux threading the lattice, and exploits next-nearest neighbor couplings to achieve a topologically nontrivial band gap. Using direct imaging and on-chip transmission measurements, we show that the band gap hosts topologically robust edge states. We demonstrate a topological phase transition to a conventional insulator by frequency detuning the ring resonators and thereby breaking the inversion symmetry of the lattice. Furthermore, the clockwise or the counterclockwise circulation of photons in the ring resonators constitutes a pseudospin degree of freedom. The two pseudospins acquire opposite hopping phases, and their respective edge states propagate in opposite directions. These results are promising for the development of robust reconfigurable integrated nanophotonic devices for applications in classical and quantum information processing.

Bio-analytical applications of nicking endonucleases assisted signal-amplification strategies for detection of cancer biomarkers -DNA methyl transferase and microRNA.

The low concentrations of cancer biomarkers in the blood have limited the utility of quantitative bioassays developed for the purpose. The advent of nicking endonucleases (NEases) as signal amplification tools have greatly enhanced the detection efficiency and provided a multi-optional platform to design target specific detection methods. The present review focuses on the prominent features of NEases, modified DNA probes (such as hairpin (HP) probes, molecular beacons, and G- quadruplex) that mediate cyclic cascade and role of helper enzymes. Application of NEase assisted signal amplification (NESA) has been discussed for diagnosis of two prominent cancer biomarkers viz. DNA methyl transferase (Dam MTase) and microRNA (miRNA). NESA mediated techniques such as rolling circle amplification (RCA), strand displacement amplification (SDA) and isothermal exponential amplification (EXPAR), have been compared in light of their future applications in clinical diagnosis. Significance of nanomaterials to achieve further amplification and NESA assays for simultaneous detection of miRNAs has also been conversed. It is anticipated that the information gained from the analyses of the prospects and limitations of NESA-based assays will be useful towards understanding the applications, and improvement of efficient isothermal exponential amplification strategies for highly sensitive and selective detection of cancer biomarkers.

A topological source of quantum light.

Quantum light is characterized by distinctive statistical distributions that are possible only because of quantum mechanical effects. For example, single photons and correlated photon pairs exhibit photon number distributions with variance lower than classically allowed limits. This enables high-fidelity transmission of quantum information and sensing with lower noise than possible with classical light sources1,2. Most quantum light sources rely on spontaneous parametric processes such as down-conversion and four-wave mixing2. These processes are mediated by vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, by manipulating the electromagnetic mode structure, for example with dispersion-engineered nanophotonic systems, the spectrum of generated photons can be controlled3-7. However, disorder, which is ubiquitous in nanophotonic fabrication, causes device-to-device spectral variations8-11. Here we realize topologically robust electromagnetic modes and use their vacuum fluctuations to create a quantum light source in which the spectrum of generated photons is much less affected by fabrication-induced disorder. Specifically, we use the topological edge states realized in a two-dimensional array of ring resonators to generate correlated photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing and show that they outperform their topologically trivial one-dimensional counterparts in terms of spectral robustness. We demonstrate the non-classical nature of the generated light and the realization of a robust source of heralded single photons by measuring the conditional antibunching of photons, that is, the reduced likelihood of photons arriving together compared to thermal or laser light. Such topological effects, which are unique to bosonic systems, could pave the way for the development of robust quantum photonic devices.

Curcumin revitalizes Amyloid beta (25-35)-induced and organophosphate pesticides pestered neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells via activation of APE1 and Nrf2.

