The Cantril Ladder as a Measure of Well-Being and Life Satisfaction Among Refugee Youth Experiencing Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress.

Given the number of refugee youth whom require mental health support, there is a need to provide community-based interventions that can be easily scaled-up at a low cost. Yet, safety procedures associated with community-based intervention require careful consideration. The Cantril Ladder is a visual scale used to assess life satisfaction. It could be a useful tool to track the well-being of participants throughout an intervention. However, concerns have been raised about the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures and it is recommended they are tested when used in specific populations. This is particularly relevant to the refugee youth population who experience ongoing stress due to concern for family, friends, housing, and schooling and whose perceptions of life satisfaction may differ to the cohorts the Cantril Ladder has previously been tested with. The purpose of this study was to explore the validity of the Cantril Ladder as a measure of well-being and life satisfaction in refugee youth experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms by exploring the relationship between how the youth scored on the Cantril Ladder with their scores on measures of depression and self-efficacy. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was applied to self-reported survey data in order to test how refugee youth experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms (n = 51) score on the Cantril Ladder compared with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE) scores. The mean Cantril Ladder score in the present sample was 5.33 (SD = 2.77). The PHQ-9 and GSE total scores together explained 19.1% of the variability in the Cantril Ladder score. The Cantril Ladder showed moderate concurrent validity with validated measures of depression and self-efficacy. These findings have important implications for intervention programs designed to support refugee youth experiencing post-traumatic stress, as the Cantril Ladder offers a promising way to track well-being throughout the program as part of a wider safety protocol procedure. Additional research is required to not only confirm these findings, but also to test the face validity of the Cantril Ladder for a more complete validation of life satisfaction.

A retrospective study of outcomes and the validation of the Sheffield Gastrostomy Score in PEGs, RIGs and PIGs.

INTRODUCTION: There are limited studies comparing the safety and effectiveness of Radiologically Assisted Gastrostomies (RAGs) against Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomies (PEGs). The Sheffield Gastrostomy Score (SGS) can be used to help predict 30-day mortality, more information is needed on its validity in RAGs. Our aim is to compare mortality between RAGs (Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomies (RIGs) and Per-oral Image Guided Gastrostomies (PIGs)) with PEGs and validate the SGS. METHOD: Data on gastrostomies newly inserted in three hospitals from 2016-2019 were retrospectively collected. Demographics, indication, insertion date, date of death, inpatient status and blood tests (albumin, CRP and eGFR) were recorded. RESULTS: 1977 gastrostomies were performed: Gastrostomy mortality at 7 days was 1.3% and at 30 days was 6%. There was a 5% 30-day mortality for PEGs, 5.5% RIGs, 7.2% PIGs (p = 0.215). Factors increasing 30 day mortality were age ≥60 years (p = 0.039), albumin <35 g/L (p = 0.005), albumin <25 g/L (p < 0.001) and CRP ≥10 mg/L (p < 0.001). For patients who died within 30 days; 0.6% had an SGS of 0, 3.7% = 1, 10.2% = 2 and 25.5% = 3, with similar trends for RAGs and PEGs. ROC curves showed the area under the curve for all gastrostomies, RAGs and PEGs as 0.743, 0.738, 0.787 respectively. DISCUSSION: There was no significant difference between 30-day mortality for PEGs, RIGs and PIGs. Factors predicting risk include age ≥60 years, albumin <35 g/L, albumin <25 g/L and CRP ≥10 mg/L. The SGS has been validated in this study for PEGs and for the first time in RAGs as well..

Metastatic Uterine Leiomyosarcoma as a Rare and Sinister Cause of Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Uterine leiomyosarcomas are an extremely rare subtype of uterine malignancy. This is a case report of a 47-year-old woman whose underlying uterine leiomyosarcoma manifested as acute respiratory distress secondary to pulmonary metastases. We highlight that a combination of suggestive imaging features and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may prompt its diagnosis, notwithstanding that histological examination of a tissue sample is mandatory for its confirmation. The diagnosis of this condition is arduous for a multitude of reasons, including the insidious clinical course, aggressive nature, and high propensity to metastasize, coupled with a lack of standardised guidelines for its preoperative work-up. These challenges are amplified where resources may be limited, such as in the Caribbean region, where radiographic imaging and treatment options may not always be readily available.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Social Media Users: A Content Analysis, Multi-Continent Study.

Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is defined as a delayed in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. This multinational study examined user interaction with social media about COVID-19 vaccination. The study analyzed social media comments in 24 countries from five continents. In total, 5856 responses were analyzed; 83.5% of comments were from Facebook, while 16.5% were from Twitter. In Facebook, the overall vaccine acceptance was 40.3%; the lowest acceptance rates were evident in Jordan (8.5%), Oman (15.0%), Senegal (20.0%) and Morocco (20.7%) and the continental acceptance rate was the lowest in North America 22.6%. In Twitter, the overall acceptance rate was (41.5%); the lowest acceptance rate was found in Oman (14.3%), followed by USA (20.5%), and UK (23.3%) and the continental acceptance rate was the lowest in North America (20.5%), and Europe (29.7%). The differences in vaccine acceptance across countries and continents in Facebook and Twitter were statistically significant. Regarding the tone of the comments, in Facebook, countries that had the highest number of serious tone comments were Sweden (90.9%), USA (61.3%), and Thailand (58.8%). At continent level, serious comments were the highest in Asia (58.4%), followed by Africa (46.2%) and South America (46.2%). In Twitter, the highest serious tone was reported in Egypt (72.2%) while at continental level, the highest proportion of serious comments was observed in Asia (59.7%), followed by Europe (46.5%). The differences in tone across countries and continents in Facebook and Twitter and were statistically significant. There was a significant association between the tone and the position of comments. We concluded that the overall vaccine acceptance in social media was relatively low and varied across the studied countries and continents. Consequently, more in-depth studies are required to address causes of such VH and combat infodemics.

Comparison of staged repair versus single-stage complete repair for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To evaluate comparative outcomes of the repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PAVSD), done as staged repair (SR) or single-stage complete repair (CR). METHODS: A systematic online search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane database, The Virtual Health Library, Clinical trials.gov, and ScienceDirect for studies comparing SR versus CR for treatment of PAVSD. Total mortality rate, operative and early post-operative mortality rate, post-operative ventilation duration, duration of post-operative intensive care unit (ICU) stay, need for post-operative extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support rate, transcatheter re-intervention rate, unplanned re-operation rate, freedom from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) re-intervention, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were the evaluated outcome parameters. RESULTS: Four comparative studies reporting a total of 264 patients who underwent SR (167 patients) or CR (97 patients) were included. Total mortality was higher in the SR group compared to the CR group (odds ratio (OR) 2.58, P = 0.03). Two groups were comparable regarding operative and early post-operative mortality (OR 1.37, P = 0.62), post-operative ventilation duration (mean difference (MD) - 1.58, P = 0.43), need for post-operative ECMO support rate (OR 4.72, P = 0.16), transcatheter re-intervention rate (OR 0.60, P = 0.53), unplanned re-operation rate (OR 0.73, P = 0.57), and LOS (MD - 3.39, P = 0.45). Higher rate of freedom from RVOT re-intervention was observed in the SR group (OR 4.16, P = 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Single-staged early CR of PAVSD significantly reduced total mortality rate as compared with SR. However, there is life-long risk of frequent need for RVOT re-interventions. Future high-quality randomised studies with robust methodological qualities are encouraged to evaluate the optimal timing and technique for repair of PAVSD, by analysing more outcomes in large patient groups and multi-centre studies.

Do we need to routinely perform cavity shaving with breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To evaluate comparative outcomes of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) of breast cancer with and without cavity shaving. METHODS: A systematic search of multiple electronic data sources was conducted, and all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing BCS with or without cavity shaving for breast cancer were included. Positive margin rate, second operation rate, operative time, post-operative haematoma, cosmetic appearance and budget cost were the evaluated outcome parameters for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Six RCTs reporting a total number of 971 patients; 495 of these underwent BCS plus shaving (BCS + S), and 473 underwent BCS alone were included. BCS + S showed significantly lower positive margin rate (Risk Ratio [RR] 0.40, P = 0.00001) and second operation rate (RR 0.38, P = 0.00001). BCS + S demonstrated longer operative time than BCS (79 ± 4 min vs 67 ± 3 min, Mean Difference 12.14, P = 0.002), and there was no significant difference in the risk of post-operative haematoma (RR 0.33, P = 0.20). CONCLUSION: BCS + S is superior to BCS in terms of positive margins rate and second operation rate. Operative time is longer when cavity shaving is performed.

The formidable task of fighting COVID-19 in Sudan.

Sudan is facing a formidable task of fighting COVID-19. The country is suddenly challenged by this health issue that will test its path towards peace, stability, and development. The fragile task of handling COVID-19 epidemic in Sudan is brought about by several factors such as the weak healthcare system and political conflicts, that have been intertwined with the recent regime. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was already high unemployment, soaring inflation and lack of social protection and safety nets for its populace. The government has been trying its best to address the pandemic, however, much still needs to be done. Neglecting Sudan by the international community in terms of support towards containment of COVID-19 has grievous implications for transition out of military dictatorship and efforts to curb the pandemic globally. As no country is safe if all is not safe. It is essential that Sudan should leverage on innovations, country-compatible measures, and other tailor-made strategies for effective responses.

