Diagnostic accuracy of general dermatologists and supportive oncodermatologists for biopsied cutaneous immune-related adverse events.

PURPOSE: Supportive oncodermatology has been shown to improve several aspects of care for patients with cancer, but research showing improved diagnostic accuracy as a benefit of supportive oncodermatology is largely lacking. We thus aimed to evaluate different dermatologist groups' diagnostic accuracy for heterogenous cutaneous toxicities, using cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a test model. METHODS: Billing/requisition codes were used to identify patients who initiated programmed death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) ICIs between 2010 and 2019 at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital/Massachusetts General Hospital and underwent a subsequent skin biopsy. For each biopsied cirAE, pre-biopsy clinical diagnoses and post-biopsy clinico-pathologic diagnoses were retrospectively obtained from the medical record. Each biopsy-ordering dermatology provider was categorized as a general dermatologist or supportive oncodermatologist on the basis of providing clinical care within a cancer-center or attending on a hospital/clinic service dedicated to anti-cancer drug-related skin toxicities. RESULTS: Of 4,183 patients who initiated anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy between 2010 and 2019, 101 (2.4%) patients collectively had 104 biopsied cirAEs. In more than one-third of all reviewed biopsied cirAEs (n = 39, 37.5%), histopathology results frequently led to revision of the pre-biopsy clinical diagnosis. The rate of initial cirAE misclassification amongst supportive oncodermatologists was significantly lower than that amongst general dermatologists (18/66, 27.3% vs. 21/38, 55.3%; Fischer's-exact-test p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Experienced supportive oncodermatologists may benefit patient care through increased diagnostic accuracy for skin toxicities from ICIs. Collectively, these results underscore that both skin biopsy from any dermatology provider and oncodermatology referral (where available) are valuable resources that should be integrated into supportive cancer care.

Effect of a multidisciplinary Severe Immunotherapy Complications Service on outcomes for patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, Massachusetts General Hospital implemented the Severe Immunotherapy Complications (SIC) Service, a multidisciplinary care team for patients hospitalized with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), a unique spectrum of toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study's objectives were to evaluate the intervention's (1) effect on patient outcomes and healthcare utilization, and (2) ability to collect biological samples via a central infrastructure, in order to study the mechanisms responsible for irAEs. METHODS: A hospital database was used to identify patients who received ICIs for a malignancy and were hospitalized with severe irAEs, before (April 2, 2016-October 3, 2017) and after (October 3, 2017-October 24, 2018) SIC Service initiation. The primary outcome was readmission rate after index hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) for admissions, corticosteroid and non-steroidal second-line immunosuppression use, ICI discontinuation, and inpatient mortality. RESULTS: In the pre-SIC period, 127 of 1169 patients treated with ICIs were hospitalized for irAEs; in the post-SIC period, 122 of 1159. After SIC service initiation, reductions were observed in irAE readmission rate (14.8% post-SIC vs 25.9% pre-SIC; OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.95; p=0.036) and readmission LOS (median 6 days post-SIC vs 7 days pre-SIC; 95% CI -16.03 to -0.14; p=0.046). No significant pre-initiation and post-initiation differences were detected in corticosteroid use, second-line immunosuppression, ICI discontinuation, or inpatient mortality rates. The SIC Service collected 789 blood and tissue samples from 234 patients with suspected irAEs. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report that establishing a highly subspecialized care team focused on irAEs is associated with improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare utilization. Furthermore, the SIC Service successfully integrated blood and tissue collection safety into routine care.