Amyloid beta (Aß) peptide deposition is the primary cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Several reports point towards the role of pesticides in the AD pathogenesis, especially organophosphate pesticides (OPPs). Monocrotophos (MCP) and Chlorpyrifos (CP) are the most widely used OPPs. In this study, the role of MCP and CP in augmenting the Aß-induced oxidative stress associated with the neurodegeneration in AD has been assessed in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. From the cell survival assay, it was observed that MCP and CP reduced cell survival both dose- and time-dependently. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) based assay for determination of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) demonstrated that Aß(25-35), MCP or CP produce significant oxidative stress alone or synergistically in IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cells, while pretreatment of curcumin reduced ROS levels significantly in all treatment combinations. In this study, we also demonstrate that treatment of Aß(25-35) and MCP upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) whereas, no change was observed in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS/NOS1), but down-regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) level was observed. While curcumin pretreatment resulted in upregulation of iNOS and Nrf2 proteins. Also, the expression of key DNA repair enzymes APE1, DNA polymerase beta (Pol ß), and PARP1 were found to be downregulated upon treatment with MCP, Aß(25-35) and their combinations at 24 h and 48 h time points. In this study, pretreatment of curcumin to the SH-SY5Y cells enhanced the expression of DNA repair enzymes APE1, pol ß, and PARP1 enzymes to counter the oxidative DNA base damage via base excision repair (BER) pathway, and also activated the antioxidant element (ARE) via Nrf2 upregulation. Furthermore, the immunofluorescent confocal imaging studies in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells treated with Aß(25-35) and MCP-mediated oxidative stress and their combinations at different time periods suggesting for cross-talk between the two proteins APE1 and Nrf2. The APE1's association with Nrf2 might be associated with the redox function of APE1 that might be directly regulating the ARE-mediated neuronal survival mechanisms.

Biosensors for breast cancer diagnosis: A review of bioreceptors, biotransducers and signal amplification strategies.

Breast cancer is highly prevalent in females and accounts for second highest number of deaths, worldwide. Cumbersome, expensive and time consuming detection techniques presently available for detection of breast cancer potentiates the need for development of novel, specific and ultrasensitive devices. Biosensors are the promising and selective detection devices which hold immense potential as point of care (POC) tools. Present review comprehensively scrutinizes various breast cancer biosensors developed so far and their technical evaluation with respect to efficiency and potency of selected bioreceptors and biotransducers. Use of glycoproteins, DNA biomarkers, micro-RNA, circulatory tumor cells (CTC) and some potential biomarkers are introduced briefly. The review also discusses various strategies used in signal amplification such as nanomaterials, redox mediators, p19 protein, duplex specific nucleases (DSN) and redox cycling.

Topologically robust transport of entangled photons in a 2D photonic system.

We theoretically study the transport of time-bin entangled photon pairs in a two-dimensional topological photonic system of coupled ring resonators. This system implements the integer quantum Hall model using a synthetic gauge field and exhibits topologically robust edge states. We show that the transport through edge states preserves temporal correlations of entangled photons whereas bulk transport does not preserve these correlations and can lead to significant unwanted temporal bunching or anti-bunching of photons. We study the effect of disorder on the quantum transport properties; while the edge transport remains robust, bulk transport is very susceptible, and in the limit of strong disorder, bulk states become localized. We show that this localization is manifested as an enhanced bunching/anti-bunching of photons. This topologically robust transport of correlations through edge states could enable robust on-chip quantum communication channels and delay lines for information encoded in temporal correlations of photons.

Pyrimidine-fused Derivatives: Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Attributes.

Pyrimidine-fused derivatives traits the inextricable part of DNA and RNA, exhibit indispensable role in numerous biological processes, possessing momentous chemical and biological importance. Pyrimidine-condensed derivatives as the pharmacophore exhibit broad spectrum of biological activities encompassing antitubercular, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, anticancer and anti-HIV. Several retrosynthetic approaches, are available for the synthesis of pyrimidine-fused analogues which offers enormous scope in the field of medicinal chemistry. Ring fused pyrimidine and their innumerable derivatives continue to hold the attention of chemists since their presence in the biologically active resources have been known to elicit additive effects on the bio-efficacy of the molecules. The present review is a concerted effort to congregate information mainly focusing on the comprehensive categorization of pyrimidine ring based on their fusion with five, six, seven and eight-membered ring(s). Moreover, it also puts forward their systematic nomenclature, synthetic strategies, and bioactivities including SAR studies. This review is being put forwarded with an incentive to provide researchers with a comprehensive and updated literature. In addition, the manuscript also brings to light the various pharmacophore designs based on fusedpyrimidine ring system, delving deeper into synthesis and the subsequent generation of new libraries of pyrimidine-fused derivatives including their biological assessments.