Young Patient with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia Presents with Advanced Gastric Cancer and Extensive Atrophic Gastritis.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers including gastric cancer (GC). We herein report the case of a 30-year-old male patient with XLA who developed GC and extensive atrophic gastritis. He tested positive in the urea breath test, thus indicating the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Distal gastrectomy and chemotherapy were performed without any complications; however, the died two years after this diagnosis. Immunoglobulin deficiency makes these patients susceptible to progressive atrophic gastritis and the associated risk of GC. Therefore, patients with XLA are advised to undergo an evaluation for Helicobacter pylori infection as well as monitoring for GC.

Multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors in a patient with parietal cell dysfunction and adenosine triphosphatase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha gene variant.

A 47-year-old woman presented with multiple gastric tumors, each up to 10 mm in diameter, in the gastric body and fundus without mucosal atrophy. White spots and numerous transparent, light-brownish, small, and rounded spots were observed in the background gastric mucosa. Biopsy specimens obtained from the tumors revealed gastric neuroendocrine tumors. The patient exhibited hypergastrinemia and achlorhydria and tested negative for serum parietal cell antibody, intrinsic factor antibody, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Moreover, no additional lesions were detected on imaging. These findings were inconsistent with Rindi's classification. The tumor was resected via endoscopic submucosal resection. Histopathological examination revealed gastric neuroendocrine tumors G2 infiltrating the submucosa with no atrophy of the gastric mucosa, dilated fundic glands, parietal cell protrusions, and hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells. Immunohistochemically, the parietal cells were negative for both α- and ß-subunits of H+/K+ ATPase, suggesting parietal cell dysfunction. A genomic variant was identified in adenosine triphosphatase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha. After 7 years of treatment, there was no evidence of residual or metastatic lesions. Modification of adenosine triphosphatase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha may be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors in the context of gastric parietal cell dysfunction.

Long-term course of untreated asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia and minimally symptomatic eosinophilic esophagitis.

Background and study aims The long-term course of untreated asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia (aEE) and minimally symptomatic eosinophilic esophagitis (mEoE) are not well understood. This study aimed to clarify this course. Patients and methods A total of 36 patients with EE who were endoscopically followed up for more than 5 years, and who underwent more than one endoscopy evaluation after the first diagnosis, were investigated. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the continuous treatment: no treatment group (NT group, n=22) and proton pump inhibitor/potassium competitive acid blocker group (Tx group, n=14). Symptoms and endoscopic and histological findings were retrospectively reviewed according to endoscopic phenotypes. Endoscopic assessment was performed using the EoE endoscopic reference score (EREFS). Results The median follow-up period was 84.5 months in the Tx group and 92 months in the NT group. During the follow-up period, about half of the patients in the Tx-diffuse group persisted EREFS >3, while the remaining half had EREFS ≤2. The total EREFS in the NT-diffuse group remained almost unchanged (median: 2-4) without apparent exacerbation. In contrast, EREFS in the NT-localized group exhibited an unchanged or gradually decreasing trend, with statistical significance from the first diagnosis to 72 to 83 months after. Conclusions Untreated aEE and mEoE are not likely to worsen even without treatment at least for a median follow-up of 7 years. Instead, the localized type may spontaneously improve, implying a different pathogenesis in the presence of the diffuse type. Further studies should clarify the long-term prognosis.

Modulation of AMPK/ TET2/ 5-hmC axis in response to metabolic alterations as a novel pathway for obesity-related colorectal cancer development.

Obesity is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Sustained hyperglycemia destabilizes tumor suppressor ten-eleven translocation (TET) 2, which is a substrate of AMPK, thereby dysregulating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). However, the role played by this novel pathway in the development of obesity-related CRC is unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression levels of TET2 and 5-hmC in obesity-related CRC and the effects of TET2 expression on the proliferation of CRC cells. To this end, surgically resected CRC samples from seven obese patients (Ob-CRC) and seven non-obese patients (nOb-CRC) were analyzed, and expression levels of the TET family and 5-hmC were compared between the groups. A decrease was observed in TET2 mRNA levels and 5-hmC levels in Ob-CRC compared to that in nOb-CRC. Furthermore, we used CRC cell lines to investigate the relationship between insulin, proliferation, and TET expression and AMPK. In cell lines, glucose and insulin treatments suppressed the expression of TET2 and increased cell proliferation. Downregulation of TET2 using siRNA also induced cell proliferation. An AMPK activator inhibited insulin- or glucose-stimulated cell proliferation and restored TET2 expression. We propose the AMPK-TET2-5-hmC axis as a novel pathway and potential therapeutic target in obesity-related CRC development.

