Body Size Perceptions Associated with Body Mass Index and Weight Loss Intentions Among Two Immigrant Populations.

BACKGROUND: The rates of obesity among immigrant populations within the USA rise with increasing duration of residency. The aims of this study were to examine weight self-perception and body image discrepancy within a large community sample of Hispanic and Somali predominantly immigrant adults. METHODS: Utilizing a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to collect survey data from a sample of adults who self-identified as Hispanic, Latino, or Somali in Southeast Minnesota. Correlations among actual body mass index (BMI), perceived weight category, and perceived body size were assessed with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Associations of weight loss intentions with actual BMI, perceived weight category, perceived body size, and body image discrepancy were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests. RESULTS: A total of 1256 adults completed the survey and biometric measurements (610 Hispanic, 646 Somali); 81% (457) and 50% (328) had a BMI in the overweight or obese category in the Hispanic and Somali cohorts, respectively. Among participants with a BMI of > 25, more participants reported a perceived body size that was overweight or obese than a perceived weight category that was in the overweight or obese category (79% vs. 48%, p = < 0.0001). Body image discrepancy, but not actual BMI, was associated with weight loss intentions for both groups. Perceived body size and perceived weight category were associated with weight loss intentions for Hispanic participants only. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived body size is a more accurate self-report proxy of BMI-defined weight status compared with the perceived weight category among Hispanic and Somali immigrant groups. Body image discrepancy may be more predictive of weight loss intentions than actual BMI.

Negative Mood is Associated with Sociobehavioral Factors Contributing to Cardiovascular Risk in an Immigrant Population.

Background: Immigrants to the United States, on average, accumulate cardiovascular risk after resettlement, including obesity. There is a need to co-create interventions to address these disparities, and mood may be an important mediating factor. Methods: The Healthy Immigrant Community (HIC) study, set in southeast Minnesota, enrolled 475 adult participants in a weight loss intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Baseline questionnaires assessed mood, nutrition, physical activity, self-efficacy for healthy eating and physical activity, social support, and cohesion. A single-item mood rating of poor or fair was considered "negative", while ratings of good, very good, or excellent were considered "positive". Results: A total of 449 HIC participants (268 Hispanic/Latino and 181 Somali) with complete baseline measures and were included in this analysis. Participants endorsing negative mood compared to those endorsing positive mood had lower scores for healthy eating (p = 0.02) and physical activity levels (p = 0.03), lower confidence in eating a healthy diet (p = 0.001), and felt less of a sense of belonging to their community (p = 0.01). Those endorsing negative mood also reported receiving less social support from their family and friends to eat healthy (p = < 0.001) and be physically active (p = 0.01), and less often accessed community resources for healthy eating (p = 0.001) and physical activity (p = < 0.01) compared to participants reporting positive mood. Conclusions: Negative mood was associated with less healthy nutrition, lower confidence in eating healthy, sedentary lifestyle, and perceived lack of belonging to the community. Integrating mood management and self-efficacy strategies may enhance the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions among immigrants who report negative mood. ClinicalTrialsgov registration: NCT05136339; April 23, 2022.

Healthy immigrant community study protocol: A randomized controlled trial of a social network intervention for cardiovascular risk reduction among Hispanic and Somali adults.

BACKGROUND: Immigrants to the United States face structural barriers that contribute to rising cardiovascular risk factors and obesity after immigration. This manuscript describes the development of the Healthy Immigrant Community protocol and baseline measures for a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial to test the effectiveness of a social network intervention for cardiovascular risk reduction among two immigrant populations. METHODS: We developed a social network-informed, community-based, participatory research-derived health promotion intervention with Hispanic and Somali immigrant communities in Minnesota consisting of mentoring, educational and motivational sessions, group activities, and a community toolkit for healthy weight loss delivered by culturally concordant health promoters (HPs) to their social networks. Using a stepped wedge cluster randomized design, social network-based groups were randomly assigned to receive the intervention either immediately or after a delay of one year. Outcomes, measured at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, were derived from the American Heart Association's "Life's Simple 7": BMI and waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, physical activity level, and dietary quality. RESULTS: A total of 51 HPs were enrolled and randomized (29 Hispanic; 22 Somali). There were 475 participants enrolled in the study, representing a mean social network group size of 8 (range, 5-12). The mean BMI of the sample (32.2) was in the "obese" range. CONCLUSION: Processes and products from this Healthy Immigrant Community protocol are relevant to other communities seeking to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and negative health behaviors among immigrant populations by leveraging the influence of their social networks.

