A teenage girl with altered mental status and paraparesis.

A teenage girl presented with fever and altered mental status. MRI showed diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement of the brain and spine. She was diagnosed by a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture with tuberculous (TB) meningitis and was started on anti-TB medications and corticosteroids. Her mental status improved, but she was noted to have proximal weakness of the lower extremities. In the course of tapering corticosteroids at week 11 of anti-TB therapy, she became acutely confused and febrile. MRI demonstrated interval development of tuberculomas in the brain and a mass lesion in the thoracic spine causing cord compression. Given the clinical picture was suggestive of a paradoxical reaction, the dose of corticosteroids was increased. Infliximab was added when repeat MRI revealed enlargement of the mass lesion in the spine with worsening cord compression. She was successfully tapered off of corticosteroids. Over several months, the patient's motor function recovered fully, and she returned to ambulating without assistance.

Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of US Health Care Personnel: ACOEM and NTCA Joint Task Force on Implementation of the 2019 MMWR Recommendations.

: On May 17, 2019, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Tuberculosis Controllers Association issued new Recommendations for Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of Health Care Personnel, United States, 2019, updating the health care personnel-related sections of the Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005. This companion document offers the collective effort and experience of occupational health, infectious disease, and public health experts from major academic and public health institutions across the United States and expands on each section of the 2019 recommendations to provide clarifications, explanations, and considerations that go beyond the 2019 recommendations to answer questions that may arise and to offer strategies for implementation.

Early Use of Anti-influenza Medications in Hospitalized Children With Tracheostomy.

BACKGROUND: Early administration of anti-influenza medications is recommended for all children hospitalized with influenza. We investigated whether early use of anti-influenza medications is associated with improved outcomes in children with tracheostomy hospitalized with influenza. METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study through the Pediatric Health Information System database for patients aged 30 days to 19 years who were discharged between October 1, 2007, and September 30, 2015 with diagnostic codes for both influenza and tracheostomy. Our primary predictor was receipt of anti-influenza medications on hospital day 0 or 1. We used propensity score matching to adjust for confounding by indication. Primary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and 30-day all-cause revisit rate (emergency department visit or hospital admission). RESULTS: Of 1436 discharges screened, 899 met inclusion criteria. The median admission age was 5 years (interquartile range: 2-10). The majority had multiple complex chronic conditions (median 3; interquartile range: 3-4) and technology dependence, such as gastrostomy tube (73.6%). After matching 772 unique admissions by propensity score, LOS was shorter for the cohort receiving early anti-influenza medications (6.4 vs 7.5 days; P = .01) without increase in revisit rate (27.5% vs 24.1%; P = .28). More than 80% in both cohorts received empirical antibiotics, and the duration of antibiotic therapy was similar (5.0 vs 5.6 days; P = .11). CONCLUSIONS: Early use of anti-influenza medications in children with tracheostomy hospitalized with influenza is associated with shorter LOS, but these children continue to receive antibiotics despite identification and treatment of their viral infections.

Fatal Fulminant Pneumonia Caused by Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Negative for Major High-Virulence Factors Following Influenza B Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has indicated that Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia complicated with influenza virus infection is often fatal. In these cases, disease severity is typically determined by susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and the presence of high-virulence factors that are produced by Staphylococcus aureus, such as Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). CASE REPORT: We describe a rare case of fatal community-acquired pneumonia caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), which did not secrete major high-virulence factors and coexisted with influenza type B infection. The 32-year-old previously healthy male patient presented with dyspnea, high fever, and cough. His roommate had been diagnosed with influenza B virus infection 3 days earlier. Gram-positive clusters of cocci were detected in the patient's sputum; therefore, he was diagnosed with severe pneumonia and septic shock, and was admitted to the intensive care unit. Despite intensive antibiotic and antiviral treatment, he died of multiple organ failure 5 days after admission. His blood culture from the admission was positive for MSSA, and further analysis revealed that the strain was negative for major high-virulence factors, including PVL and enterotoxins, although influenza B virus RNA was detected by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should pay special attention to patients with pneumonia following influenza and Staphylococcus aureus infection, as it may be fatal, even if the Staphylococcus aureus strain is PVL-negative and sensitive to antimicrobial agents.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with influenza infection: report of two cases and systematic review of the literature.

Superinfection or coinfections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with influenza. There are limited data on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in this setting. We conducted a systematic review of the literature for patients with IPA following influenza infection. A total of 68 patients (two reported from our institution and 66 identified by literature review) were analyzed. The majority of patients had underlying comorbid illnesses. Overall, the mortality rate in this cohort was 47%. On multivariate analysis, H1N1 infection was associated with better outcome (odds ratio [OR]: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.05-0.67; p = 0.010), whereas corticosteroid therapy during hospitalization was associated with worse outcome (OR: 13.5; 95% CI: 3.65-49.67; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, IPA is an emerging serious infection in patients with influenza. A high index of suspicion is necessary for the timely identification and treatment of these patients.