An Unusual Small Bowel Phytobezoar Successfully Resolved by Double-balloon Enteroscopy.

We herein report a very unusual case of small bowel obstruction caused by phytobezoar in a 69-year-old woman who consumed a large amount of bracken. The patient presented with nausea and vomiting. Computed tomography revealed an air-filled foreign body in the jejunum that had likely caused the small bowel obstruction. A fibrous foreign body diagnosed as a phytobezoar was detected using double-balloon enteroscopy. The obstruction was successfully resolved by crushing the phytobezoar repeatedly using a snare. Small bowel obstructions caused by phytobezoars are often treated with surgical interventions. However, endoscopic fragmentation using a snare is a minimally invasive treatment alternative.

Linked color imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Objectives: To assess the usefulness of linked color imaging (LCI), a recently developed image-enhanced endoscopy technique, in the endoscopic diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Methods: Thirty white light images (WLIs) and 30 WLI+LCI images collected from patients with and without EoE were randomly and blindly reviewed by 10 endoscopists, including four experts (Exs) and six non-Exs. Edema, ring, exudate furrows, and strictures were rated on the adjusted EoE endoscopic reference score; the diagnosis of EoE was assessed. Using the kappa value, inter- and intra-observer agreements were analyzed among endoscopists. Results: WLI+LCI images had a higher diagnostic accuracy for EoE than WLIs (0.85 vs. 0.70, respectively), especially in non-Exs or endoscopists with no experience with EoE patients. Inter-observer agreement for WLI+LCI images statistically surpassed WLIs for furrows (kappa, 0.73 vs. 0.67, respectively; p = 0.0013), stricture (kappa, 0.51 vs. 0.39, respectively; p = 0.0072), and diagnosis (kappa, 0.67 vs. 0.57, respectively; p < 0.0001) of EoE. The increase in inter-observer agreement in WLI+LCI images allowed for a reduction in the differences between the Exs and non-Ex endoscopists. Intra-observer agreement for WLI+LCI images surpassed WLIs for a ring (kappa, 0.62 vs. 0.43, p = 0.0052), and a similar trend was found in exudates, furrows, and diagnosis irrespective of the Exs or non-Exs. Conclusions: LCI can contribute to the improvement of the endoscopic diagnosis for EoE, with "moderate" to "substantial" consistency, by enhancing the visibility of abnormal findings, leading to reduced diagnostic disparities among endoscopists.

Endoscopic Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Basics and Recent Advances.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease, characterized by esophageal dysfunction and intense eosinophil infiltration localized in the esophagus. In recent decades, EoE has become a growing concern as a major cause of dysphagia and food impaction in adolescents and adults. EoE is a clinicopathological disease for which the histological demonstration of esophageal eosinophilia is essential for diagnosis. Therefore, the recognition of the characteristic endoscopic features with subsequent biopsy are critical for early definitive diagnosis and treatment, in order to prevent complications. Accumulating reports have revealed that EoE has several non-specific characteristic endoscopic findings, such as rings, furrows, white exudates, stricture/narrowing, edema, and crepe-paper esophagus. These findings were recently unified under the EoE endoscopic reference score (EREFS), which has been widely used as an objective, standard measurement for endoscopic EoE assessment. However, the diagnostic consistency of those findings among endoscopists is still inadequate, leading to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. Some endoscopic findings suggestive of EoE, such as multiple polypoid lesions, caterpillar sign, ankylosaurus back sign, and tug sign/pull sign, will aid the diagnosis. In addition, image-enhanced endoscopy represented by narrow band imaging, endocytoscopy, and artificial intelligence are expected to render endoscopic diagnosis more efficient and less invasive. This review focuses on suggestions for endoscopic assessment and biopsy, including recent advances in optical technology which may improve the diagnosis of EoE.