Development of a Digital Storytelling Intervention to Increase Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Hispanic/Latino Community: a Qualitative Evaluation.

Digital storytelling (DST) interventions may be one way to address disparities in cancer screening experienced by the Hispanic/Latino population. Digital stories are short, first-person narratives that include voice-over narration and images. With storytellers' permission, researchers can screen digital stories as a health intervention. Digital stories can inspire viewers to adopt or change their behavior, such as completing cancer screening. Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (a 20-year community-based participatory research partnership) together with eight Hispanic/Latino, Spanish speaking cancer survivors, co-survivors, or recently screened individuals, developed digital stories about breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. Here, we describe our qualitative evaluation of the DST workshop. To understand what the storytellers thought viewers would find relatable in their digital stories, we applied Narrative Theory. We also assessed workshop successes and opportunities for improvement. We used the constant comparative method for data analysis. We learned that the storytellers anticipated their stories would be engaging and that viewers would connect with Hispanic/Latino cultural values. During the workshop, the storytellers felt like they were making an important contribution. The storytellers highlighted specific opportunities for improvement including sharing the stories more quickly after the workshop. Future research is needed to test whether this intervention follows the Narrative Theory causal pathway by persuading viewers to complete recommended cancer screenings.

Addressing COVID-19 inequities using bidirectional crisis and emergency risk communication and vaccine clinic interventions: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Im/migrants (immigrants and migrants, including refugees, asylum seekers, and individuals without legal documentation) experience unique assets and needs in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is one way to engage im/migrant communities. Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (RHCP) is a CBPR partnership in Rochester, Minnesota. RHCP partners noted that credible COVID-19 information was not available to their communities. In response, RHCP formed a COVID-19 Task Force and adapted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) framework to create an intervention that prioritized im/migrant groups experiencing health disparities. In the CERC intervention, communication leaders delivered COVID-19 health messages to their social networks and documented related concerns. RHCP relayed these concerns to regional leaders to ensure that im/migrant experiences were included in decision making. Once vaccines were available, RHCP continued to deploy the CERC intervention to promote vaccination equity. The aims of this paper are to (1) describe the implementation of a bidirectional CERC intervention for vaccination equity, and (2) describe a community-engaged and community-based vaccine clinic intervention. METHODS: First, we surveyed participants (n = 37) to assess COVID-19 experiences, acceptability of the CERC intervention, and motivation to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Second, we collaborated with community partners to hold vaccine clinics. We report descriptive statistics from each intervention. RESULTS: When asked about the acceptability of the CERC intervention for vaccine equity, most participants either reported that they 'really liked it' or 'thought it was just ok'. Most participants stated that they would recommend the program to family or friends who have not yet received the COVID-19 vaccine. Almost all participants reported that they felt 'much more' or 'somewhat more' motivated to receive a COVID-19 vaccine after the intervention. We administered 1158 vaccines at the vaccination clinics. CONCLUSIONS: We found that participants viewed the CERC intervention for vaccination equity as an acceptable way to disseminate COVID-19-related information. Nearly all participants reported that the intervention convinced them to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. In our experience, community-engaged and community-based clinics are a successful way to administer vaccines to im/migrant communities during a pandemic.

The Recruitment to Dissemination Continuum in Community-based Participatory Research.

BACKGROUND: Dissemination of research findings to participants and communities, particularly among traditionally marginalized groups, is a systemic challenge. In community-based participatory research (CBPR), long-term partnerships may foster a link between recruitment to research studies, dissemination of results, and recruitment to future studies. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the recruitment to dissemination continuum of a CBPR study and its potential impact on partnership processes and future research. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study with four focus groups with community members and academic partners who participated in the recruitment and the dissemination of research findings from a study of Hispanic and Somali social networks in Rochester, Minnesota. Thematic analysis and coding of focus group transcripts was conducted by investigators. The CBPR conceptual model for this partnership guided the analysis. RESULTS: Trust, relationship building, and capacity building were key features for successful participant recruitment and research dissemination strategies. Strategies, resources, and relationships used or developed during the recruitment phase of research were directly applied to planning a dissemination event. Participants and members of their communities said they were more likely to participate in future research studies as a result of attending a dissemination event. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the ways in which recruitment of marginalized populations to research studies and dissemination of study results can manifest as a continuum. This continuum is nurtured by trust, longitudinal relationships, and robust partnership dynamics. These factors fit well within an existing CBPR conceptual model.

