Factors Associated with Adoption of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment for Advanced Melanoma: A SEER-Medicare Cohort Study.

We aimed to explore the differences in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy utilization for advanced melanoma by examining patient and neighborhood characteristics. We performed a retrospective cohort study using a deidentified, random sample of SEER-Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with stage III or stage IV melanoma (2011-2017). Our primary outcome was initiation of ICI immunotherapy (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or atezolizumab) after stage III or stage IV melanoma diagnosis. We analyzed ICI usage with multivariable logistic regression. After analyzing the entire 2011-2017 cohort, we conducted a secondary analysis in which we separately analyzed the 2011-2014 and 2015-2017 cohorts to assess possible differences over time. We included 3531 beneficiaries, with mean follow-up of 2.1 (SD = 2.0) years. Higher likelihood of ICI usage was associated with male sex (OR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.42) and higher density of medical oncologists (OR = 1.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.04). Lower likelihood of ICI usage was associated with older age group and Charlson comorbidity score (score ≥2; OR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.60-0.86). These associations were diminished in more recent years (no association with sex, medical oncologist density, Charlson comorbidity score, and association with only the oldest age group in years 2015-2017). We found significant sex- and age-related differences in initiation among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with stage III or stage IV melanoma, which appear to be improving over time.

Antihypertensive Medications and Risk of Melanoma and Keratinocyte Carcinomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Some antihypertensive medications are photosensitizing. The implications for skin cancer risk remain unclear because results from prior studies are inconsistent and as new evidence is published. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between antihypertensives and common skin cancers (cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) and to evaluate dose-response relationships. Forty-four articles met inclusion criteria, and 42 could be meta analyzed. Increased risks were seen for basal cell carcinoma with calcium channel blockers (relative risk [RR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.22), diuretics (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03-1.10), and thiazides (RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04-1.16); for squamous cell carcinoma with calcium channel blockers (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01-1.14), diuretics (RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.17-1.43), and thiazides (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15-1.61); and for melanoma in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03-1.14), calcium channel blockers (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.12), and thiazides (RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.17). The quality of evidence was low or very low. We observed evidence for dose-response for thiazides with basal cell carcinoma; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and thiazides with squamous cell carcinoma; and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and thiazides with melanoma. Our meta-analysis supports a potential causal association between some antihypertensives, particularly diuretics, and skin cancer risk.

Keratinocyte Carcinoma Incidence by Race and Ethnicity in Older Adults With Medicare Coverage.

This cohort study examines raw and age-adjusted differences in the incidence of keratinocyte carcinoma among Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity.

Skin Cancers in Medicare Beneficiaries With Actinic Keratoses.

Importance: Actinic keratoses (AK) are common premalignant skin lesions with a small risk of progressing to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There is some evidence that patients with AKs also have increased risks of other skin cancers beyond SCC. However, the absolute risks of skin cancer in patients with AKs are unknown. Objective: To calculate the absolute and relative risks of future skin cancer in Medicare beneficiaries with AKs. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was performed using a deidentified, random sample of 4 999 999 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2009 through 2018. Patients with treated AKs were included, and patients with seborrheic keratoses (SKs) were included as a comparator group. All patients were required to have at least 1 year between data set entry and first AK or SK. Patients with a history of skin cancer were excluded. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to March 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were first surgically treated skin cancer, including keratinocyte carcinoma (including SCC and basal cell carcinoma [BCC]) and melanoma. The absolute risks of skin cancer in patients with AKs were evaluated. Skin cancer risks in patients with AKs were compared with patients with SKs using adjusted competing risks regression. Results: A total of 555 945 patients with AKs (mean [SD] age, 74.0 [7.4] years; 55.4% female) and 481 024 patients with SKs (mean [SD] age, 73.3 [7.3] years; 72.4% female) were included. The absolute risk of skin cancer after a first AK was 6.3% (95% CI, 6.3%-6.4%) at 1 year, 18.4% (95% CI, 18.3%-18.5%) at 3 years, and 28.5% (95% CI, 28.4%-28.7%) at 5 years. Patients with AKs had increased risk of skin cancer compared with patients with SKs (any skin cancer: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.17; 95% CI, 2.15-2.19; keratinocyte carcinoma: aHR, 2.20; 95% CI, 2.18-2.22; SCC: aHR, 2.63; 95% CI, 2.59-2.66; BCC: aHR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.82-1.87; and melanoma: aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.60-1.73). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, older patients with AKs had substantial absolute risks, as well as elevated relative risks, of skin cancer. AKs may be clinical markers of UV exposure and increased skin cancer risk, including SCC, BCC, and melanoma. However, guidelines are lacking for follow-up skin cancer surveillance in patients with AKs. Efforts to develop evidence-based recommendations for skin cancer surveillance in patients with AKs are paramount.