Topical treatments for early-stage mycosis fungoides using Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a cutaneous lymphoma; most patients present with early, skin-limited disease and are managed by dermatologists. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to systematically review and assess the evidence on topical treatments for early-stage (IA, IB, IIA) MF. METHODS: We performed a literature search via MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used to assess the certainty of the data. RESULTS: Two searches yielded 1252 references; 26 met the inclusion criteria and included literature on nitrogen mustard, retinoids, corticosteroids, carmustine, fluorouracil, methotrexate-laurocapram, hexadecylphosphocholine, peldesine, ingenol mebutate, topical methotrexate with oxygen flow-assisted LP3 carrier, and resiquimod. Most studies were single intervention, observational series. Nitrogen mustard, with the most published reports, was effective with 12%-82% early-stage MF patients (total n > 1000) achieving complete remission (CR) (low certainty evidence). Clinical CR was achieved among 10%-60% treated with topical retinoids (low certainty evidence). Two moderate-sized retrospective case series on topical steroids had 18%-63% CR (low certainty evidence). Only single studies were available for the other therapies. CONCLUSIONS: For most outcomes of interest, the GRADE certainty for topical therapies for early-stage MF was low. Further randomized controlled trials and inclusion of quality of life indicators are needed.

Medical student perceptions of assessment systems, subjectivity, and variability on introductory dermatology clerkships.

BACKGROUND: Elective introductory clerkships in dermatology serve a critical function in providing formative experiences to medical students interested in the field. Although dermatology clerkships play a pivotal role in students' career choices and residency preparation, the assessment systems used to evaluate students on these clerkships are widely different and likely affect student experiences. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relationship between dermatology clerkship assessment systems and student experiences through interviews with students about their clerkship reflections and perceptions of assessment. METHODS: The authors contacted clerkship directors via the Association of Professors of Dermatology mailing list and invited them to provide a description of the assessment system at their institution. The authors, via contacted clerkship directors, then invited students who had completed an introductory dermatology clerkship in between 2018 and 2019 to provide a description of the assessment system at their institution and to participate in a qualitative interview about their experiences with assessment systems. The authors then iteratively synthesized interview transcripts using phenomenological analysis, in which a templated approach was used to achieve comprehensive thematic categorization. RESULTS: Prior to clerkship onset, students expressed a limited understanding of their clinical role and the assessment system. During the clerkship, students endorsed variable expectations across preceptors, limited feedback experiences, and pressures to perform for evaluators. After their clerkship, students continued to perceive assessment systems as nontransparent, subjective, and preordained. CONCLUSION: Medical students perceived assessment systems on introductory dermatology clerkships to be unclear and arbitrary. Encouragingly, students also viewed these challenges in assessment as malleable, identifying several opportunities for educational reform in dermatology clerkships.

Temporal Trends and Outcomes Among Patients Admitted for Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to characterize severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) seen among hospitalized patients and to examine risk factors for irAE admissions and clinically relevant outcomes, including length of stay, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) discontinuation, readmission, and death. METHODS: Patients who received ICI therapy (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, or any ICI combination) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and were hospitalized at MGH following ICI initiation between January 1, 2011, and October 24, 2018, were identified using pharmacy and hospital admission databases. Medical records of all irAE admissions were reviewed, and specialist review with defined criteria was performed. Demographic data, relevant clinical history (malignancy type and most recent ICI regimen), and key admission characteristics, including dates of admission and discharge, immunosuppressive management, ICI discontinuation, readmission, and death, were collected. RESULTS: In total, 450 admissions were classified as irAE admissions and represent the study's cohort. Alongside the increasing use of ICIs at our institution, the number of patients admitted to MGH for irAEs has gradually increased every year from 9 in 2011 to 92 in 2018. The hospitalization rate per ICI recipient has declined over that same time period (25.0% in 2011 to 8.5% in 2018). The most common toxicities leading to hospitalization in our cohort were gastrointestinal (30.7%; n = 138), pulmonary (15.8%; n = 71), hepatic (14.2%; n = 64), endocrine (12.2%; n = 55), neurologic (8.4%; n = 38), cardiac (6.7%; n = 30), and dermatologic (4.4%; n = 20). Multivariable logistic regression revealed statistically significant increases in irAE admission risk for CTLA-4 monotherapy recipients (odds ratio [OR], 2.02; p < .001) and CTLA-4 plus PD-1 combination therapy recipients (OR, 1.88; p < .001), relative to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy recipients, and patients with multiple toxicity had a 5-fold increase in inpatient mortality. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that cancer centers must be prepared to manage a wide variety of irAE types and that CTLA-4 and combination ICI regimens are more likely to cause irAE admissions, and earlier. In addition, admissions for patients with multi-organ involvement is common and those patients are at highest risk of inpatient mortality. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The number of patients admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital for immune-related adverse events (irAEs) has gradually increased every year and the most common admissions are for gastrointestinal (30.7%), pulmonary (15/8%), and hepatic (14.2%) events. Readmission rates are high (29% at 30 days, 49% at 180 days) and 64.2% have to permanently discontinue immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Importantly, multiple concurrent toxicities were seen in 21.6% (97/450) of irAE admissions and these patients have a fivefold increased risk of inpatient death.

