Perioperative Anaphylaxis in Japanese Secondary Care Institutions: Incidence, Causes, and the Imperative for Improved Diagnostic Practices.

Background This research investigates the incidence, suspected causes, and diagnostic procedures for perioperative anaphylaxis (POA), a potentially severe complication, in secondary care hospitals across Japan. Methodology We surveyed Saiseikai hospitals and gathered data on surgical procedures, POA occurrences, potential triggers, and diagnostic methods. Results Among 70,523 surgeries, seven were associated with POA, resulting in an approximate incidence rate of 0.01%. Rocuronium was the most commonly suspected trigger, followed by sugammadex, latex, and angiography contrast agents. Despite the importance of skin tests as the most basic and crucial diagnostic method, they were conducted in only three instances. No in vitro tests for drug identification were conducted, and in four cases, the cause was determined merely based on the timing of drug administration, indicating significant diagnostic limitations. Conclusions The study underscores the critical situation in Japan regarding insufficient diagnostic practices and difficulties in identifying triggering drugs rather than the consistent prevalence of POA in secondary care facilities. The findings emphasize the need for improved diagnostic proficiency and more rigorous drug identification practices to ensure prompt and accurate POA diagnosis. It is essential to conduct further research and interventions to increase patient safety during the perioperative period in secondary care settings.

Hypertension facilitates age-related diseases. ~ Is hypertension associated with a wide variety of diseases?~.

Hypertension, a disease whose prevalence increases with age, induces pathological conditions of ischemic vascular disorders such as cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction due to accelerated arteriosclerosis and circulatory insufficiency of small arteries and sometimes causes hemorrhagic conditions such as cerebral hemorrhage and ruptured aortic aneurysm. On the other hand, as it is said that aging starts with the blood vessels, impaired blood flow associated with vascular aging is the basis for the development of many pathological conditions, and ischemic changes in target organs associated with vascular disorders result in tissue dysfunction and degeneration, inducing organ hypofunction and dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesized that hypertension is associated with all age-related vascular diseases, and attempted to review the relationship between hypertension and diseases for which a relationship has not been previously well reported. Following our review, we hope that a collaborative effort to unravel age-related diseases from the perspective of hypertension will be undertaken together with experts in various specialties regarding the relationship of hypertension to all pathological conditions.

The WHO Global report 2023 on hypertension warning the emerging hypertension burden in globe and its treatment strategy.

Thirty-year % increase of adults with hypertension in the European/ Americas and South-East Asia/ Western Pacific (WHO region). Create using the data from: World Health Organization. Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer. Geneva, Switzerland: 2023.

Amelioration of oxygen-induced retinopathy in neonatal mice with fetal growth restriction.

Introduction: With the aim of optimizing the balance of maintaining a safe oxygen saturation and reducing the risk of retinopathy of prematurity in human neonates with fetal growth restriction (FGR), the present study investigated the distinct effects of oxygen supplementation on the retinal neovasculature using a murine premature neonatal oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model with or without fetal growth restriction. Methods: For comparison with normal birth-weight neonates, maternal low-protein diet-induced FGR neonates were subjected to fluctuating oxygen levels to generate oxygen-induced retinopathy. The retinal neovasculature was histologically evaluated, and comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted. Results: Compared to OIR neonates with normal birth weight, significant amelioration of the neovasculature, as indicated by decreases in the number of branch junctions, vascular distribution, maximal vascular radius and microaneurysm-like tufts, was observed in OIR mice with FGR. The results of retinal RNA-sequencing revealed downregulation of angiogenic factors that trigger pathological retinal neovascularization, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and corresponding upstream signaling pathways in OIR mice with FGR. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that FGR neonates have a higher capacity for retinal oxygen stress, and the risk of OIR development is attenuated compared to that in mature neonates with normal birth weight.

Lack of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T Cells Causes Colitis.

BACKGROUND: The ATP2B1 gene encodes for a calcium pump, which plays a role in removing Ca2+ from cells and maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduction of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in CD4+ T cells is thought to reduce the severity of colitis, while elevation of Ca2+ in CD4+ T cells induces T cell hyperactivity. Our aim was to clarify the role of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T cells and in inflammatory bowel disease development. METHODS: A murine CD4+ T cell-specific knockout (KO) of ATP2B1 was created using a Cre-loxP system. CD4+ T cells were isolated from thymus, spleen, and blood using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. To quantify messenger RNA levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. RESULTS: Although the percentages of CD4+ T cells in both KO mouse spleen and blood decreased compared with those of the control samples, both T-bet (a T helper 1 [Th1] activity marker) and GATA3 (a Th2 activity marker) expression levels were further increased in KO mouse blood CD4+ T cells (vs control blood). Diarrhea and colonic wall thickening (with mucosal changes, including crypt distortion) were seen in KO mice but not in control mice. Prior to diarrhea onset, the KO mouse colon length was already noted to be shorter, and the KO mouse stool water and lipid content were higher than that of the control mice. Tumor necrosis factor α and gp91 expressions were increased in KO mouse colon. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T cells leads to Th1 and Th2 activation, which contributes to colitis via elevation of tumor necrosis factor α and oxidative stress.

