No difference in operative time, outcomes, cosmesis, or return to activity and/or sport after minimally invasive versus open repair of primary Achilles ruptures: a retrospective review.

PURPOSE: To compare clinical outcomes and the rate of return to sport among patients that have undergone minimally invasive repair versus open approach of an acute Achilles tendon rupture. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture at a single urban academic institution from 2017 to 2020 with minimum 2-year follow-up were reviewed retrospectively. Preinjury sport participation and preinjury work activity information, the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), the Tegner Activity Scale, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System for mobility and pain interference were collected. RESULTS: In total, 144 patients were initially included in the study. Of these, 63 patients were followed with a mean follow-up of 45.3 ± 29.2 months. The mean operative time did not significantly differ between groups (p = 0.938). Patients who underwent minimally invasive repair returned to sport at a rate of 88.9% at a mean of 10.6 ± 5.8 months, compared to return rate of open procedures of 83.7% at 9.5 ± 5.5 months. There were no significant differences in ATRS (p = 0.246), Tegner (p = 0.137) or VAS pain (p = 0.317) scores between groups. There was no difference in cosmetic satisfaction between PARS and open repair groups (88.4 vs. 76.0; p = 0.244). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent minimally invasive repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures demonstrate no significant differences with respect to cosmesis, operative time, patient-reported outcomes and the rate and level of return to activities when compared to an open approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Segond fracture: an indicator for increased risk of lateral meniscus injury in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and anatomic distribution of meniscus injury in patients who have sustained acute ACL injuries with and without concomitant Segond fracture. We hypothesized that patients who have sustained a torn ACL with a concomitant Segond fracture would have a higher incidence of lateral meniscal injuries than patients with an isolated ACL injury. METHODS: Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction from 2012 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Segond fractures were identified on knee radiographs. Inclusion criteria were age 18-40, injury during sports activity, and reconstruction within 90 days of injury. Sports activity, anatomic location of meniscus injury, and meniscus treatment were documented. Multivariable regression was used to identify predictors of meniscus injury/treatment. RESULTS: There were 25 of 603 (4.1%) patients who had an ACL tear with concomitant Segond fracture. The incidence of lateral meniscus injury in the Segond group (72%) was significantly higher than in the non-Segond cohort (49%; p = 0.024). A significantly smaller proportion of medial meniscus injuries among patients with Segond fractures were repaired (23.1%) compared to the non-Segond group (54.2%; p = 0.043). Multivariate analysis found patients with Segond fractures to have increased odds of lateral meniscus injury (OR 2.68; [1.09, 6.60], p = 0.032) and were less likely to have medial meniscus injuries repaired (OR 0.35; [0.15, 0.81], p = 0.014). Additionally, males had increased odds of lateral meniscus injury (OR 1.54; [1.08 - 2.91], p = 0.017), which were more likely to require repair (OR 1.48; [1.02, 2.14], p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Among acute ACL injuries, the incidence of lateral meniscus injury is greater among patients with Segond fractures. Patients with Segond fracture were less likely to undergo repair of medial meniscal injuries.

