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1.
Iran J Psychiatry ; 19(3): 254-264, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39055521

RESUMO

Objective: Child-oriented psychotherapies, such as Attention Process Training (APT), target ADHD symptoms directly, whereas family-oriented interventions, like Parent Management Training (PMT), address its functional impairments. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of APT and PMT in treating ADHD symptoms. Method : This research was a randomized controlled trial in which 45 children (26 females and 19 males, with a mean age of 8.47 ± 1.66 years) with ADHD were selected conveniently and assigned randomly to one of three groups (PMT = 15, APT = 15, and CTRL = 15). The groups had no significant differences in ADHD severity. The PMT children were managed with parenting techniques. Children in the APT group practiced attention techniques, while children in the control group did not receive any intervention. Ritalin was prescribed to all the children in the three groups. The score on the Conners Parenting Rating Scale-Revised: Short form was the outcome variable. Results: Both interventions decreased ADHD symptoms severity more than the control group. Howver, the reduction in the APT group was more than in the PMT group (P-value < 0.001). The scores of 40% of the APT group and 80% of the PMT group did not fall below the cut-off point. In the APT group after the intervention, the inattention subscale was significantly lower than the hyperactivity subscale, while in the PMT group, the hyperactivity subscale was lower. The effect sizes of APT and PMT were 2.18 and 2.09, respectively. Conclusion: For ADHD, psychological interventions are crucial in addition to medication. According to the results of this study, APT is more effective for inattention symptoms, while PMT is more effective for hyperactivity symptoms. When selecting psychotherapy, the subtype of ADHD should be taken into account. Treatment sessions must also be completed according to intervention protocols.

2.
BMC Complement Med Ther ; 23(1): 303, 2023 Aug 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37649038

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Memory impairment caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection has been documented. Berberine (BRB) is well known for its enhancing effects on memory and has shown promising results. However, the impact of BRB on T. gondii infection and schizophrenia-induced consolidation and reconsolidation memory impairment is still unclear. Here; we examined the effect of BRB on the inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory consolidation and reconsolidation impairment induced by T. gondii infection, and ketamine (Ket) as a pharmacological model of schizophrenia. Also; the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus were analyzed. METHODS: Rats were infected with T. gondii RH strain or received Ket (30 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally (i.p) for at least five consecutive days (as the model of schizophrenia). Then followed by oral administration with BRB (25 mg/kg/day) for five days. Finally, the IA memory retention test was examined 48 post-conditioning, and BDNF was measured. RESULTS: Results indicated IA memory impairment in T. gondii-infected animals since lower step-through latency (STL) was observed than in control animals. We found significant (P = 0.01, P = 0.001) elevations in STL and a significant decrease (P = 0.001) in total time spent in the dark area following BRB administration in infected and Ket-treated rats, indicating improvement (increased STL) in consolidation and reconsolidation memory. Moreover, BDNF levels were reduced (P = 0.01) in the hippocampus and mPFC regions of both T. gondii- infected and Ket-induced groups, which remarkably enhanced after BRB treatment. Furthermore; we found that BRB administration notably increased the mPFC BDNF levels in mPFC (P < 0.01) and hippocampus (P = 0.001) in the Ket-treated and rats infected with T. gondii. CONCLUSION: Taken together; BRB may be a valuable preclinical treatment for improving memory impairment through BDNF expression in PFC and hippocampus, therefore; BRB is suggested for memory disturbances induced by T. gondii infection.


Assuntos
Berberina , Ketamina , Esquizofrenia , Toxoplasma , Animais , Ratos , Berberina/farmacologia , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo , Ketamina/farmacologia , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico
4.
BMC Pediatr ; 22(1): 70, 2022 01 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35093041

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Poor health behaviors and variables are recently more documented in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) lifestyle which might be relevant to the pathophysiology of this disorder. The objective of this case-control study was to assess the nutrient intake, dietary patterns, and anthropometric variables in children with ADHD compared to normal peers. METHOD: One hundred children diagnosed with ADHD were included and compared to 100 healthy, sex-matched normal children as the control group. Anthropometric indices, macronutrients, and micronutrients were measured and compared in both groups. RESULTS: ADHD children were significantly consuming more simple sugars, tea, ready-made meals but less protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, zinc and calcium compared to the control group. The body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference of children with ADHD were significantly higher and were related to the severity and type of the disease. CONCLUSION: Unhealthy eating behavior is more frequent in children with ADHD, compared to normal children which might warrant lifestyle intervention in this disorder.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Antropometria , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Humanos
5.
J Pediatr Rehabil Med ; 14(1): 19-29, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33720855