Haemorrhoidectomy under local anaesthesia versus spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To evaluate comparative outcomes of local anaesthesia (LA) and spinal anaesthesia (SA) in patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy. METHODS: A systematic online search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database, The Virtual Health Library, Clinical trials.gov , and Science Direct. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing excisional haemorrhoidectomy under LA and SA were included. Post-operative pain score, need for rescue analgesia, urinary retention, headache, rectal bleeding, and operative time were the evaluated outcome parameters. RESULTS: Seven RCTs reporting a total number of 440 patients of whom 222 patients underwent haemorrhoidectomy under LA and 218 patients had the procedure under SA were included. LA was associated with significantly lower post-operative pain at 6 h (mean difference (MD) - 2.25, P = 0.0001) and at 24 h (MD - 0.87, P = 0.0002), need for a rescue analgesia (risk ratio (RR) 0.18, P = 0.002), urinary retention (RR 0.17, P = 0.0001), and headache (RR 0.09, P = 0.0003) compared with SA. However, there was no significant difference in rectal bleeding (RR 0.89, P = 0.70) and operative time (MD 1.15, P = 0.19) between LA and SA. CONCLUSION: Compared with SA, LA may be associated with significantly lower post-operative pain, need for rescue analgesia, urinary retention, and headache making it an attractive choice of anaesthesia in day-case surgery for those who are not either fit for GA or refuse such anaesthetic modality.

Drug shortage crisis in Sudan in times of COVID-19.

Sudan is witnessing severe drugs, medicines, and medical supplies shortages, which present a major impediment to the provision of emergency healthcare services. Drug insecurity in Sudan is as a result of several accumulated factors, primarily due to worsening economic condition, inappropriate pricing policy, privatization of the pharmaceutical sector, poor manufacturing and weak weak weregulatory system. These could threaten patient health through replacement of highly efficacious medicines with less effective alternatives and by impacting the scheduling of urgent medical operations and procedures. Drug and medicine shortages are of catastrophic impact especially amid the current epidemic of COVID-19 where these are salient needs. Efforts should be quickly directed to ensure immediate access to pharmaceutical products and other essential health commodities. Effective policies on drug importation, production, pricing, and distribution should be established to avoid the consequences of an impending crisis.

Treatment of periorbital dark circles: Comparative study of carboxy therapy vs chemical peeling vs mesotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation and comparison of the efficacy and safety of 3 different modalities of treatment for dark circles that function via different modes of action. METHODS: In total, 45 female patients with periorbital hyperpigmentation were randomly selected to participate from those attending the outpatient dermatology clinic of Al-Zahraa University Hospital within a 6-month period. Patients were divided into 3 groups, and the groups were subjected to different types of therapy: group A, carboxy therapy; group B, chemical peel; and group C, vitamin C mesotherapy. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were detected in improvements in pigmentation or the degree of patient satisfaction between any of the groups. However, the mesotherapy group reported more of a burning sensation following treatment than the other 2 groups but also showed a significant improvement in pigmentation and patient satisfaction compared with the carboxy group. CONCLUSION: All 3 treatment modalities were effective in the reduction in periorbital pigmentation. However, mesotherapy showed a significant improvement in pigmentation and a higher level of patient satisfaction compared with the other types of treatment.

Bolus intrathecal injection of ziconotide (Prialt®) to evaluate the option of continuous administration via an implanted intrathecal drug delivery (ITDD) system: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated efficacy and safety of bolus doses of ziconotide (Prialt®, Eisai Limited, Hertfordshire, UK) to assess the option of continuous administration of this drug via an implanted intrathecal drug delivery system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adults with severe chronic pain who were under consideration for intrathecal (IT) therapy were enrolled in this open label, nonrandomized, pilot study. Informed consent was obtained. Demographics, medical/pain history, pain scores, and concomitant medications were recorded. A physical examination was performed. Creatine kinase was measured. Initial visual analog scale (VAS), blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded. All patients received an initial bolus dose of 2.5 mcg ziconotide; the dose in the subsequent visits was modified according to response. Subsequent doses were 2.5 mcg, 1.2 mcg, or 3.75 mcg as per protocol. A good response (≥30% reduction in baseline pain VAS) with no side-effects on two occasions was considered a successful trial. Data were analyzed using a generalized estimating equations model, with pain VAS as the outcome and time (seven time points; preinjection and one to six hours postinjection) as the predictor. RESULTS: Generalized estimating equations analysis of summary measures showed a mean reduction of pain VAS of approximately 25% at the group level; of 11 responders, seven underwent pump implantation procedure, two withdrew because of adverse effects, one refused an implant, and one could not have an implant (lack of funding from the Primary Care Trust). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that mean VAS was reduced by approximately 25% at the group level after IT ziconotide bolus. Treatment efficacy did not vary with sex, center, age, or pain etiology. Ziconotide bolus was generally well tolerated. Larger studies are needed to determine if bolus dosing with ziconotide is a good predictor of response to continuous IT ziconotide via an intrathecal drug delivery system.