The Effect of Femoral Head Size on Groin Pain in Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Although increased femoral head size reduces the risk of instability in total hip arthroplasty (THA), it may lead to iliopsoas irritation and increased anterior groin pain. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes between non-modular dual-mobility (NDM) implants and small (≤32 mm) and large (≥36 mm) fixed-bearing (FB) constructs. METHODS: A retrospective review of all primary total hip arthroplasties from 2011 to 2021 was conducted at a single, urban academic institution. Patients were separated into 3 cohorts: NDM implant ≤32 mm and FB implant ≥36 mm. Demographics and outcomes such as length of stay, dislocation, and anterior groin pain were assessed. Patients were deemed as having groin pain if they received an iliopsoas injection or had extended physical therapy ordered beyond 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: There were 178 NDM implants, 936 ≤32-mm FB, and 2,454 ≥36-mm FB implants included. Length of stay significantly differed between the groups (48.4 ± 43.3 vs 63.2 ± 40.6 vs 57.2 ± 38.1 hours; P = .001). Although not statistically significant, the ≥36-mm FB cohort had the highest rate of dislocations (0.6% vs 0.7% vs 0.9%; P = .84). Although no patients with an NDM implant received an iliopsoas injection, 9 patients (0.9%) with a ≤32-mm FB implant and 9 patients (0.4%) with a ≥36-mm implant received an injection (P = .06). However, 18 (10.1%) patients with an NDM implant, 304 (32.5%) patients with a ≤32-mm FB implant, and 355 (14.5%) patients with a ≥36-mm FB implant received extended physical therapy 3 months after surgery (P < .001). CONCLUSION: NDM implants, as well as FB implants with both small and large head sizes are effective at preventing dislocation. NDM implants did not result in an increase in anterior groin pain compared to ≤32-mm and ≥36-mm FB constructs. LEVEL III EVIDENCE: Retrospective cohort study.

Patient Satisfaction and Interest in Telemedicine Visits Following Total Knee and Hip Replacement Surgery.

Introduction: Telemedicine is the practice of caring for patients remotely when the patient and provider are not physically present at the same location. Within orthopedic surgery, telemedicine offers care without the typical obstacles of an in-person appointment such as difficulty ambulating following surgery and patient wait times. In this study, we evaluated patient interest and satisfaction in postoperative telemedicine visits following hip or knee arthroplasty surgery. Materials and Methods: Patients were offered either a traditional in-person or a remote telemedicine postoperative visit following surgery. Patients were asked to complete a satisfaction survey following their postoperative visit regarding their experience. Patient-survey responses as well as patient-reported outcome metrics were captured using a mobile and web-based electronic patient rehabilitation application. Results: A total of 766 patients were included in this study with 360 offered postoperative telemedicine visits and 402 offered traditional in-person visits. Two hundred fifty-nine patients reported satisfaction levels with their telemedicine visit, with 58.3% of patients characterizing their feelings with the visit as "extremely satisfied," 32.0% as "satisfied," 8.9% as "neutral," 0.3% as "dissatisfied," and 0.3% as "extremely dissatisfied." A total of 713 patients reported how the COVID-19 pandemic effected their feelings toward telemedicine with 12.9% of patients characterizing the affect as "extremely positively," 33.1% of patients as "positively," 48.9% of patients as "neutral," 3.6% of patients as "negatively," and 1.4% of patients as "extremely negatively." There were no significant differences in the change between preoperative Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores/Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Joint Replacement, or Veterans RAND 12 Physical and Mental components and these values at 12 weeks follow-up and 1-year follow-up, respectively, in patients who had telemedicine visits versus those who had traditional in-person visits. Discussion: The results of this study demonstrate that the patients who decided to have a telemedicine visit during their postoperative visit were satisfied with their experience. Overall, COVID-19 had a positive influence on patient's feelings toward telemedicine visits.

Automated digital TIL analysis (ADTA) adds prognostic value to standard assessment of depth and ulceration in primary melanoma.

Accurate prognostic biomarkers in early-stage melanoma are urgently needed to stratify patients for clinical trials of adjuvant therapy. We applied a previously developed open source deep learning algorithm to detect tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of early-stage melanomas. We tested whether automated digital (TIL) analysis (ADTA) improved accuracy of prediction of disease specific survival (DSS) based on current pathology standards. ADTA was applied to a training cohort (n = 80) and a cutoff value was defined based on a Receiver Operating Curve. ADTA was then applied to a validation cohort (n = 145) and the previously determined cutoff value was used to stratify high and low risk patients, as demonstrated by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p ≤ 0.001). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed using ADTA, depth, and ulceration as co-variables and showed that ADTA contributed to DSS prediction (HR: 4.18, CI 1.51-11.58, p = 0.006). ADTA provides an effective and attainable assessment of TILs and should be further evaluated in larger studies for inclusion in staging algorithms.

