RESUMO
During the 2019 C4 experimental campaign of the WEST (W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) (France), the infrared diagnostic produced more than seven terabytes of uncompressed video data. Constraints on the computer infrastructure required for storage, backup, and especially offline access to infrared videos made the use of a compression algorithm mandatory. This paper proposes an innovative method to compress infrared videos with controlled temperature precision. This compression method is based on a controlled averaging of the video that maximizes the compression potential of standard lossless video codecs such as H264/AVC or HEVC. The combination of the loss introduction algorithm and the H264/AVC lossless video codec obtains the best compression ratio in the range of 8 to 41 with a maximum temperature error of 2 °C. This method also outperforms the JPEG-LS algorithm in terms of compression ratio and image quality for the same temperature precision.
RESUMO
Introduction: Club cells are precursors for mucus-producing goblet cells. Interleukin 1ß (IL-1B) is an inflammatory mediator with pro-mucin activities that increases the number of mucus-producing goblet cells. IL-1B-mediated mucin production in alveolar adenocarcinoma cells requires activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Whether the pro-mucin activities of IL-1B require club cell CREB is unknown. Methods: We challenged male mice with conditional loss of club cell Creb1 and wild type littermates with intra-airway IL-1B or vehicle. Secondarily, we studied human "club cell-like" H322 cells. Results: IL-1B increased whole lung mRNA of secreted (Mucin 5ac, Mucin 5b) and tethered (Mucin 1, Mucin 4) mucins independent of genotype. However, loss of club cell Creb1 increased whole lung mRNA of member RAS oncogene family (Rab3D), decreased mRNA of the muscarinic receptor 3 (M3R) and prevented IL-1B mediated increases in purinergic receptor P2Y, (P2ry2) mRNA. IL-1B increased the density of goblet cells containing neutral mucins in wildtype mice but not in mice with loss of club cell Creb1. These findings suggested that club cell Creb1 regulated mucin secretion. Loss of club cell Creb1 also prevented IL-1B-mediated impairments in airway mechanics. Four days of pharmacologic CREB inhibition in H322 cells increased mRNA abundance of forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), a repressor of goblet cell expansion, and decreased mRNA expression of SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), a driver of goblet cell expansion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that CREB directly bound to the promoter region of FOXA2, but not to the promoter region of SPDEF. Treatment of H322 cells with IL-1B increased cAMP levels, providing a direct link between IL-1B and CREB signaling. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that club cell Creb1 regulates the pro-mucin properties of IL-1B through pathways likely involving FOXA2.
RESUMO
Wendelstein 7-X aims at quasi-steady state operation with up to 10 MW of heating power for 30 min. Power exhaust will be handled predominantly via 10 actively water cooled CFC (carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon) based divertor units designed to withstand power loads of 10 MW/m2 locally in steady state. If local loads exceed this value, a risk of local delamination of the CFC and failure of entire divertor modules arises. Infrared endoscopes to monitor all main plasma facing components are being prepared, and near real time software tools are under development to identify areas of excessive temperature rise, to distinguish them from non-critical events, and to trigger alarms. Tests with different cameras were made in the recent campaign. Long pulse operation enforces additional diagnostic design constraints: for example, the optics need to be thermally decoupled from the endoscope housing. In the upcoming experimental campaign, a graphite scraper element, in front of the island divertor throat, will be tested as a possible means to protect the divertor pumping gap edges during the transient discharge evolution.