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Currently, there is a paucity of studies on the prevalence of Elimination Disorders among Iranian children and adolescents. Due to the ongoing need to monitor the health status of these children and adolescents, the present study aims to investigate the prevalence of Elimination Disorders and comorbid disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 29,781 children and adolescents age 6 to 18 years old were selected and studied from all the provinces in Iran. The sampling was carried out by employing a multistage cluster sampling method, and several clinical psychologists using semi-structured interviews collected the data. Furthermore, clinical psychologists collected demographic information (including information about gender, age, place of residence, education level, and parental education level). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Generally, the prevalence of Elimination Disorders was found to be 5.4% covering both enuresis (p= 5.4, 95% CI = 5.1-5.7) and encopresis (p= 0.13, 95% CI = 0.09-0.2). The total prevalence of comorbid disorders was 38%, and among the comorbid disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (p= 11, 95% CI = 9.5-12.7) and Separation Anxiety (p= 10.6, 95% CI = 9.1-12.2) were the most prevalent. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Elimination Disorders in Iranian children and adolescents is moderate compared to similar studies elsewhere. As for comorbid disorders, ADHD and Separation Anxiety were found to be the most prevalent disorders. Since Elimination Disorders coexist with psychiatric disorders in children, further studies of these comorbidities may give better insight into the treatment and prognosis of Elimination Disorders.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtornos da Excreção , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Criança , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Prevalência
6.
Appl Neuropsychol Adult ; 28(3): 310-317, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31282216

RESUMO

Executive functions are higdevel cognitive processes that make possible the formation of flexible and adaptive goal-directed behaviors and the frontal lobes regulate these functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frontal EEG coherence in theta, alpha, and beta bands and executive functions in adults. A sample of 168 students (Mage = 25.44 years, SD = 4.52) were included in this study. EEG records were recorded at the psychology laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University (Iran), then intrahemispheric and interhemispheric coherence of frontal regions were analyzed using the NeuroGuide software. The participants were asked to fill in the Adult Executive Skills Questionnaire. Correlational results showed that there is a positive relationship between executive functions and EEG coherence in theta, alpha, and beta bands in frontal regions of the left hemisphere, EEG coherence of alpha and beta bands in frontal regions of the right hemisphere and EEG coherence of alpha band between frontal regions of the two hemispheres. The results of the regression analysis also revealed that coherence of alpha, beta, and theta bands between left and right frontal regions and coherence of beta and theta bands in the left frontal regions predict executive functions. These results indicate that the common activity of frontal cortex, especially the left hemisphere, is associated with executive functions and cognitive control.


Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Função Executiva , Adulto , Lobo Frontal , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Testes Neuropsicológicos
7.
Iran J Psychiatry ; 15(4): 351-357, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33240385

RESUMO

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly in the world beyond the health care capacity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced an emergency state that needs quick and effective actions. In the lack of specific medicine and vaccine, integration of mental health and nutritional care in the platform of a powerful managerial technique named the "Logical Framework Approach" (LFA) could be helpful for successful control of this pandemic. The strengths of the LFA for coronavirus management program are stakeholders' involvement, integrative teamwork in research and medical procedures, as well as Inter-sectoral cooperation. The related organizations like WHO and ministries of health of every country could easily adopt this approach and act more efficiently to manage this pandemic.