Biomarkers Predictive of Survival and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma. Targeting of the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 has led to improved survival in a subset of patients. Unfortunately, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is associated with significant side effects and many patients do not respond to treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need both for prognostic biomarkers to estimate risk and for predictive biomarkers to determine which patients are likely to respond to therapy. In this review, prognostic and predictive biomarkers that are an active area of research are outlined. Of note, certain transcriptomic signatures are already used in the clinic, albeit not routinely, to prognosticate patients. In the predictive setting, programmed cell death protein ligand 1 expression has been shown to correlate with benefit but is not precise enough to be used as an exclusionary biomarker. Future investigation will need to focus on biomarkers that are easily reproducible, cost effective, and accurate. The use of readily available clinical material, such as serum or hematoxylin and eosin-stained images, may offer one such path forward.

Deep Learning Based on Standard H&E Images of Primary Melanoma Tumors Identifies Patients at Risk for Visceral Recurrence and Death.

PURPOSE: Biomarkers for disease-specific survival (DSS) in early-stage melanoma are needed to select patients for adjuvant immunotherapy and accelerate clinical trial design. We present a pathology-based computational method using a deep neural network architecture for DSS prediction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The model was trained on 108 patients from four institutions and tested on 104 patients from Yale School of Medicine (YSM, New Haven, CT). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated on the basis of vote aggregation of individual image sequences, an optimized cutoff was selected, and the computational model was tested on a third independent population of 51 patients from Geisinger Health Systems (GHS). RESULTS: Area under the curve (AUC) in the YSM patients was 0.905 (P < 0.0001). AUC in the GHS patients was 0.880 (P < 0.0001). Using the cutoff selected in the YSM cohort, the computational model predicted DSS in the GHS cohort based on Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The novel method presented is applicable to digital images, obviating the need for sample shipment and manipulation and representing a practical advance over current genetic and IHC-based methods.

Chronic exposure to low-level cadmium induced zinc-copper dysregulation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exposure to cadmium (Cd) has been associated with aberrant zinc and copper homeostasis. This study investigated if Cd exposure impairs renal reabsorption of metals. METHODS: Renal tubular reabsorption of metals were calculated from urine to serum metal ratios and analyzed for an independent association with Cd exposure levels, using data from 100 men and 100 women, aged 16-60 years. RESULTS: The smoking prevalence was 30% in men and 0% in women. The male and female means (SD) for urine Cd were 0.54 (0.43) and 0.62 (0.43) µg/g creatinine. The mean (SD) for fractional zinc reabsorption was 77.2 (23) % in men and 87.7 (13.3) % in women, while the copper reabsorption was 100% in both men and women. Lower zinc reabsorption levels were associated with higher Cd exposure (P<0.001), higher serum copper to zinc ratios (P=0.007) and higher tubular impairment levels (P=0.024). Reduced zinc reabsorption was particularly severe in smokers as those with high Cd exposure had 44.9% and 37.2% (P<0.001) lower zinc reabsorption than those with low and moderate exposures. The mean zinc reabsorption in male non-smokers with high Cd exposure was 25.8% (P<0.001) and 18.2% (P=0.003) lower than those with low and moderate exposures, while the corresponding figure for female non-smokers was 17% (P<0.001), and 12.8% (P=0.013), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report demonstrating Cd-dose dependent reduction in renal zinc reabsorption and high serum copper to zinc ratios.

Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions.

In 2011, Lake Erie experienced the largest harmful algal bloom in its recorded history, with a peak intensity over three times greater than any previously observed bloom. Here we show that long-term trends in agricultural practices are consistent with increasing phosphorus loading to the western basin of the lake, and that these trends, coupled with meteorological conditions in spring 2011, produced record-breaking nutrient loads. An extended period of weak lake circulation then led to abnormally long residence times that incubated the bloom, and warm and quiescent conditions after bloom onset allowed algae to remain near the top of the water column and prevented flushing of nutrients from the system. We further find that all of these factors are consistent with expected future conditions. If a scientifically guided management plan to mitigate these impacts is not implemented, we can therefore expect this bloom to be a harbinger of future blooms in Lake Erie.