Intramural esophageal dissection with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Intramural esophageal dissection (IED), like esophageal perforation, is a rare complication of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). A 44-year-old woman who had experienced EoE for 8 years complained of food impaction, severe neck pain, and odynophagia as well as consulted the emergency unit. She was diagnosed with IED with mediastinal emphysema by enhanced computed tomography. After admission, she was treated conservatively with noninvasive treatment, including fasting, intravenous feeding, and antibiotics. Only nine cases of IED with EoE have been previously reported. All were male, and our patient was the first female patient from Asia. Urgent endoscopy was conducted in eight cases, of which three were worse after endoscopy, and in one case, total esophagectomy was conducted due to subsequent esophageal perforation. We did not perform urgent endoscopy on our patient because of a potentially increased risk of esophageal perforation through the procedure. When patients with EoE complain of severe retrosternal pain, odynophagia, or dysphagia, IED should be considered in addition to food impaction.

Low serum pancreatic amylase levels as a novel latent risk factor for colorectal adenoma in non-alcohol drinkers.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic alterations increase the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma (CRA). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or pancreatic disease (NAFPD) shares many risk factors with CRA that may have significant roles in its development; however, the relationship between CRA and NAFLD/NAFPD remains unclear. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 712 eligible participants without current drinking who had undergone total colonoscopy as part of a health checkup. These participants were classified into a CRA group (n = 236) and a control group (n = 439), which consisted of individuals without CRA and a history of polyp resection. NAFLD and NAFPD were diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasonography findings. RESULTS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was observed more frequently in individuals with CRA than in the control group (55.9% vs 41.6%, P < 0.01). There was no significant association between NAFPD and CRA; however, serum pancreatic amylase (P-amylase) levels were significantly lower in individuals with CRA. Although NAFLD was one of the factors increasing the presence of CRA (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.10), low P-amylase levels were significantly associated with the presence of CRA (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04-2.88) independent of age, sex, current smoking, obesity, metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, and NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum P-amylase levels were a possible independent risk factor for CRA in the present study. The latent pancreatic exocrine-endocrine-gut relationship was considered a novel pathway involved in obesity-related CRA development, in non-alcoholic individuals.

Atypical jejunal follicular lymphoma with severe stricture.

The typical macroscopic appearance of gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma (FL) are multiple white granules or small white polyps, called multiple lymphomatous polyposis type, and subsequent mass lesions with or without ulceration; however, an ulcer type with a stricture is extremely rare. We report a case of a 79-year-old male with severe jejunal stricture due to FL with an uncommon chromosomal translocation t(2;18)(p12;q21). The patient was treated with jejunectomy subsequent rituximab monotherapy with a favorable response. The presence of the stricture made its endoscopic diagnosis confusing; however, it was certainly accompanied by the distinctive white granules on the surface of the tumor as seen in typical FL. With the possibility of an FL with stricture in mind, it is important to collect subtle endoscopic findings of the surrounding mucosa carefully, in order to arrive at an accurate endoscopic diagnosis and eventually to the proper therapeutic option.

Small Bowel Endoscopic Features of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EoGE) is a rare digestive disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach and intestines. In the diagnosis of EoE, it is extremely important to recognize distinctive endoscopic findings and accurately detect increased eosinophilia in gastrointestinal tissues. However, endoscopic findings of EoGE in the small intestine remain poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a literature review of 16 eligible papers. Redness or erythema was the most common endoscopic finding in the small bowel, followed by villous atrophy, erosion, ulceration, and edema. In some cases, stenosis due to circumferential ulceration was observed, which led to retention of the capsule during small bowel capsule endoscopy. Although many aspects of small bowel endoscopic findings in EoGE remain elusive, the findings presented in this review are expected to contribute to the further development of EoGE practice.

Novel genomic alteration in superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms in non-smoker non-drinker females.