8.
BMC Psychiatry ; 20(1): 502, 2020 10 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33046041

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous symptoms, subtypes, and cognitive deficits. Cognitive deficits are central to ADHD pathophysiology and one potential source of heterogeneity in ADHD. Subtype-specific cognitive correlates are not, however, well-studied. We explored cognitive correlates of ADHD subtypes based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) scores. We also assessed subtype-specific self-esteem rating in ADHD subtypes and explored its association with cognitive correlates. METHODS: One hundred thirty-nine children with ADHD (80.6% boy, 19.4% girl) were categorized into the predominantly "hyperactive (ADHD-H)", "inattentive (ADHD-I)" and "combined (ADHD-C)" subtype based on their symptoms and scores on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) and Conners Parent-Rating Scale (CPRS-RS). They were then individually administrated the WISC-IV and completed a self-esteem inventory. Group differences in the WISC-IV indices and their predictability in discriminating ADHD subtypes were analyzed. RESULTS: We found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive abilities among ADHD subtypes with "working memory" as the most compromised cognitive domain. ADHD-I had the poorest cognitive profile while ADHD-H scored highest in all cognitive domains. Importantly, cognitive abilities were negatively correlated with inattention and positively correlated with hyperactive symptoms. Moreover, self-esteem ratings were positively correlated with the cognitive domains and were rated differently based on the subtypes. ADHD-H, with the highest cognitive strength, reported the highest level of self-esteem among all subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD subtype-specific symptoms, cognitive deficits, and self-esteem problems should be considered for precise diagnosis and effective and personalized treatment in ADHD in light of further supporting evidence and assessments. Cognitive interventions might be more compatible with and effective in inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. Working memory improving-based interventions can benefit all ADHD subtypes. A supportive educational system in school and providing adjunct supportive interventions should be considered for children with ADHD as well.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Atenção , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Criança , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Autoimagem
9.
BMC Psychiatry ; 20(1): 372, 2020 07 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32677923

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been promising and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018, but effects differ between patients. Knowledge about clinical predictors of rTMS response may help to increase clinical efficacy but is not available so far. METHODS: In a retrospective study, we investigated the efficacy of rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or supplementary motor area (SMA) in 65 pharmaco-resistant OCD outpatients recruited for rTMS treatment from July 2015 to May 2017. Patients received either SMA rTMS (n = 38) or bilateral DLPFC rTMS (n = 27) in case of reporting higher affective and depressive symptoms in addition to the primary OCD symptoms. OCD symptoms and depression/anxiety states were measured at baseline (before the 1st session) and after the 20th session of rTMS. Additionally, we performed a binary logistic regression analysis on the demographic and clinical variables based on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) 3-factor and 2-factor models and individual items to investigate potential predictors of rTMS response. RESULTS: Patients' scores in Y-BOCS and Beck anxiety/depression inventories were significantly decreased following rTMS treatment. 46.2% of all patients responded to rTMS, based on the criterion of at least a 30% reduction in Y-BOCS scores. There was no significant difference between response rates of patients in DLPFC and SMA groups. No significant demographic predictors of rTMS efficacy were identified. The factors "obsession severity", "resistance" and "disturbance" and the "interference due to obsessions" and "resistance against compulsions" items of the Y-BOCS significantly predicted response to rTMS. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with less intrusive/interfering thoughts, and low scores in the "obsession severity", "disturbance", and "resistance" factors, rTMS might have superior effects. Identifying clinical and non-clinical predictors of response is relevant to personalize and adapt rTMS protocols in pharmaco-resistant OCD patients. Interpretation of rTMS efficacy should be done with caution due to the lack of a sham intervention condition.


Assuntos
Córtex Motor , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo , Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Resultado do Tratamento
10.
Asian J Psychiatr ; 53: 102059, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32512529

RESUMO

Childhood anxiety may lead to serious health consequences in later life. The present study provides the prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. This was a cross-sectional national project that was implemented on 28,698 children and adolescents in Iran. Participants entered the study by multistage cluster sampling with an equal number of each gender and three age groups (6-9, 10-14, and 15-18 years) within each cluster. The tools used in this research were the demographic questionnaire and K-SADS-PL. To analyze the data logistic regression and chi-square tests were used in SPSS (ver. 16). The prevalence of anxiety disorder in children and adolescents was 13.2 in boys and 15.1 in girls. Furthermore, gender, age, place of residence and history of psychiatric hospitalization of parents could predict anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders had comorbidity with behavioral disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance abuse disorders, and elimination disorders. According to our findings in this study, anxiety disorders affect the performance, health and life of children and adolescents, identifying the childhood anxiety, as well as finding diseases that are associated with anxiety disorders, can help in the prevention of the disorder.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade , Adolescente , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Criança , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Masculino , Prevalência
11.
J Affect Disord ; 274: 93-102, 2020 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32469838