Community-Engaged Bidirectional Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication With Immigrant and Refugee Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess an intervention that was created by a community-academic partnership to address COVID-19 health inequities. We evaluated a community-engaged bidirectional pandemic crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) framework with immigrant and refugee populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A 17-year community-engaged research partnership adopted a CERC framework in March 2020 to address COVID-19 prevention, testing, and socioeconomic impacts with immigrant and refugee groups in southeast Minnesota. The partnership used bidirectional communication between communication leaders and their social networks to refine messages, leverage resources, and advise policy makers. We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation for intervention acceptability, feasibility, reach, adaptation, and sustainability through multisource data, including email communications, work group notes, semistructured interviews, and focus groups. RESULTS: The intervention reached at least 39 000 people in 9 months. It was implemented as intended and perceived efficacy was high. Frequent communication between community and academic partners allowed the team to respond rapidly to concerns and facilitated connection of community members to resources. Framework implementation also led to systems and policy changes to meet the needs of immigrant and refugee populations. CONCLUSIONS: Community-engaged CERC is feasible and sustainable and can reduce COVID-19 disparities through shared creation and dissemination of public health messages, enhanced connection to existing resources, and incorporation of community perspectives in regional pandemic mitigation policies.

Pilot Social Network Weight Loss Intervention With Two Immigrant Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a social network weight loss intervention delivered by lay health promoters (HPs) to immigrant populations. DESIGN: Single-arm, non-randomized, pilot study of a social network weight loss intervention developed by a community-based participatory research partnership and delivered by HPs. SETTING: Community-based setting in Southeastern Minnesota, United States. SAMPLE: Somali and Hispanic immigrants to the United States: 4 social networks of adults (2 Hispanic and 2 Somali) with 39 network participants. INTERVENTION: Twelve-week behavioral weight loss intervention delivered by HPs (4 weeks in-person and then 8 weeks virtual). MEASURES: Feasibility was assessed by recruitment and retention rates. Acceptability was assessed by surveys and focus groups with HPs and participants. Behavioral measures included servings of fruits and vegetables, drinking soda, and physical activity. Physiologic measures included weight, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. ANALYSIS: Paired t-tests of pre- to post-intervention changes at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Recruitment was feasible and post-intervention was 100%. Participants highly rated the intervention on satisfaction, motivation, and confidence to eat a healthy diet, be physically active, and lose weight. Participants were motivated by group social support and cohesion of their social networks. On average, participants lost weight (91.6 ± 15.9 to 89.7 ± 16.6 kg, P < .0001), lowered their systolic blood pressure (133.9±16.9 to 127.2 ± 15.8 mm Hg; P < .001), lowered their diastolic blood pressure (81 ± 9.5 to 75.8 ± 9.6 mm Hg; P < .0001), had more servings of vegetables per day (1.9 ± 1.2 to 2.6 ± 1.4; P < .001), and increased their physical activity (2690 ± 3231 to 6595 ± 7322 MET-minutes per week; P = .02). CONCLUSION: This pilot study of 2 immigrant communities who participated in a peer-led weight loss social network intervention delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability. Participants lost weight, improved their health status, and improved their health behaviors.

Rochester Healthy Community Partnership: Then and now.

Community-engaged research partnerships promote health equity through incorporation of regional contexts to inform partnership dynamics that shape research and interventions that reflect community voice and priorities. Long-term partnerships build trusted relationships and promote capacity building among community and academic partners, but there are many structural barriers to sustaining long-term partnerships. Here we describe lessons learned from sustaining Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (RHCP), an 18-year community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership in Southeast Minnesota. RHCP collaborates with immigrant and refugee populations to co-create interventions that promote health equity for community health priorities. Challenges to sustainability include a tension between project-based funding and the needs of long-term community-based research infrastructure. These challenges can be met with a focus on shared CBPR principles, operating norms, partnership dynamics, and governance. RHCP began in 2004 through identification of a community health priority, defining the community, and establishment of CBPR principles. It grew through identification of broader community health priorities, capacity building for community and academic partners, and integration of diverse learners. We describe the capacity for RHCP to respond to new societal contexts, the importance of partnership dynamics as a barometer for partnership health, and lessons learned about sustainability of the CBPR partnership.