ATP2B1 deficiency in CD4+ T cells leads to T helper 1/T helper 2 activation, which in turn increases tumor necrosis factor α and oxidative stress. These changes contribute to colitis, which is characterized by diarrhea and colonic wall thickening.

Institutional Review Board Considerations for Clinical Trials.

To protect subjects who participate in human research, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play an important role in reviewing research and determining the validity of a study by comprehensively examining it for ethical issues, including invasiveness and management of personal information. They conduct regular and independent reviews to protect the health, rights, and welfare of research subjects. When we as researchers conduct clinical research, we must obtain IRB approval and submit our research for investigation of ethical issues before we begin.

Animal Models of Vasculitis.

The diagnosis of vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RV) is associated with considerable mortality; therefore, understanding the basic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of vasculitis is very important. Animal models of vasculitis have contributed to elucidating such mechanisms. We here introduce a Candida albicans water-soluble glycoprotein (CAWS)-induced vasculitis model and the methodological approach to evaluate inflammatory vascular change.

2023 update and perspectives.

Total 276 manuscripts were published in Hypertension Research in 2022. Here our editorial members picked up the excellent papers, summarized the current topics from the published papers and discussed future perspectives in the sixteen fields. We hope you enjoy our special feature, 2023 update and perspectives in Hypertension Research.

Dietary leucine supplementation restores T-cell mitochondrial respiration and regulates T-lineage differentiation in denervation-induced sarcopenic mice.

With the aim of offsetting immune dysfunction preceded by sarcopenia, the feasibility and efficiency of nutritional leucine supplementation were evaluated using a murine denervation-induced sarcopenia model. Sciatic nerve axotomy caused significant loss of skeletal muscle of the hind limbs and accelerated mitochondrial stress along with suppressed ATP production in spleen-derived T cells. Dietary leucine intake not only ameliorated muscle mass anabolism in a sarcopenic state, but also restored mitochondrial respiratory function, as indicated by elevated levels of basal respiration, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and ATP production, in T cells, which in turn led to downregulated expression of mTOR and downstream signals, as indicated by the findings of comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Consequentially, this finally resulted in amelioration of the sarcopenia-induced relative Th1/Th17-dominant proinflammatory microenvironment. These results highlight the importance of leucine-promoted metabolic cues in directing T cell fate in a sarcopenic microenvironment. The present study provides insights that particularly help rationalize the design and optimization of leucine supplementation for chronic sarcopenic patients with autoimmune diseases.

Exploring an immortal Turritopsis sp. as a less conventional natural system for study of aging.

Aim: Given its excellent capability of escaping from unavoidable harm and death, Turritopsissp. (T. sp.) has captured the attention and fascination of scientists as a less conventional tool for aging research. The current study introduces a method for establishment of a research model and comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to reveal the structural and functional diversity of T. sp. Methods: T. sp. medusae collected from the Pacific Ocean near Japan were reared using a common laboratory setting. Tissues of the gastrovascular cavity part (GP) and nerve ring part (NP) were collected, and total RNA was extracted. Bulk RNA-seq was performed to compare the different transcriptome landscapes between GP and NP. Results: The GP fragment could be utilized for studies related to stress response and systemic senescence, while the NP fragment could be used to explore system rejuvenation, self-repair and regeneration. Conclusions: As a less conventional system for aging research, by employing the most recently developed tools and techniques in the genomic revolution, comprehensive elucidation of the composition, development, and functions of T. sp. enabled us to explore the underlying mechanisms of the response to environmental stress and rejuvenation.

Single-cell transcriptomic architecture and cellular communication circuits of parametrial adipose tissue in pregnant mice.

AIMS: The activity and interactions of cellular subpopulations in the adipose tissue microenvironment are critical for the coordination of local and systemic adaptation during pregnancy. With a particular interest in parametrial adipose tissue (PmAT), single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was utilized to unveil the gestative cellular composition and functional shift. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To identify cell-type-enriched transcriptome profiles, a total of 18,074 cells in adipose tissue were studied. The cell populations were cataloged, and signaling crosstalk between adipocytes and other composition factions via soluble and membrane-bound factors were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: A marked decline of pregnancy adipocytes and relative elevation of non-adipocyte fractions were observed. A subpopulation of adipocytes, Adipo_5, with unique properties in the response to estrogen and the embryonic processes involved in pregnancy, was defined. Interactome analysis revealed the potential contribution of PmAT to the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance. During gestation, adipocytes shut down outgoing signaling, resulting in deterioration of the resistin-related incoming signaling network in B cells, which would therefore benefit tissue-specific maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, a subpopulation of adipocytes, Aipo_2, was also considered to take part in a paradigm shift in the process of pregnancy-induced chemical stiffness-triggered vesicular remodeling via the THBS signaling pathway network. SIGNIFICANCE: These data-derived findings will encourage investigation into the role of pregnant PmTA in pregnancy-related immunological, hypertensive and metabolic disorders, with the ultimate goal of establishing preventive strategies to mitigate these pregnancy-related health challenges. This translational aspect of our work holds significant promise for improving maternal and fetal well-being.