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is primarily characterized by deficient emotion regulation. Impaired cognitive control over negative emotions is central to emotion dysregulation in BPD. Respective executive dysfunctions are associated with hypoactivation of prefrontal regions, and consecutive alterations of fronto-limbic network functionality. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on (1) executive dysfunctions and (2) whether improving cognitive control affects emotion dysregulation and emotional processing in BPD. METHODS: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to active stimulation (N = 16) or sham stimulation (N = 16) group in a randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group design. They received 10 sessions of active (2 mA, 20 min, anodal left- cathodal right DLPFC) or sham tDCS over 10 days. Major executive functions, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional processing of the patients were assessed before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS: The active stimulation group showed a significant improvement in major executive function domains. Importantly, cognitive reappraisal strategy of emotion regulation and several factors of emotional processing involved in the control of emotion significantly improved in the active stimulation group after the intervention. Factors related to emotional expression were, however, not affected. LIMITATIONS: The single-blind design, absence of follow-up measures, and the intrinsically limited focality of tDCS are limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing activity of the DLPFC improves executive functioning in BPD and improves ´cognitive control over negative emotions. Cognitive control interventions could be a potential, symptom-driven therapeutic approach in BPD.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/terapia , Cognição , Método Duplo-Cego , Regulação Emocional , Emoções , Função Executiva , Humanos , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Método Simples-Cego
12.
BMC Psychiatry ; 20(1): 229, 2020 05 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32404081

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequality in mental health in Iran is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health among Iranian adults. METHODS: The study used the baseline data of PERSIAN cohort study including 131,813 participants from 17 geographically distinct areas of Iran. The Erreygers Concentration index (E) was used to quantify the socioeconomic inequalities in poor mental health. Moreover, we decomposed the E to identify factors contributing to the observed socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health in Iran. RESULTS: The estimated E for poor mental health was - 0.012 (95% CI: - 0.0144, - 0.0089), indicating slightly higher concentration of mental health problem among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults in Iran. Socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health was mainly explained by gender (19.93%) and age (12.70%). Region, SES itself, and physical activity were other important factors that contributed to the concentration of poor mental health among adults with low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: There exists nearly equitable distribution in poor mental health among Iranian adults, but with important variations by gender, SES, and geography. These results suggested that interventional programs in Iran should focus on should focus more on socioeconomically disadvantaged people as a whole, with particular attention to the needs of women and those living in more socially disadvantaged regions.


Assuntos
Saúde Mental/economia , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários
13.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.);42(2): 162-167, Mar.-Apr. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1089253

RESUMO

Objective: This was the first national epidemiological study on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Iran, which provided new information about the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD. Methods: Data from a face-to-face household survey of 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were collected from across all 31 provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling design. The Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used in this study. Results: The lifetime prevalence of ODD was found to be 3.9%. ODD was significantly more common in boys than girls and appeared in late adolescence more frequently than in childhood. A lower prevalence of ODD was found among participants who lived in rural areas. ODD is highly likely to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive disorders. Conclusions: The findings of this national population-based study confirm and extend previous findings on the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Comorbidade , Prevalência , Entrevista Psicológica , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia
14.
Braz J Psychiatry ; 42(2): 162-167, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31433003

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This was the first national epidemiological study on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Iran, which provided new information about the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD. METHODS: Data from a face-to-face household survey of 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were collected from across all 31 provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling design. The Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used in this study. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of ODD was found to be 3.9%. ODD was significantly more common in boys than girls and appeared in late adolescence more frequently than in childhood. A lower prevalence of ODD was found among participants who lived in rural areas. ODD is highly likely to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this national population-based study confirm and extend previous findings on the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos
15.
Int J Eat Disord ; 53(3): 349-361, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31742760

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the prevalence of feeding and eating disorders, and identified their correlates and comorbidities among children and adolescents. METHOD: We used the nationally representative sample of the Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP) survey, with 30,532 participants randomly selected by a multistage cluster sampling method. We employed the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured face-to-face interview to screen for any psychiatric disorders, including feeding and eating disorders, and associated factors. We used multivariate binary logistic regression to analyze the data. RESULTS: Valid data from 27,111 participants were analyzed. The total prevalence of feeding and eating disorders among children and adolescents was 0.89 (0.81-1.10). In all types of feeding and eating disorders, the adjusted odds ratio was higher among girls (except binge-eating disorder) and older adolescents but was lower among rural residents. The most common psychiatric comorbidities observed in children and adolescents with feeding and eating disorders were obsessive-compulsive disorder (20.2%), agoraphobia (20.2%), depressive disorder (16.4%), social phobia (10.1%), oppositional defiant disorder (10.1%), generalized anxiety disorder (9.4%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (7.5%), and conduct disorder (5.7%), which were significantly more common compared to their peers without feeding and eating disorders. DISCUSSION: Older age, female gender and living in an urban area are predisposing factors in feeding and eating disorders (in binge-eating disorder, the male gender is a positive correlate). We suggest that future works pay attention to the role of gender, comorbidities and predisposing factors.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Masculino , Prevalência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
16.
Arch Iran Med ; 22(10): 546-553, 2019 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31679355