Atypical Pediatric Presentation of Pilomatricoma.

Pilomatricomas are uncommon, benign tumors of the hair follicle, which are often misdiagnosed upon initial inspection. Here we describe the case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with a persistent draining tumor on the left side of his neck for approximately two years. The tumor was originally misdiagnosed as scrofuloderma but, eventually, our patient's pilomatricoma was identified with biopsy and successfully treated with elliptical excision. We discuss the importance of considering pilomatricoma in the differential diagnosis.

Trends Over Time in Medicare for Advanced Practice Clinicians in Dermatology, 2013-2020.

Importance: The number of advanced practice clinicians (APCs, including nurse practitioners and physician assistants) in the US is increasing. The effect this has on dermatology is unclear. Objective: To develop a method to identify APCs practicing dermatology in claims data and to evaluate the contribution of dermatology APCs to the dermatology workforce and how this has changed over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use files (2013 to 2020). As APCs are not listed by specialty, a method to identify APCs practicing dermatology was developed and validated using common dermatology procedural codes. The data were analyzed from November 2022 to April 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: The proportion of clinicians and office visits by dermatology APCs and physician dermatologists were evaluated using Mann-Kendall tests. Joinpoint analysis was also used to compare the average annual percentage change of dermatology procedures and clinicians in rural-urban areas between dermatology APCs and physician dermatologists. Results: The method to identify APCs practicing dermatology had 96% positive predictive value, 100% negative predictive value, 100% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Between 2013 and 2020, 8444 dermatology APCs and 14 402 physician dermatologists were identified. They provided 109 366 704 office visits in Medicare. The percentage of dermatology clinicians who were APCs increased over time, from 27.7% in 2013 to 37.0% in 2020 (P = .002). The proportion of dermatologic office visits provided by APCs also increased over time, from 15.5% in 2013 to 27.4% in 2020 (P = .002). For all procedure categories, the average annual percentage change was positive for dermatology APCs (range, 10.05%-12.65%) and was higher than that of physician dermatologists. For all rural-urban designations, the average annual percentage change was positive for dermatology APCs (range, 2.03%-8.69%) and was higher than metropolitan, micropolitan, and small-town areas from that of physician dermatologists. Conclusions and Relevance: In this retrospective cohort study, there was a temporal increase in the amount of dermatologic care provided by APCs in Medicare. These findings demonstrate changes in the dermatology workforce and may have implications for dermatology as a specialty.

The Role of Biologic Mesh and Fundoplication in the Surgical Management of Hiatal Hernias: A Multicenter Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Hiatal hernia repair is associated with substantial recurrence of both hiatal hernia and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). While small randomized controlled trials demonstrate limited differences in outcomes with use of mesh or fundoplication type, uncertainty remains. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective review of patients undergoing surgical treatment of hiatal hernias between 2015 and 2020 was performed. Patients with mesh and with suture-only repair were compared, and partial versus complete fundoplication was compared. Primary outcomes were hernia recurrence and occurrence of postoperative GER symptoms and dysphagia. Multivariable regression was performed to assess the effect of each intervention on clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 453 patients from four sites were followed for a median (IQR) of 17 (13) months. On multivariate analysis, mesh had no impact on hernia recurrence (odds ratio 0.993, 95% CI: 0.53-1.87, p = 0.982), and fundoplication type did not impact recurrence of postoperative GER symptoms (complete: odds ratio 0.607, 95% CI: 0.33-1.12, p = 0.112) or dysphagia (complete: odds ratio 1.17, 95% CI: 0.56-2.43, p = 0.677). CONCLUSION: During hiatal hernia repair, mesh and fundoplication type do not appear to have substantial impact on GER symptoms, dysphagia, or hernia recurrence. This multicenter study provides real-world evidence to support the findings of small RCTs.