Emerging roles of cadmium and heme oxygenase in type-2 diabetes and cancer susceptibility.

Many decades after an outbreak of severe cadmium poisoning, known as Itai-itai disease, cadmium continues to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. This review provides an update on the effects of this environmental toxicant cadmium, observed in numerous populations despite modest exposure levels. In addition, it describes the current knowledge on the link between heme catabolism and glycolysis. It examines novel functions of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) that protect against type 2-diabetes and obesity, which have emerged from diabetic/obese phenotypes of the HO-2 knockout mouse model. Increased cancer susceptibility in type-2 diabetes has been noted in several large cohorts. This is a cause for concern, given the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes worldwide. A lifetime exposure to cadmium is associated with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and overall cancer mortality with sex-related differences in specific types of cancer. Liver and kidney are target organs for the toxic effects of cadmium. These two organs are central to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Further, inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a known effect of heme, while cadmium has the propensity to alter heme catabolism. This raises the possibility that cadmium may mimic certain HO-2 deficiency conditions, resulting in diabetic symptoms. Intriguingly, evidence has emerged from a recent study to suggest the potential interaction and co-regulation of HO-2 with the key regulator of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4). HO-2 could thus be critical to a metabolic switch to cancer-prone cells because the enzyme PFKFB and glycolysis are metabolic requirements for cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on progestin stimulation of invasive properties in breast cancer.

Clinical studies have shown that progestins increase breast cancer risk in hormone replacement therapy, while we and others have previously reported that progestins stimulate invasive properties in progesterone receptor (PR)-rich human breast cancer cell lines. Based on others' reports that omega-3 fatty acids inhibit metastatic properties of breast cancer, we have reviewed the literature for possible connections between omega-3 fatty-acid-driven pathways and progestin-stimulated pathways in an attempt to suggest theoretical mechanisms for possible omega-3 fatty acid inhibition of progestin stimulation of breast cancer invasion. We also present some data suggesting that fatty acids regulate progestin stimulation of invasive properties in PR-rich T47D human breast cancer cells, and that an appropriate concentration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits progestin stimulation of invasive properties. It is hoped that focus on the inter-relationship between pathways by which omega-3 fatty acids inhibit and progestins stimulate breast cancer invasive properties will lead to further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies testing the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids can inhibit progestin stimulation of invasive properties in breast cancer, and ameliorate harmful effects of progestins which occur in combined progestin-estrogen hormone replacement therapy.

Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the research findings regarding the associations between psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities. DATA SOURCES: A key word literature search was conducted using articles listed in PubMed, PsychInfo, and CINAHL up to March 2010, and manual searches were made of all retrieved articles to identify published articles that met the review inclusion criteria. STUDY SELECTION: To be included in the review, articles needed to (1) be written in English, (2) include adults with a physical disability who report having pain, (3) include at least 1 measure of a psychosocial predictor domain, (4) include at least 1 criterion measure of pain or patient functioning, and (5) report the results of associations between the psychosocial factors and criterion measures used in the study. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Three reviewers tabulated study details and findings. DATA SYNTHESIS: The disability groups studied included spinal cord injury (SCI), acquired amputation, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), and muscular dystrophy (MD). Psychosocial factors were shown to be significantly associated with pain and dysfunction in all disability groups. The psychosocial factors most closely associated with pain and dysfunction across the samples included (1) catastrophizing cognitions; (2) task persistence, guarding, and resting coping responses; and (3) perceived social support and solicitous responding social factors. Pain-related beliefs were more strongly associated with pain and dysfunction in the SCI, CP, MS, and MD groups than in the acquired amputation group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the importance of psychosocial factors as significant predictors of pain and functioning in persons with physical disabilities. Clinical trials to test the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for pain and dysfunction are warranted, as are studies to determine whether psychosocial factors have a causal influence on pain and adjustment in these populations.