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There is no clear picture regarding the prevalence rates of autism and its comorbidities among Iranian children and adolescents. The present study aimed to estimate these rates as part of a large national population-based study on epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: The total sample consisted of 31000 children and adolescents between 6 to 18 years of age. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Present and Life time version (K-SADS-PL) was used as the diagnostic tool. RESULTS: The prevalence of autism in the total sample is equal to 0.1% (10 per 10000), with a 2:1 male-to-female ratio. In total, 86% of people with autism had at least one comorbid condition. Intellectual disability, epilepsy, enuresis and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with prevalence rates of 70.3%, 29.7%, 27% and 21.62%, respectively, were the most prevalent comorbid conditions in people with autism. Maternal personality disorders were also shown to be associated with increasing risk of autism. CONCLUSION: The present study shows high prevalence rates for autism and its comorbid conditions among Iranian children and adolescents. It also reveals that there is a relationship between some maternal psychiatric disorders and the risk of autism.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Deficiência Intelectual/epidemiologia , Mães/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Transtornos da Personalidade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Distribuição por Sexo
17.
Epilepsy Behav ; 96: 109-113, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31128450

RESUMO

This qualitative study investigated experiences of patients with epilepsy in Iran regarding stigma. Twenty-two participants were chosen by purposive sampling method. After getting informed consent, we conducted and recorded interviews and then transcribed them verbatim. After that, all the researchers read the texts thoroughly, and the data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method. Seven categories emerged from the analysis including need for support, defense mechanisms, superstitious beliefs, negative feelings, negative reactions of others, imposed deprivations, and spirituality. These results will increase healthcare professionals' knowledge about the problems of Iranian patients with epilepsy and improve the design of healthcare models that can promote successful coping strategies for them.


Assuntos
Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Epilepsia/psicologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estigma Social , Espiritualidade , Superstições/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica/fisiologia , Adulto , Emoções/fisiologia , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
18.
Iran J Psychiatry ; 14(1): 1-15, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31114613

RESUMO

Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method : A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13%) and behavioral disorders (8.3%) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13%) and psychotic symptoms (0.26%) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services.

19.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 206(8): 598-605, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30020206

RESUMO

This work aimed to explore the relationship between social anxiety with benign and toxic online self-disclosures with the mediating role of rejection sensitivity, self-regulation, and Internet addiction. In this study, 358 students who were active members of social networks at the Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran were evaluated in the form of a structural equation model. The results substantiated that social anxiety could explain 47% of the variance in benign online self-disclosure and 27% of toxic online self-disclosure with the mediating role of rejection sensitivity, self-regulation, and Internet addiction. It was found that people with high social anxiety had higher rejection sensitivity and lower self-regulation. Also, people with higher social anxiety had directly higher benign and toxic online self-disclosures. The results indicated that self-regulation did not have a direct impact on benign online self-disclosure; however, it had a direct negative impact on toxic online self-disclosure.


Assuntos
Ansiedade/psicologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Rejeição em Psicologia , Autorrevelação , Rede Social , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Internet , Irã (Geográfico) , Masculino , Autocontrole , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
20.
Iran J Psychiatry ; 8(3): 118-23, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24454420

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between behavioral activation-inhibition systems and bullying-victimization behaviors among adolescents. METHOD: This was a correlational and cross-sectional study. Two hundred and thirty school boys were selected randomly by multistage cluster sampling method, and participated in this research. This sample responded to a demographic questionnaire, the Revised Olweus Bully/ Victim questionnaire and the child version of behavioral inhibition/activation systems Scale in their classrooms and in the presence of the researcher. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and multiple regressions. RESULT: The results showed that bullying and victimization were correlated with both behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems (p < 0.01). The results also showed that 18% of the variance in victimization and 31% of the variance in bullying were explained by behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study implied that BAS and BIS may play a role in the manifestation of bullying in adolescents.

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