Point-of-Care-Ultrasound in Pediatrics: A Review and Update.

Point-of-Care-Ultrasound (POCUS) has encountered a tremendous expansion in patient care. POCUS has taken a central role during invasive procedures. POCUS has expanded to most subspecialties from adult to pediatric and neonatal health care. POCUS in pediatrics has also become part of specific critical situations such as myocardial function assessment during cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation deployment and neurological evaluation. In this review we will go over the most important historical aspects of POCUS. We will also review important aspects of POCUS in the intensive care unit, cardiologist evaluation and in the emergency department among others.

Point-of-care ultrasound needs assessment in a paediatric acute care setting in Malawi.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in an acute-care paediatric setting in Malawi, including clinical indications, types of examinations and frequency of positive findings. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of POCUS examinations performed in one tertiary referral hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi over 1 year. POCUS examinations were performed by Paediatric Emergency Medicine physician consultants as part of routine clinical practice and at the request of local clinicians. Images were saved along with the clinical indication and physician interpretation for quality review. Ultrasounds performed by the radiology department and those examinations that were technically faulty, missing clinical application or interpretation were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 225 ultrasounds of 142 patients were analysed. The most common clinical indications for which examinations were completed were respiratory distress (23%), oedema (11.7%) and shock/arrest (6.2%). The most common examinations performed were cardiac (41.8%) and lung (15.1%), focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST; 12.9%) and ultrasound-guided procedural examinations (9.8%). Pathology was identified in 68% of non-procedural examinations. Cardiac examinations demonstrated significant pathology, including reduced cardiac function (12.8%), gross cardiac structural abnormality (11.8%) and pericardial effusion (10.3%). CONCLUSIONS: POCUS was used for both clinical decision-making and procedural guidance, and a significant number of POCUS examinations yielded positive findings. Thus, we propose that cardiopulmonary, FAST and procedural examinations should be considered in future for the POCUS curriculum in this setting.

Evaluation and Management of an Abandoned Infant at a Quaternary Care Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Infants are often brought to an emergency department (ED) for medical evaluation upon surrender or abandonment. However, no specific guidelines exist for the care of surrendered or abandoned children. We describe the case of an abandoned infant who was brought to a pediatric quaternary care hospital as a model for evaluation and management. CASE REPORT: A 3-day-old abandoned female was brought to a quaternary care pediatric hospital ED. Given limitations in history, upon physical examination and in consultation with specialists, our team completed an extensive laboratory workup to guide initial management and treatment. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Abandoned and surrendered infants frequently enter the medical system via the ED, and emergency physicians must be aware of best practices to evaluate and manage these patients. While each infant presentation is unique, commonalities exist. Our care may serve as a starting point by which others may base their own management. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

Right Care for Children: Top Five Do's and Don'ts.

Underuse and overuse of medical interventions, failure to use interventions known to be effective, and provision of tests or interventions in which benefits do not exceed harms are types of low-value care. The Lown Institute's Right Care Alliance Children's Health Council identified five "do" recommendations that highlight underuse and five "don't" recommendations that highlight overuse in children's health care. The five "do" recommendations include: do provide access to long-acting reversible contraception for adolescents, do use nonpharmacologic interventions first for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, do discuss quality of life for children with complex medical conditions using a shared decision-making model and access resources such as palliative care subspecialists, do promote childhood literacy development by providing free, age-appropriate books in clinical settings, and do screen for socioeconomic status of the patient and family and provide access to community health and wellness resources. The five "don't" recommendations include: don't routinely prescribe antibiotics in children two to 12 years of age with a middle ear infection, don't perform computed tomography of the head for children with minor head trauma, don't use albuterol in children with bronchiolitis, don't routinely screen for hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents, and don't routinely perform preparticipation sports evaluations. These 10 examples of underuse and overuse were identified with the intent of improving health care value and promoting "Right Care."