Physical activity in pregnant adolescents with hypertension: a cross-cultural perspective / Atividade física em grávidas adolescentes com hipertensão: uma perspectiva transcultural / Actividad física en adolescentes gestantes con hipertensión: una mirada transcultural

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the generic care practices related to physical activity in pregnant adolescents with hypertension attending a health institution in Sincelejo - Sucre, Colombia. Method: a qualitative ethnographic study of pregnant adolescents with induced hypertension, cared for in a health institution in Sincelejo - Sucre, Colombia. Data were collected from December 2017 to April 2018, using semi-structured in-depth interviews, participant observation, and field notes in the homes of the participants; an ethnographic analysis was performed, and semantic relationships were established. Results: generic care practices emerged in the coastal culture related to the physical activity of pregnant adolescents with hypertension, as well as the following subtopics: generic care practices considered physical activity to prevent increased blood pressure (walking every day, putting ice on one's head, lying on one's left side, among others) and generic care practices considered risky physical activity for blood pressure (not walking, having sex at the end of pregnancy, among others). Conclusion: generic care practices related to physical activity of pregnant adolescents with hypertension show the relevance of the body of knowledge that adolescents and their families have in the coastal cultural environment, which becomes the basis for the nursing professional to provide culturally congruent care and to apply the nursing care process, both at home and in the hospital, to contribute to maternal and perinatal health.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as práticas de cuidado genérico relacionadas à atividade física em adolescentes grávidas com hipertensão atendidas em uma instituição de saúde em Sincelejo - Sucre, Colômbia. Método: estudo etnográfico qualitativo com adolescentes grávidas com hipertensão induzida, atendidas em uma instituição de saúde em Sincelejo - Sucre, Colômbia. Os dados foram coletados no período de dezembro de 2017 a abril de 2018, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade, observação participante e notas de campo nas residências dos participantes; foi realizada uma análise etnográfica e estabelecidas relações semânticas. Resultados: práticas genéricas de cuidado emergiram na cultura litorânea relacionadas à atividade física de gestantes adolescentes hipertensas, assim como os seguintes subtemas: práticas genéricas de cuidado consideradas atividade física para prevenir o aumento da pressão arterial (caminhar todos os dias, colocar gelo na cabeça, deitar sobre o lado esquerdo, entre outros) e práticas genéricas de cuidado consideradas atividades físicas de risco para a pressão arterial (não caminhar, fazer sexo no final da gravidez, entre outros). Conclusão: as práticas genéricas de cuidado relacionadas à atividade física de adolescentes grávidas com hipertensão mostram a relevância do corpo de conhecimento que as adolescentes e suas famílias possuem no ambiente cultural litorâneo, que se torna a base para o profissional de enfermagem prestar cuidados culturalmente congruentes e aplicar o processo de cuidar de enfermagem, tanto no domicílio quanto no hospital, para contribuir com a saúde materna e perinatal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las prácticas de cuidado genérico relacionadas con la actividad física de las adolescentes gestantes con hipertensión que asistieron a una institución de salud en Sincelejo - Sucre, Colombia. Método: investigación cualitativa etnográfica. Desarrollada en adolescentes gestantes con hipertensión inducida, atendidas en una institución de salud en Sincelejo - Sucre, Colombia. Los datos fueron recolectados desde diciembre de 2017 hasta abril de 2018, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad, observación participante y notas de campo en las viviendas de las participantes; se hizo análisis etnográfico y se establecieron relaciones semánticas. Resultados: emergieron prácticas de cuidado genérico en la cultura costeña, relacionadas con la actividad física de las adolescentes gestantes con hipertensión y los subtemas: prácticas de cuidado genérico consideradas actividad física para evitar el aumento de la presión arterial (caminar todos los días, colocarse hielo en la cabeza, acostarse a medio lado izquierdo, entre otras) y prácticas de cuidado genérico consideradas actividad física de riesgo para la presión arterial (no caminar, tener relaciones sexuales al final de la gestación, entre otras). Conclusión: las prácticas de cuidado genérico relacionadas con la actividad física de las adolescentes gestantes con hipertensión muestran la relevancia del mundo de conocimientos que tienen las adolescentes y sus familiares en el entorno cultural costeño, lo que se convierte en la base para que el profesional de enfermería brinde cuidado culturalmente congruente y pueda aplicar el proceso de atención de enfermería a nivel domiciliario y hospitalario con el fin de contribuir a la salud materno perinatal.