A New-Onset Facial Lesion in a Hospitalized COVID-19 Patient.

Pressure ulcers form when skin is compressed against a bony prominence, often in the context of prolonged supine or prone-based care. Hospitalized, bedridden patients are at the highest risk of this complication, especially when preventative measures like regular rotational bed treatment are not employed. In this case report, we present a rare case of a COVID-19-related facial pressure ulcer that occurred in the context of regular rotational bed treatment. The lesion was managed by wound care and allowed to heal by secondary intention. Ultimately, we hope that this manuscript will raise awareness for this atypical ulcer location, especially as prone-position treatment approaches take hold.

Evaluation of ICARUS Guidelines and Recommendations Not Supported by Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: The ICARUS guidelines are a systematic review and Delphi process that provide recommendations in the treatment and management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many of the recommendations were supported by randomized trials; some were not. This study assesses guidelines with limited evidence and weak endorsement. METHODS: Four ICARUS guidelines were chosen: the role of fundoplication for patients with BMI > 35, regurgitation, chest pain, and extra-esophageal symptoms. A multicenter database of patients undergoing fundoplication surgery for GERD between 2015 and 2020 was used. Outcomes assessed were anatomic failure and symptom recurrence. Multivariable regression was performed. RESULTS: Five institutions performed a fundoplication on 461 patients for GERD with a median of follow-up of 14.7 months (IQR 14.2). On multivariate analysis, patients with the chosen pre-operative comorbidities achieved comparable post-operative benefits. Patients with a BMI > 35 were not more likely to experience anatomic failure. Patients with pre-operative regurgitation had similar symptom recurrence rates to those without. Patients with non-cardiac chest pain had comparable rates of symptom recurrence to those without. Reporting a pre-operative chronic cough attributable to reflux was not associated with higher rates of post-operative symptom recurrence. DISCUSSION: Among the ICARUS guidelines and recommendations, a small proportion was lacking evidence at low risk for bias and endorsement. The results of this multicenter study evaluated outcomes of patients with various pre-operative conditions: BMI > 35, chest pain attributable to reflux, extra-esophageal symptoms attributable to reflux, and regurgitation. Our findings endorse patients with these characteristics as candidates for anti-reflux surgery.

Safety and Feasibility of Performing Antireflux Procedures at a Safety Net Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: One-half of Americans have limited access to health care; these patients often receive care through safety net hospitals, which are associated with worse medical outcomes. This study aims to compare the outcomes of patients who received foregut surgery at a safety net hospital to those at a private or university hospital. We hypothesized that patients treated at the safety net hospital will have a greater rate of radiographic recurrence and reoperations. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent hiatal hernia repair or fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease at an affiliated safety net, private, or university hospital from June 2015 to May 2020. The primary outcome was radiographic recurrence. The secondary outcomes included reoperation and symptom recurrence. Analysis was performed using analysis of variance, chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 499 patients were identified: 157 at a safety net hospital, 233 at a private hospital, and 119 at a university hospital. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 16 (13) mo. The safety net hospital treated more Hispanics, females, and patients with comorbidities. Large hiatal hernias were more common at the safety net and private hospitals. Robotic surgery was more frequently at the university hospital. There was no difference in radiographic recurrence (13.4% versus 19.7% versus 17.6%; P = 0.269), reoperation (3.8% versus 7.2% versus 6.7%; P = 0.389), or postoperative dysphagia (15.3% versus 12.6% versus 15.1%; P = 0.696). On logistic regression, there were no differences in outcomes among institutions. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that despite the challenges faced at safety net hospitals, it could be feasible to safely perform minimally invasive foregut surgery with similar outcomes to private and university hospitals.