Alcohol consumption and smoking pose a significant risk for esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) development in males; however, ESCN is often diagnosed in non-drinking and non-smoking females. The mechanisms underlying these differences remain elusive, and understanding them can potentially identify novel pathways involved in ESCN development. We performed short-read sequencing to identify somatic variants on a cancer panel targeting 409 genes using DNA extracted from the superficial squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and adjacent non-neoplastic epithelium (NE), and immunohistochemical staining of the protein encoded by the target gene. All male patients (n = 117) were drinkers or smokers, whereas 45% of the female patients (n = 33) were not. Somatic variants were compared among three age-matched groups: 13 female ESCC patients with smoking and drinking habits (known-risk group, F-KR), 13 female ESCC patients without these habits (unknown-risk group, F-UR), and 27 males with ESCC and smoking and drinking habits (M-KR). In the NE, the frequencies of CDKN2A variants were significantly higher in F-UR than in F-KR and M-KR. In both ESCC and NE, p14ARF was significantly overexpressed in F-UR than in the other groups. In conclusion, CDKN2A might be important in ESCC development, independent of known risk factors.

Reliability of self-reported questionnaire for epidemiological investigation of Helicobacter pylori eradication in a population-based cohort study.

General population-based cohort studies provide solid evidence on mass Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication effects. Self-reported questionnaires are occasionally used in such studies to ascertain the HP eradication history. However, reports on the reliability of these questionnaires are lacking. This general population-based cohort study included 899 individuals with HP infection at the baseline survey who were reported to have eradicated it at the 5-year follow-up survey. Of these, the medical records of 280 patients were available for investigation, and the HP eradication status of 93 individuals was ascertained. Their medical records were reviewed, and the reliability of the self-reported questionnaire responses was assessed. Of the 91 individuals who successfully eradicated HP based on the medical records, 90 (98.9%) answered the self-reported questionnaire correctly, with an unweighted kappa value of 0.661 (p < 0.001). The difference between the self-reported and medical records age at eradication was within a 1-year range in most participants (86.8%). Similarly, the HP eradication procedure and the outcomes were reasonably matched. In conclusion, the responses to the self-reported HP eradication questionnaire were almost consistent with the medical records. Thus, HP eradication history assessment by a self-reported questionnaire is reliable for an epidemiological study in the general population.

Characteristics of the gut microbiome profile in obese patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Obesity affects the gut microbiome, which in turn increases the risk for colorectal cancer. Several studies have shown the mechanisms by which some bacteria may influence the development of colorectal cancer; however, gut microbiome characteristics in obese patients with colorectal cancer remain unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated their gut microbiome profile and its relationship with metabolic markers. METHODS: The study assessed fecal samples from 36 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer and 38 controls without colorectal cancer. To identify microbiotic variations between patients with colorectal cancer and controls, as well as between nonobese and obese individuals, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed. RESULTS: Principal coordinate analysis showed significant differences in the overall structure of the microbiome among the study groups. The α-diversity, assessed by the Chao1 index or Shannon index, was higher in patients with colorectal cancer versus controls. The relative abundance of the genera Enterococcus, Capnocytophaga, and Polaribacter was significantly altered in obese patients with colorectal cancer, whose serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations were positively correlated with the abundance of the genus Enterococcus; among the most abundant species was Enterococcus faecalis, observed at lower levels in obese versus nonobese patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated several compositional alterations of the gut microbiome in patients with colorectal cancer and showed that a reduced presence of E. faecalis may be associated with obesity-related colorectal cancer development. The gut microbiome may provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms in obesity-related colorectal carcinogenesis.

Small-bowel Capsule Endoscopic Features in Patients with Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: Three Case Reports.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is an uncommon disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of secondary causes and presents with a variety of gastrointestinal manifestations. Important diagnostic evidence for EGE can be provided by endoscopy; however, the specific small-bowel capsule endoscopic (SBCE) findings remain unknown. We herein report the SBCE findings of three cases of EGE as well as those of the previous cases. The most common findings in patients with EGE were multiple erythema and erosions with surrounding redness on SBCE; these findings should be considered for the diagnostic evaluation for EGE.

Somatic alterations and mutational burden are potential predictive factors for metachronous development of early gastric cancer.