Association of social network factors with weight status and weight loss intentions among hispanic adults.

Hispanic adults have the highest obesity prevalence in the United States, but little is known about weight-related social network influences. A community-based sample of 610 Hispanic participants completed height/weight and a survey. The proportion of overweight or obese (OW/OB) network members was higher for OW/OB respondents compared to normal weight respondents. Participants with high weight loss intentions reported more positive social norms for weight control, social support, and social cohesion. If most or all of OW/OB participant's social contacts were trying to lose weight, the odds that they were likely to try to lose weight was four times higher than other participants. The relationship between weight loss intentions and number of social contacts trying to lose weight was strongly mediated by social norms for weight control and social support. These results suggest that social contacts and functional network characteristics may impact weight status and weight control intentions among Hispanic adults.

Leveraging community engaged research partnerships for crisis and emergency risk communication to vulnerable populations in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Community engagement is important for reaching vulnerable populations in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A risk communication framework was implemented by a community-engaged research (CEnR) partnership in Southeast Minnesota to address COVID-19 prevention, testing, and socioeconomic impacts. Bidirectional communication between Communication Leaders and community members within their social networks was used by the partnership to refine messages, leverage resources, and advise policy makers. Over 14 days, messages were delivered by 24 Communication Leaders in 6 languages across 9 electronic platforms to 9882 individuals within their networks. CEnR partnerships may effectively implement crisis and emergency risk communication to vulnerable populations in a pandemic.

Aspectos percibidos por las madres primerizas como favorecedores en la adopción de su nuevo rol / Aspects perceived by first-time mothers as flattering in the adoption of his new role

Introducción: La madre primeriza se enfrenta a grandes cambios en su nuevo rol y es necesario conocer los aspectos que lo favorecen para diseñar intervenciones de apoyo. Objetivo: Explorar los aspectos percibidos por las madres primerizas como favorecedores en la adopción de su nuevo rol. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con análisis de contenido según Bardin en la Clínica Materno Infantil, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2018. Incorporación progresiva, según los criterios de conveniencia y suficiencia. Principio de saturación teórica con 10 madres primerizas. Se realizó análisis de contenido a los 94 escritos elaborados por las madres primerizas quienes daban respuesta a la pregunta ¿cuáles aspectos considera le han ayudado en su proceso como nueva madre? Se siguieron las siguientes fases: preanálisis, aprovechamiento del material y tratamiento de resultados, inferencia e interpretación. Resultados: Los aspectos que favorecen el nuevo rol de las madres primerizas se definen en tres grandes temas con sus correspondientes categorías: primer tema: aprendiendo a ser mamá (búsqueda de información, tiempo para estar con el bebé, planea tu día, consejos, intuición materna); segundo tema: apoyo percibido y recibido (apoyo de la pareja, apoyo de la familia, apoyo de amigos y persona que ayuda a cuidar el bebé) y tercer tema: asesoría por profesionales de salud (curso psicoprofiláctico, la consulta después del parto, asesoría en lactancia materna, asesoría de un profesional). Conclusiones: Las madres primerizas van aprendiendo a enfrentar las tareas de la maternidad y los aspectos principales que las favorecen en su nuevo rol son el apoyo social y la asesoría profesional(AU)

Introduction: First-time mothers face major changes in their new role and it is necessary to know the aspects that favor it to design support interventions. Objective: To explore the aspects perceived by first-time mothers as supportive in the adoption of their new role. Methods: Qualitative study with analysis of content according to Bardin in the Children-Mother Clinic, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2018. A progressive incorporation was implemented according to advisability and adequacy criteria; and principle of theoretical saturation with 10 first-time mothers. Content analysis was carried out to the 94 papers prepared by first-time mothers who gave answer to the question: What aspects do you considered to have helped you in your process as a new mother? These stages were followed: pre-analysis, better use of material; and results, inference and interpretation treatment. Results: The aspects that favor the new role of first-time mothers are defined in three major subjects with their corresponding categories: First subject: learning to be a mom (search for information, time to be with the baby, plan your day, tips, maternal intuition); Second subject: perceived and received support (partner support, family support, friends support and person who helps to take care of the baby); Third subject: counselling by health professionals (psychoprophylactic course, consultation after childbirth, breastfeeding counselling, advisory by a professional). Conclusions: First-time mothers learn to cope with the tasks of motherhood and the main aspects that favor them in their new role with social support and professional advice(AU)

