Diagnostic value of total serum/free prostate specific antigen and prostate cancer antigen-3 levels in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare serum total and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and serum prostate cancer antigen-3 (PCA3) levels in patients with prostate cancer in 2018 and 2019. METHODS: This research was a prospective case-control study. The case group included all patients with suspected prostate cancer, and the control group included individuals without prostate disease who were referred to Ali Asghar and Nour Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, from October 2018 to October 2020. The serum total PSA, free PSA, and PCA3 levels in both groups were measured using the ELISA method with standard kits and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The two groups were matched in terms of age and body mass index (BMI). The results showed that the mean free PSA level in the control group was significantly higher than that in the case group (P<0.05). Conversely, the mean total PSA level in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the mean PCA3 levels between the case and control groups. In addition, the total PSA variable with a cutoff of ≤3.14 exhibited 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity, demonstrating the highest diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between prostate cancer and healthy individuals. Similarly, the PCA3 value with a cutoff of ≤3.5 had a sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study results indicated that total PSA and PCA3 levels have higher diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with suspected prostate cancer from healthy individuals.

The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in the diagnosis and monitoring of large vessel vasculitides - a review article.

In the last two decades, advancements in positron emission tomography (PET) technology have increased the diagnostic accuracy of patients with large-vessel vasculitis (LVV). Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted, and patients suspected of having LVV can be diagnosed earlier with 18F-FDG PET. Two subtypes, giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TA), will progress when their response to corticosteroids and enhanced immunosuppression is inadequate. In the majority of patients, disease activity cannot be monitored solely through laboratory procedures; consequently, glucose metabolism may be a source of potential biomarkers. In this article, we discuss the current state of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging standards.

A rare case of hypomelanosis of Ito with enlargement of Virchow-Rabin spaces in a 10-year-old child with symptoms of seizures.

Hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) syndrome is a complex neuro-dermatological disorder that affects many organs in the body, including the skin, brain, eyes, and skeleton. This disease has been reported to present with seizures in a few rare cases. Seizures are seen in all age groups but are more common in children and the elderly. Virchow-Robin spaces (VRSs) are spaces around small arteries and the arteries that pierce the surface of the brain and are spread throughout the rest of the brain. As individuals age, the number and size of VRSs increase. A relationship between dilated VRSs and neuropsychiatric disorders has been observed above a 2 mm threshold. The patient is a 10-year-old child who was referred to the neurology ward of Imam Hossein Children's Hospital in Isfahan about 2.5 months ago due to seizures. The last seizure occurred four days before the visit, and the patient was sent for a brain computed tomography (CT) scan, which revealed diffuse bilateral hypopigmented lesions in the brain's white matter. The results of the para-clinical tests were relatively unremarkable. In the early stages of hospitalization, the child received treatment such as fluid therapy and anticonvulsant drugs to stabilize their vital condition. The patient's para-clinical tests, including brain CT, electroencephalogram, complete blood count, liver function test, and magnetic resonance imaging, showed the presence of HI syndrome and bilateral diffuse hypopigmented lesions in the white matter.

The diagnostic value of the computed tomography scan and ultrasonography in acute appendicitis.

The most prevalent cause of emergency abdominal surgery is acute appendicitis. Ultrasonography is safe and widely available, although it's operator-dependent and difficult for people with massive bodies. Computed tomography (CT) scans are more accurate than ultrasonography, with a 93 to 98% accuracy rate. The goal of this investigation is to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and CT scanning for acute appendicitis. This is a cross-sectional study that was performed on 231 patients with suspected with acute appendicitis. The Alvarado score was initially used to diagnose acute appendicitis. A radiologist performed abdominal ultrasonography on all patients. If the results of the ultrasonography were negative or unclear, a CT scan was performed using oral contrast. Finally, all ultrasonography and CT scan data were reevaluated by an experienced radiologist and compared to the patient's final diagnosis in the case of surgery and pathology results. Comparisons between the two groups were performed. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of ultrasonography according to pathology results in patients with low clinical suspicion were 74.9%, 63.4%, 94.3%, and 67.6%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of CT scans based on pathology results were 87.9%, 81.8%, 94.7%, and 79.3%, respectively, in patients with low clinical suspicion. The CT scan results in female patients suspected of appendicitis were completely consistent with the pathology results. The CT scan demonstrated greater specificity and sensitivity in diagnosing acute appendicitis compared to abdominal ultrasonography.

The dual role of Nrf2 in melanoma: a systematic review.

Melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Although novel treatments have improved patient survival in melanoma, the overall prognosis remains poor. To improve current therapies and patients outcome, it is necessary to identify the influential elements in the development and progression of melanoma.Due to UV exposure and melanin synthesis, the melanocytic lineage seems to have a higher rate of ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation. Melanoma has been linked to an increased oxidative state, and all facets of melanoma pathophysiology rely on redox biology. Several redox-modulating pathways have arisen to resist oxidative stress. One of which, the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), has been recognized as a master regulator of cellular response to oxidative or electrophilic challenges. The activation of Nrf2 signaling causes a wide range of antioxidant and detoxification enzyme genes to be expressed. As a result, this transcription factor has lately received a lot of interest as a possible cancer treatment target.On the other hand, Nrf2 has been found to have a variety of activities in addition to its antioxidant abilities, constant Nrf2 activation in malignant cells may accelerate metastasis and chemoresistance. Hence, based on the cell type and context, Nrf2 has different roles in either preventing or promoting cancer. In this study, we aimed to systematically review all the studies discussing the function of Nrf2 in melanoma and the factors determining its alteration.

Impact of Polypropylene Fibers on the Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of Rubber Tire Fine Aggregate Concrete.

In this research, the consequence of using rubber tire aggregates (RTA) on the durability and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene fibers (PF) reinforced concrete is evaluated. Fifteen concrete mixtures were produced and tested in the laboratory. RTA was utilized instead of fine natural aggregates (FNA) to the concrete at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by a volumetric fraction; also, the contents of PF in the concrete mixtures were 0%, 1%, and 2% by weight fraction. Finally, the following parameters were tested for all the mixtures: compressive and tensile resistances, fracture, changes in drying shrinkage, bulk electrical resistivity, elastic moduli, and resonance occurrences. The control sample was the one without RTA and PF. According to the results, by adding RTA to the mixtures, the shrinkage deformation amplified, but the PF addition caused a decrease in the shrinkage deformation. Furthermore, adding 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% RTA, with 2% PF leads to an upsurge in the flexural resistance by 34%, 24%, 16%, and 6%, respectively, relative to the control sample without PF and RTA. Moreover, the fracture energy of mixtures increased by utilizing PF and RTA simultaneously.