The risk of developing metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) following curative endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early gastric cancer (EGC) remains even after eradicating Helicobacter pylori (HP) successfully. We screened initial EGC and adjacent non-cancerous mucosa ESD-resected specimens for somatic variants of 409 cancer-related genes, assessing their mutational burden (MB) to predict molecular markers for metachronous post-ESD development. We compared variants between ten patients diagnosed with MGC more than 3 years after ESD and ten age-matched patients who did not have MGC developments after successful HP eradication. We found no significant background differences between the two groups. In adjacent non-cancerous mucosa, the MB tended to be higher in the patients with metachronous developments than in the others. Somatic genomic alterations of RECQL4, JAK3, ARID1A, and MAGI1 genes were significantly associated with MGC development. The criteria including both the MB and their variants, which had potential significant values for predicting MGC. In conclusion, combined of assessing specific somatic variants and MB may be useful for predicting MGC development. This study included a limited number of subjects; however, our novel findings may encourage further exploration of the significance of the molecular features of EGC that predict MGC development, thereby promoting focused follow-up strategies and helping elucidate the mechanisms.

Clinical Features of Esophageal Eosinophilia According to Endoscopic Phenotypes.

Objective Esophageal eosinophilia (EE), a histological hallmark of eosinophilic esophagitis, is classified into two endoscopic phenotypes: localized and diffuse EE. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of EE localized in the lower esophagus and to describe its clinical features in comparison with diffuse EE. Methods Data from 81 consecutive patients with EE were retrospectively investigated. EE was histologically defined as ≥15 eosinophils per high-power field. Based on the endoscopic appearance with a histological assessment, EE was classified as either diffuse or localized type. We compared the clinical features, including the medical treatment and natural course, between the two types. Results Of the 81 patients, 52 (64.2%) had diffuse EE, and 29 (35.8%) had localized EE. Among men patients, localized EE was significantly more common than diffuse EE. In localized EE, dysphagia and food impaction were less prevalent, and the presence of rings was significantly less common than in diffuse EE. Acid-suppressive therapy was administered to only 3 of the 29 patients with localized EE. In asymptomatic patients, especially those with localized EE, endoscopic abnormalities did not worsen but rather improved in some findings, such as with regard to furrows or exudate, during the natural course of three years without medical treatment. Conclusion Localized EE has a strong predilection for men patients and accounted for more than one third of all cases of EE. This condition appears to be less symptomatic and necessitates milder medical treatment than diffuse EE and might not worsen progressively.

Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Associated with Gastric Outlet Obstruction and Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

A 47-year-old man presented with dysgeusia, anorexia, and diarrhea. An endoscopic evaluation showed widespread gastrointestinal nodular inflammation and polyps. The pathological findings were consistent with Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome (CCS). Prednisolone therapy resulted in clinical improvement. However, CCS relapse complicated with gastric obstruction was observed during drug tapering. Although his symptoms disappeared after the reintroduction of steroids, he developed membranous nephritis. Additional cyclosporine A (CyA) treatment dramatically improved his proteinuria and residual gastrointestinal polyposis. The clinical symptoms resolved with steroid treatment, while CyA was effective for both CCS lesions and membranous nephropathy. CyA might therefore be a potential treatment option for CCS associated with membranous nephropathy.

Association between High Levels of Circulating Chemerin and Colorectal Adenoma in Men.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are considered the risk factors of colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Chemerin is a novel adipocytokine associated with the development of gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and CRC. However, the relationship between chemerin levels and CRA remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at investigating the -association between serum chemerin levels and the development of CRA. METHODS: We conducted a total colonoscopy-based cross-sectional case-control study of 80 male patients with CRA and 80 male age-matched control individuals without CRA, according to their endoscopic findings. Serum chemerin concentrations were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and the OR of CRA was calculated via logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean serum chemerin level of the CRA group was significantly higher than that of the control group (7.9 ± 0.41 vs. 5.16 ± 0.34 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Serum chemerin level was positively correlated to the development of CRA (r = 0.34). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a high chemerin level was independently associated with the development of CRA (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.39-5.72). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that increased serum chemerin levels are positively associated with the presence of CRA in men. Chemerin may play an important role in the development of CRA.

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis complicated with severe stricture requiring surgical resection.

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is an uncommon benign disorder leading to esophageal strictures. The etiology remains unknown; however, anti-fungal treatments or endoscopic balloon dilation can improve early esophageal strictures and these rarely require surgical treatment. We report a case of a 46-year-old male with a 6 cm-long esophageal stricture due to EIPD, which did not improve following treatment with an anti-fungal agent, eventually causing aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, we performed a thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy, and his symptoms were improved after surgery. This case suggests that a surgical treatment should be considered in patients with extensive, severe strictures attributable to EIPD.