Systematic Review of Treatment of Patients with Achalasia: Heller Myotomy, Pneumatic Dilation, and Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review is to assess all comparative randomized controlled trials evaluating Heller myotomy, pneumatic dilation, and peroral endoscopic myotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder associated with degeneration of the myenteric plexus; it causes significant symptoms and impacts patient quality of life (QOL). The optimal treatment for patients with achalasia and the impact of these interventions on QOL remain unclear. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane were searched from inception to April 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the 3 interventions were included. Primary outcome was QOL at 12 to 36 months after the operation. Secondary outcomes included reintervention, dysphagia, leak/perforation, and GERD recurrence. RESULTS: Nine publications of 6 studies were included. Of the 9 publications, there was no significant difference in QOL at 12 to 36 months except for one study in which QOL was significantly higher in patients who underwent Heller myotomy as opposed to pneumatic dilation at 3 years; however, at 5 years there was no difference. Pneumatic dilation was associated with the highest rates of dysphagia recurrence and reintervention, but peroral endoscopic myotomy had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of achalasia should be chosen in accordance with patient goals. After any of the 3 interventions, QOL appears to be similar. However, peroral endoscopic myotomy may be associated with the lowest rates of perforation/leak, dysphagia, and reintervention and may be the lowest risk option. However, there are barriers to widespread use due to challenges in training and adoption.

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) 510(k) Process: A Systematic Review of 1000 Cases.

BACKGROUND: The vast majority of devices cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are through the 510(k) process, which allows medical devices to be quickly introduced into the market. The FDA 510(k) process is designed to minimize the burden and expense of bringing new devices to market; however, as a result, the FDA may be limited in its ability to establish the safety of these devices. METHODS: The FDA 510(k) online archives were searched for devices cleared from 2013 to 2014. One thousand devices were randomly selected. PubMed was searched for each device to identify publications about the devices. The primary outcome was the percentage of devices cleared through the 510(k) process with no published research. Secondary outcomes included: conflict of interest (COI) of authors and outcomes of published studies on the devices. RESULTS: A total of 6152 devices were cleared through the 510(k) process in 2013-2014. Of the 1000 randomly selected devices, 17.8% had published research. There were 375 manuscripts, of which 47 (12.5%) were randomized controlled trials. One-fourth (25.1%) of studies had a clearly identifiable COI, while COI was unclear for half (49.9%). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: There is limited evidence examining the safety and effectiveness of devices cleared via the 510(k) process. Thousands of devices are cleared through the FDA's 510(k) process each year with limited or no evidence publicly available. This has led to the market being introduced to potentially costly, nonbeneficial, or harmful devices. Devices, like prescription drugs, should undergo a more rigorous clearance process.

Analysis of Outcomes Associated With Outpatient Management of Nonoperatively Treated Patients With Appendicitis.

Importance: In the Comparison of Outcomes of Antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy (CODA) trial, which found antibiotics to be noninferior, approximately half of participants randomized to receive antibiotics had outpatient management with hospital discharge within 24 hours. If outpatient management is safe, it could increase convenience and decrease health care use and costs. Objective: To assess the use and safety of outpatient management of acute appendicitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study, which is a secondary analysis of the CODA trial, included 776 adults with imaging-confirmed appendicitis who received antibiotics at 25 US hospitals from May 1, 2016, to February 28, 2020. Exposures: Participants randomized to antibiotics (intravenous then oral) could be discharged from the emergency department based on clinician judgment and prespecified criteria (hemodynamically stable, afebrile, oral intake tolerated, pain controlled, and follow-up confirmed). Outpatient management and hospitalization were defined as discharge within or after 24 hours, respectively. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes compared among patients receiving outpatient vs inpatient care included serious adverse events (SAEs), appendectomies, health care encounters, satisfaction, missed workdays at 7 days, and EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) score at 30 days. In addition, appendectomy incidence among outpatients and inpatients, unadjusted and adjusted for illness severity, was compared. Results: Among 776 antibiotic-randomized participants, 42 (5.4%) underwent appendectomy within 24 hours and 8 (1.0%) did not receive their first antibiotic dose within 24 hours, leaving 726 (93.6%) comprising the study population (median age, 36 years; range, 18-86 years; 462 [63.6%] male; 437 [60.2%] White). Of these participants, 335 (46.1%; site range, 0-89.2%) were discharged within 24 hours, and 391 (53.9%) were discharged after 24 hours. Over 7 days, SAEs occurred in 0.9 (95% CI, 0.2-2.6) per 100 outpatients and 1.3 (95% CI, 0.4-2.9) per 100 inpatients; in the appendicolith subgroup, SAEs occurred in 2.3 (95% CI, 0.3-8.2) per 100 outpatients vs 2.8 (95% CI, 0.6-7.9) per 100 inpatients. During this period, appendectomy occurred in 9.9% (95% CI, 6.9%-13.7%) of outpatients and 14.1% (95% CI, 10.8%-18.0%) of inpatients; adjusted analysis demonstrated a similar difference in incidence (-4.0 percentage points; 95% CI, -8.7 to 0.6). At 30 days, appendectomies occurred in 12.6% (95% CI, 9.1%-16.7%) of outpatients and 19.0% (95% CI, 15.1%-23.4%) of inpatients. Outpatients missed fewer workdays (2.6 days; 95% CI, 2.3-2.9 days) than did inpatients (3.8 days; 95% CI, 3.4-4.3 days) and had similar frequency of return health care visits and high satisfaction and EQ-5D scores. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings support that outpatient antibiotic management is safe for selected adults with acute appendicitis, with no greater risk of complications or appendectomy than hospital care, and should be included in shared decision-making discussions of patient preferences for outcomes associated with nonoperative and operative care. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02800785.