Significado de la primera gestación en mujeres mayores de 35 años / Meaning of the first pregnancy in women over 35 years of age

Objetivo: Describir el significado de la gestación para un grupo de mujeres primigestantes mayores de 35 años atendidas en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (IPS) privada en Bogotá, captadas en el servicio de consulta externa entre los meses de octubre de 2011 y mayo de 2012. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo descriptivo. Se empleó la entrevista abierta y en profundidad para la recolección de la información a nueve participantes. El análisis de información se realizó con el método de análisis de contenido convencional. Resultados: Se encontró que para las participantes la primera gestación significó una elección de vida, descubrirse a sí mismas, sentir miedos y preocupaciones. El tema se denominó Descubriendo la gestación. Conclusiones: La maternidad para la mujer mayor de 35 años representa una elección de vida que surge a partir de una serie de factores determinantes, mezclados entre patrones tradicionales y las ideas innovadoras de la sociedad respecto a la maternidad y el desarrollo de la mujer en la sociedad. El miedo aparece con el proceso de la gestación, pero cuando se diagnostica alto riesgo obstétrico, aumenta de forma considerable. Esto implica para la enfermería actuar en el contexto de la educación y promoción de la salud pre-concepcional con enfoque de riesgo y familiar.

Objetivo: Descrever o significado da gravidez para um grupo de mulheres primigestas e mais velhas de 35 anos, atendidas em uma instituição prestadora de serviços da saúde (IPS) privada em Bogotá, encontradas no serviço de consulta externa entre outubro de 2011 e maio de 2012. Metodologia: Uma pesquisa descritiva qualitativa foi realizada. Foi utilizada uma entrevista aberta e em profundidade para coletar as informações de nove participantes. A análise de informações foi realizada utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo convencional. Resultados: Encontrou-se que, para as participantes, a primigestación significa uma escolha de vida, descobrir-se e sentir medos e preocupações. Este tema foi chamado Descobrindo a gravidez. Conclusões: A maternidade para mulheres acima de 35 anos representou uma escolha de vida, que surge a partir de um número de determinantes, misturados entre padrões tradicionais e as ideias inovadoras da sociedade sobre a maternidade e o desenvolvimento das mulheres na sociedade. O medo aparece no processo de gestação, mas quando diagnosticada de alto risco obstétrico, aumenta consideravelmente. Isto implica para a enfermagem agir no âmbito da abordagem de risco pré-concepcional, focalizado na educação e promoção da saúde e família.

Objective: To describe the meaning of pregnancy for a group primigravid women over 35 years age, who obtained nursing care at a private clinic (IPS) in Bogotá. The participants were engaged through an outpatient health service from October 2011 to May 2012. Methodology: A qualitative-descriptive search was made. Open-ended, in-depth interviews were used in order to collect information from nine participants. Information analysis was made with the conventional content analysis method. Results: It was found that for the participants first pregnancy means a life choice, finding themselves, feeling scared and worried. This topic was called Discovering pregnancy. Conclusions: For the primigravid woman over 35 years maternity meant a life choice, which comes from a series of determining factors, mixed between traditional patterns and innovative ideas from society regarding maternity and women's development in society. Fear appears with the pregnancy process, but when high obstetric risk is diagnosed, fear increases considerably. This implies nursing actions in the context of education and promotion of pre-conception health with a risk and family approach.

Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario “Prácticas de cuidado que realizan consigo mismas las mujeres en el posparto” / Validity and reliability of the questionnaire “Self-care practices of women during postpartum period” / alidez e confiabilidade do questionário “Práticas de autocuidado das mulheres durante o pós-parto”

Todo instrumento de recolección de datos debe ser válido y confiable para que enfermería intervenga efectivamente y le permita proponer políticas de salud en búsqueda de reducir las cifras de morbimortalidad materna y perinatal. El objetivo general de la investigación fue determinar la validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario “Prácticas de cuidado que realizan consigo mismas las mujeres en el posparto”. Es una investigación metodológica. La validez de contenido mediante la prueba de expertos reportó un puntaje de 0,88, la validez facial con 10 expertas y 10 mujeres en el posparto evidenció consenso de acuerdos en relación con la claridad y comprensión del cuestionario. Se realizó prueba piloto para determinar posibles ajustes. Participaron 176 mujeres lactantes en el posparto de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos, residentes en Bogotá, a quienes se les aplicó, previo consentimiento informado, un cuestionario conformado por 32 ítems. Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel y los datos se procesaron en SPSS versión 12.0. La validez de escala evidenció que es una escala corta y la validez discriminante determinó 12 ítems que tenían mayor correlación y agrupó los que tenían correlaciones bajas. La confiabilidad del cuestionario de 32 ítems presentó alfa de Cronbach de 0,59 y el cuestionario de 12 ítems alfa de Cronbach de 0,68, considerándose un puntaje aceptable y bueno en los primeros estudios de validación de un instrumento. La confiabilidad del cuestionario permea todos los procesos de validación, por lo que su interpretación debe ir de la mano del perfeccionamiento continuo de la validez.

All data collection instruments must be valid and reliable for the nurse to be able to intervene effectively enabling her to propose health policies that pursue the reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The general objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire named “Self-care practices of women during postpartum period”. It is a methodological research. Content validity conducted through the experts test reported a score of 0,88; the face validity with 10 experts and 10 women in a postpartum stage evidenced a consensus of agreement in relation with the clarity and comprehension of the questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted to determine possible adjustments. With participation of 176 postpartum nursing mothers from different socio-economic strata, residing in Bogotá, to whom, prior informed consent, a 32 item questionnaire was applied.A database was put together in Excel and data were processed in SPSS version 12.0. The scale validity showed that it is a short scale; discriminating validity determined 12 items that had a greater correlation and grouped those that had low correlations. The reliability of the 32 item questionnaire presented a Cronbach´s alpha of 0,59 and the 12 item questionnaire a Cronbach´s alpha of 0,68, which is considered an acceptable and a good score in the first validation studies of an instrument. The reliability of the questionnaire permeates all validation processes, reason why its interpretation must go hand in hand with continued validity improvement.

Qualquer instrumento de coleta de dados deve ser válido e confiável no intuito de garantir que a intervenção de enfermagem seja efetiva e possibilite a proposição de políticas de saúde em busca de reduzir as cifras de morbimortalidade materna e perinatal. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi determinar a validez e confiabilidade do questionário “Práticas de autocuidado das mulheres durante o pós-parto”. É uma pesquisa metodológica. A validez do conteúdo mediante a prova de especialistas apresentou uma pontuação de 0,88, a validez facial com 10 especialistas e 10 mulheres no pós-parto evidenciou consenso no tocante à clareza e compreensão do questionário. Realizou-se uma prova piloto para determinar possíveis ajustamentos. Participaram 176 mulheres lactantes no pós-parto de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos, residentes em Bogotá, que, com prévia autorização, completaram o questionário formado por 32 itens.Elaborou-se um banco de dados em Excel e os dados foram processados em SPSS versão 12.0. A validez de escala evidenciou que é uma escala corta e a validez discriminante determinou os 12 itens com maior correlação e agrupou todos os itens que tinham correlações baixas. A confiabilidade do questionário de 32 itens apresentou um alfa de Cronbach de 0,59 e o questionário de 12 itens alfa de Cronbach de 0,68. A pontuação se considera aceitável e boa nos primeiros levantamentos de validação de um instrumento. A confiabilidade do questionário passa por todos os processos de validação, é por isso que a interpretação deve ir acompanhada do aprimoramento continuo da validez.

Prácticas culturales de los adolescentes para prevenir el embarazo no deseado / Cultural practices of adolescents to prevent unwanted pregnancy

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir el significado de las prácticas de autocuidado para prevenir el embarazo en adolescentes de un sector de la Localidad Cuarta, en Bogotá. Es un estudio cualitativo etnográfico con la metodología de etnoenfermería propuesta por Madeleine Leininger. La investigación se desarrolló con la participación de 18 adolescentes en edades entre 10 y 18 años que hubieran tenido o no relaciones sexuales coitales, independiente de si habían llegado o no a la gestación, quienes en su cotidianidad, compartieron sus conocimientos y experiencias de manera natural y espontánea con la investigadora, quien se comportó como aprendiz. Desde esta dinámica, se propició la transmisión del conocimiento cultural por parte de los adolescentes, de la cual se plantean dos dominios culturales: “Prácticas precoitales para evitar el embarazo” y “prácticas poscoitales para evitar el embarazo”. Esta investigación facilitará a enfermeras(os) y otros profesionales de la salud y de la educación, para que puedan ofrecer un cuidado a los y las adolescentes, acorde con sus prácticas de cuidado, también logrará enriquecer el conocimiento y práctica de enfermería sobre las prácticas de cuidado.

