The adjustment of China endemic Heptacodium miconioides Rehd. to temperate zone of Poland.

Heptacodium miconioides is an increasingly popular ornamental plant, originally being endemic to China. The late and long flowering determines its ecological and ornamental value in cultivation. The aims of this research were to define and distinguish phenological phases of the development of Heptacodium miconioides in the temperate zone region and identification of anatomical changes within the stem during autumn in relation to phenological phases and climatic conditions. Phenological observations were carried out in Wroclaw during 2012-2013, as well as in Warsaw (Poland, 52.6°N, 20.5°E) during 2018-2021. During the last year of research an analysis of the anatomical structure was carried out for young stems that bore flowers that year, as well as older, 2- to 6-year-old ones. The material was collected H1 - 10.09., H2 - 28.09., H3 - 16.10., H4 - 3.11., H5 - 21.11. The width of annual increments in subsequent years was determined; length, width and vessel density in early and latewood for subsequent rings of annual growth was measured, as well as the width of the phloem in 1-6-year-old stems (2016-2021). In the vegetative stage three main stages of development were distinguished (leaf buds have the green tips; full autumn discoloration of leaves; leaves falling). In the generative phase, which lasted on average from August 22nd to January the 7th five main phases of development were distinguished (flowering, unripe fruits, ripe fruits, spreading of seeds). Increased average temperature during winter and spring had an effect on the growth pattern: early phenological stages occurred sooner and foliage development lasted 44 days longer. Flowering occurred at a similar date at both observed locations and climatic conditions. This year's shoots flowering on a radial section with axial symmetry, were slightly flattened and in clusters arranged regularly to match the shape. Heptacodium develops 2-6 years old shoots with radial symmetry. The growth ring boundaries are distinct, the wood semi-rings porous, with marked differences in the structure of the primary and secondary shoot. Lignification of tissues before winter ends during late leaf-fall phase. The research indicated the adaptive potential of Heptacodium in response to climatic conditions of temperate zone.

The Role of Plant Origin Preparations and Phenological Stage in Anatomy Structure Changes in the Rhizogenesis of Rosa "Hurdal".

Most old roses are difficult to root when propagated by cuttings. This research focused on the response of stem cuttings of Rosa "Hurdal" to plant origin preparations used as rhizogenesis enhancers through changes to the anatomical structure of the basal part of the stem. Cuttings derived from shoots in four phenological stages were prepared for the experiment: flower buds closed (H1); fully flowering (H2); immediately after petals have fallen (H3); 7-14 days after petals have fallen (H4). The cuttings were treated with 0.4% indole butyric acid (IBA; Ukorzeniacz Aaqua) or 0.2% naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; Ukorzeniacz Baqua), and with plant origin preparations: Algae extract (Bio Rhizotonic), Organic preparation (Root JuiceTM), and Plant extract (Bio Roots). A high rooting percentage in comparison to the control (27.5%) was obtained after treatments of the H1 cuttings with Algae extract (90%), Organic preparation (80%), and Plant extract (75%). The H4 cuttings did not root, probably as a result of an overgrowing callus and limited xylem formation. The anatomical structure of the shoot differed in subsequent phenological stages during the period of rooting in various ways, depending on the rooting enhancer used for treatment. Numerous correlations between rooting percentage and anatomical structure were proved, including the key role of vascular bundles in increasing rooting percentage by widening the vessel diameter.

Response of Rambler Roses to Changing Climate Conditions in Urbanized Areas of the European Lowlands.

Climate change affects the possibility of crop production and yield and disrupting the maintenance of crop biodiversity, including ornamentals. Warsaw is located in a temperate zone with mixed continental and oceanic climate influences. This research examines the response of once-blooming rambler roses to changing climate conditions in connection with their frost resistance and ornamental value. The 15 selected rambler rose cultivars were observed in the years 2000-2016 in the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin. Damage to shrubs caused by frost, the timing of bud break, leaf development, and initial, full, and final flowering were recorded. We show that changes in phenology and frost damage were the effect of weather conditions in the autumn-winter-spring period. Frost damage influenced the flowering and growth of plants in different ways, depending on the extent of required pruning. The cultivars most highly tolerant to frost damage were: "Lykkefund", "Polstjårnan", and "Semiplena". During the final years (2014-2016), due to mild winters, all of the studied rose cultivars could be used for a wider range of applications than previously (2000-2006 and 2009-2013). Their reintroduction helped to maintain biodiversity of old cultivars, which makes these roses a proposal for the lowlands of Central Europe.