Patterns of Cutaneous and Noncutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events Among Patients With Advanced Cancer.

Importance: Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) are some of the earliest toxic reactions to emerge following immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) initiation. As an early indicator of robust inflammatory response, cirAEs may be associated with patterns of immune-mediated toxic effects, but associations between these events and noncutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain underexplored. Objectives: To characterize patterns of cirAEs and irAEs across care settings and examine associations between the features of first cirAE, overall irAE risk, and risk of specific irAE subtypes. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single academic medical center. The cohort included 358 patients with cancer who initiated anti-programmed death 1/ligand 1 and/or anticytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-4 ICI therapy between January 1, 2016, and March 8, 2019, and developed 1 or more cirAEs, identified using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes and confirmed via manual medical record review. All relevant information documented before March 31, 2020, was included. Exposures: Anti-programmed death 1/ligand 1 and/or anticytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-4 therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Associations between specific cirAE morphologic classes and patterns of irAEs (occurrence, timeline, organ class, and specific toxic effects). Given the potential that shared underlying factors are associated with the risk of both noncutaneous and cutaneous toxic effects, the presence of observed positive associations between certain cirAE and irAE subtypes was hypothesized. Results: Of the 358 patients, 213 were men (59.5%); median age was 65 years (interquartile range, 55-73 years). Nearly half of the patients (177 [49.4%]) with cirAE also developed a noncutaneous irAE. Most patients (128 [72.3%]) experienced their first cirAE before developing any irAE. Several cirAE morphologic classes were found to be associated with overall, organ-based, and specific irAEs. More specifically, mucositis was found to be associated with overall irAE risk (odds ratio [OR], 5.28; 95% CI, 1.11-24.26; P = .04), gastrointestinal irAEs (OR, 5.70; 95% CI, 1.11-29.40; P = .04), and the specific diagnosis of gastroenterocolitis (OR, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.24-37.39; P = .03). In addition, psoriasis was associated with an increased risk of endocrine irAEs (OR, 4.54; 95% CI, 1.21-17.04; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, these findings underscore the risk of multisystem toxic effects in patients experiencing cirAEs and highlight potential opportunities for dermatologists in the management of noncutaneous toxic effects.

Incidence and Clinical Features of Immune-Related Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Receiving Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with a side effect profile that may differ from other classes of ICIs such as those directed against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1). Being the more recently approved class of checkpoint inhibitors, there are no studies investigating the frequency, etiology and predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients receiving PD-L1 inhibitors. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who received PD-L1 inhibitors during 2017 to 2018 in our healthcare system. AKI was defined by a ≥1.5-fold rise in serum creatinine from baseline. The etiology of all cases of sustained AKI (lasting >48 hours) and clinical course were determined by review of electronic health records. RESULTS: The final analysis included 599 patients. Within 12 months of ICI initiation, 104 patients (17%) experienced AKI, and 36 (6%) experienced sustained AKI; however, only 5 (<1%) experienced suspected PD-L1-related AKI. The PD-L1-related AKI occurred a median of 99 days after starting therapy. All patients concurrently received another medication known to cause acute interstitial nephritis (proton pump inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or antibiotics) at the time of the suspected PDL1-related AKI. CONCLUSION: Although AKI is common in patients receiving PD-L1 therapy, the incidence of suspected PD-L1-related AKI is low (<1%) and may be less common when compared to other classes of ICIs. This cohort provides further validation that other drugs associated with acute interstitial nephritis may be involved in the pathogenesis of ICI-related AKI.