The objective of this investigation was to describe the significance of self-care practices to prevent pregnancy in adolescents from an area in the Localidad Cuarta, in Bogotá. This is a qualitative ethnographic work with the ethno nursingmethodology proposed by Madeleine Leininger. The investigation was developed with the participation of 18 adolescents between 10 and 18 years old whether they had had sexual intercourse or not, independent from the fact if they had or had not been pregnant, who on a daily basis shared their knowledge and experiences in a natural and spontaneous way with the researcher who behaved as a beginner. From this dynamic, the transmission of cultural knowledge from the adolescents was propitiated. Two cultural spheres arose: “Pre-intercourse practices...

[Maturation study of low fat Chanco cheese made with homogenized milk]. / Estudio de maduración de queso Chanco bajo en grasa elaborado con leche homogeneizada.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence the use of homogenization of different proportions of milk--which allow to increase the yield in the process and probably to improve sensorial characteristics of the cheese--has on the ripening of low fat Chanco cheese. Five treatments (three replicates each) were studied, two corresponded to control (normal fat and low fat) and the other three treatments were low fat using partially homogenized milk in the following percentages of the total volume of milk; 12.5, 25 and 50%. Standard methodology was used to monitor the evolution of ripening in terms of moisture, fat and total protein content, ripening index (NS/NT%), lipolysis (ADV), pH, sensorial quality and micro structure of the product. The low fat treatments with homogenized milk showed less fat losses in the whey and consequently increased yields. This study allowed us to know the low fat Chanco cheese maturation profile, low fat treatments with homogenisation showed a higher degree of lipolysis than the non--homogenized low-fat control although it was lower than normal fat control. No differences in terms of the development of proteolysis were observed. The low--fat homogenized treatments did not show improvement in the flavor neither in the cheese firmness probably due to the short ripening period (21 days) of this cheese variety, nevertheless T3 presented some advantages which could be improved applying simultaneously another technological helps.

[Purification and characterization of proteases from Pseudomonas fluorescens and their effects on milk proteins]. / Purificación y caracterización de proteasas de Pseudomonas fluorescens y sus efectos sobre las proteínas de la leche.

The increase in the levels of psychotropic bacteria in the raw milk during the refrigeration period, could lead to the production of heat-resistant enzymes responsible for the deterioration of long-life industrial dairy products. Pseudomonas fluorescens is the psychotropic bacteria most commonly found in milk in Southern Chile. In the present work the enzymatic proteinases extract of cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens RV10 at 6 degrees C in raw milk just milked were purified. It was found that the proteases corresponds to a protein with a molecular mass of 49.5 kD, that presents heat resistance and rapidly attacks the k-casein continuing with the b-casein. It is possible to conclude that storage of the milk for long-life products at 6 degrees C is risky, as it causes the loss of quality for the proteases of psychotropic bacteria.

Purificación y caracterización de proteasas de Pseudomonas fluorescens y sus efectos sobre las proteínas de la leche / Purification and characterization of proteases from Pseudomonas fluorescens and their effects on milk proteins

The increase in the levels of psychotropic bacteria in the raw milk during the refrigeration period, could lead to the production of heat-resistant enzymes responsible for the deterioration of long-life industrial dairy products. Pseudomonas fluorescens is the psychotropic bacteria most commonly found in milk in Southern Chile. In the present work the enzymatic proteinases extract of cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens RV10 at 6 degrees C in raw milk just milked were purified. It was found that the proteases corresponds to a protein with a molecular mass of 49.5 kD, that presents heat resistance and rapidly attacks the k-casein continuing with the b-casein. It is possible to conclude that storage of the milk for long-life products at 6 degrees C is risky, as it causes the loss of quality for the proteases of psychotropic bacteria.