Review of SAGES GERD guidelines and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) developed evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study is to evaluate guidelines lacking agreement among experts (grades B-D) or lacking support from randomized controlled trials (levels II-III). METHODS: Six guidelines were chosen for evaluation. A retrospective review of a multicenter database of patients undergoing fundoplication surgery for treatment of GERD between 2015 and 2020 was performed. Patients that underwent a concurrent gastrectomy or were diagnosed with pre-operative achalasia were excluded. Demographics, pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative variables were collected. Post-operative outcomes were evaluated based on selected SAGES guidelines. Outcomes were assessed using multivariable regression or stratified analysis for each guideline. RESULTS: A total of 444 patients from four institutions underwent surgery for the management of GERD with a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 16 (13) months. Guidelines supported by our data were (1) robotic repair has similar short-term outcomes to laparoscopic repair, (2) outcomes in older patients are similar to outcomes of younger patients undergoing antireflux surgery, and (3) following laparoscopic antireflux surgery, dysphagia has been reported to significantly improve from pre-operative values. Guidelines that were not supported were (1) mesh reinforcement may be beneficial in decreasing the incidence of wrap herniation, (2) a bougie has been found to be effective, and (3) the long-term effectiveness of fundoplication in obese individuals (BMI > 30) has been questioned due to higher failure rates. CONCLUSION: Many SAGES GERD guidelines not receiving Grade A or Level I recommendation are supported by large, multicenter database findings. However, further studies at low risk for bias are needed to further refine these guidelines.

Patient quality of life before and after ventral hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence is often reported as the primary outcome among studies of patients with hernias; however, there is growing interest in patient quality of life. The relationship between quality of life and recurrence is poorly understood. This study evaluates this relationship. METHODS: A secondary analysis of 3 prospective clinical trials was performed. The modified Activities Assessment Scale, a validated, abdominal wall-specific quality of life tool was used (1 = poor quality of life and 100 = perfect quality of life). Patients with and without a hernia recurrence were compared. Baseline quality of life, follow-up quality of life, and change in quality of life were measured. The relationship between quality of life and clinical outcomes was examined. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients were followed for median (range) 30 (14-44) months, of whom 31 (13.0%) had a clinical recurrence, whereas 207 (87.0%) had no clinical recurrence. Patients with recurrence were more likely to have a lower mean baseline quality of life (14 vs 26; P = .035), follow-up quality of life (42 vs 82; P < .001), and change in quality of life (19 vs 33; P < .018). The majority of patients with or without recurrence still experienced an improvement in quality of life (68% vs 79%; P = .142). CONCLUSION: Patients with lower baseline quality of life are likely to experience a recurrence following repair; however, most still report substantial improvements in quality of life. Assessing follow-up quality of life without accounting for baseline quality of life is incomplete; follow-up quality of life should be assessed with appropriate adjustment for baseline quality of life.