Budesonide treatment for microscopic colitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are effective against a variety of malignancies but can be limited by inflammatory toxicities such as enterocolitis. Enterocolitis is typically treated with systemically active glucocorticoids. Endoscopy can stratify patients by the severity of mucosal inflammation, including identifying patients with colitis in the absence of visible mucosal changes: microscopic colitis. Whether patients with CPI microscopic colitis could be managed differently from colitis with more severe mucosal involvement is unclear. The objective of this study was to describe outcomes in CPI microscopic colitis focusing on the response to first line treatment with budesonide. METHODS: We evaluated data from a retrospective cohort from a single-center large academic hospital. The participants were all adult patients evaluated by endoscopy for suspected CPI enterocolitis between 3/2017 and 3/2019. The exposures were: Mayo Endoscopic Score (range 0-3). The subset was: oral budesonide, maximum dose 12 mg daily, administered minimum of 5 weeks. The main outcomes and measures were: Primary: time from first CPI exposure to first glucocorticoid use; use of systemic glucocorticoids; time from symptom onset to resolution; continuation of CPI therapy; number of additional CPI infusions received. Secondary: admissions for symptom control; novel irAE development; need for second-line immunosuppression; oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 38 patients with biopsy confirmed CPI enterocolitis, 13 in the microscopic colitis cohort, and 25 in the non-microscopic colitis cohort. Budesonide use was higher in the microscopic colitis cohort (12/13 vs 3/25, p < 0.001), and systemic glucocorticoid use was higher in non-microscopic colitis (22/25 vs. 3/13, p < 0.001). Time from symptom onset to resolution did not differ. Microscopic colitis patients more frequently remained on CPI after developing (entero)colitis (76.9% vs 16.0%, p < 0.001). Microscopic colitis patients tolerating further CPI received, on average, 4.2 CPI infusions more than non-microscopic colitis patients tolerating CPI (5.8 vs 1.6, p = 0.03). Microscopic colitis was associated with increased time-to-treatment-failure (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.66) and progression-free survival (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation without visible mucosal injury is a distinct, prevalent CPI enterocolitis subset that can be diagnosed by endoscopy. First-line budesonide appears effective in controlling "microscopic colitis" symptoms and prolonging immunotherapy duration. These findings present a compelling rationale for routine endoscopic evaluation of suspected CPI enterocolitis and suggest an alternative glucocorticoid-sparing treatment strategy for a subset of such patients.

Colitis after checkpoint blockade: A retrospective cohort study of melanoma patients requiring admission for symptom control.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have revolutionized oncologic therapy but can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Corticosteroids are first-line treatment with escalation to biologic immunosuppression in refractory cases. CPI-related gastroenterocolitis (GEC) affects 20%-50% of patients receiving CPIs and can carry significant morbidity and mortality. Severe CPI-related GEC is not well-described. We present the clinical characterization of all CPI-related GEC requiring admission at a single institution. METHODS: Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic data were extracted from charts of all melanoma patients ≥18 years of age admitted to one institution for CPI-related GEC, from February 5, 2011 to December 13, 2016. Patients were followed until December 31, 2017 for further admissions. Survival, outcomes, and pharmaceutical-use analyses were performed. RESULTS: Median time-to-admission from initial CPI exposure was 73.5 days. Median length of stay was 4.5 days. About 50.0% required second-line immunosuppression. Readmission for recrudescence occurred in 33.3%. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade was not significantly associated with outcomes. Hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.005), relative lymphopenia (P = 0.027), and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.026) were associated with second-line immunosuppression. There was no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) or OS (P = 0.367, 0.400) for second-line immunosuppression. Subgroup analysis showed that early corticosteroid administration (P = 0.045) was associated with decreased PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Severe CPI-related GEC typically manifests within 3 months of immunotherapy exposure. Rates of second-line immunosuppression and readmission for recrudescence were high. CTCAE grade did not capture the degree of severity in our cohort. Second-line immunosuppression was not associated with poorer oncologic outcomes; however, early corticosteroid exposure was associated with decreased PFS. Further investigation is warranted.