Human fatality associated with Pacific ciguatoxin contaminated fish.

Ciguatera is a food poisoning identified as the principal risk factor in the consumption of tropical fish in Oceania. The syndrome, which follows ingestion of ciguatoxin-contaminated ciguateric fishes, is characterised by an array of gastrointestinal and neurological features. In this report we examine forensic samples associated with a human fatality using a (3)H-brevetoxin binding assay and reversed-phase HPLC/MS and HPLC/MS/MS. Three Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTX) were detected in the implicated fish flesh sample by LC-MS/MS, implicating multiple P-CTXs in the fatal case. Additionally, ciguatoxin was identified in a liver sample obtained at post-mortem. The level of ciguatoxin detected (0.14 ppb P-CTX-1 equivalents by binding assay) indicated that at least 10% of the ingested P-CTX-1 remained in the human liver 6 days after the toxic fish was consumed. This study confirms the potential of tropical reef fish to accumulate sufficient P-CTX to be lethal to humans, especially if the liver and viscera are consumed as part of the meal.

Balancing the budget of environmental estrogen exposure: the contribution of recycled water.

Estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (e-EDCs) are present in treated sewage and there is concern about estrogenicity of potable recycled water. However e-EDCs are also present in other environmental media and intake from water needs to be considered in relation to these other sources. The concentrations of 13 e-EDCs in foodstuffs and drinking water are reviewed, their predicted concentrations in recycled water are estimated, and the daily estrogenic intake as 17beta-estradiol equivalent (EEq) based on both in vitro and in vivo potencies is calculated as 1.39 and 9.65 microg EEq/d, respectively. Dietary intake accounts for more than 99.8% of that total, and more than 84.2% is due to phytosterols. Drinking 2 L of recycled water per day is expected to add 0.001 to 0.016 microg EEq/d based on in vitro and in vivo potencies, respectively. Exposure to e-EDCs in recycled water is therefore likely to be insignificant compared to current dietary intakes.

Progestin stimulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and invasive properties in T47D human breast cancer cells.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) occurs in two intracellular forms in mammals, copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), in mitochondria. Changes in MnSOD expression (as compared to normal cells) have been reported in several forms of cancer, and these changes have been associated with regulation of cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis. We have found that progestins stimulate MnSOD in T47D human breast cancer cells in a time and physiological concentration-dependent manner, exhibiting specificity for progestins and inhibition by the antiprogestin RU486. Progestin stimulation occurs at the level of mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. Cycloheximide inhibits stimulation at the mRNA level, suggesting that progestin induction of MnSOD mRNA depends on synthesis of protein. Experiments with the MEK inhibitor UO126 suggest involvement of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Finally, MnSOD-directed siRNA lowers progestin-stimulated MnSOD and inhibits progestin stimulation of migration and invasion, suggesting that up-regulation of MnSOD may be involved in the mechanism of progestin stimulation of invasive properties. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of progestin stimulation of MnSOD in human breast cancer cells.

Prevention of cadmium accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium with manganese and zinc.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Risk factors include old age, female gender, obesity, smoking, low dietary intakes of antioxidants and increased exposure to the toxic metal cadmium (Cd(2+)). Supplementation with high-dose zinc (80 mg) provides some protection, but the mechanism(s) underlying such protection has not been fully elucidated. The present study had a focus on the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line ARPE-19 in an attempt to demonstrate a reduction in intracellular Cd(2+) effect associated with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression by co-exposure with zinc (Zn(2+)) or manganese (Mn(2+)), which is known to be a more potent inhibitor of Cd(2+) uptake than Zn(2+). Our results indicated that co-exposure of 10 microM Cd(2+) with 5 microM Mn(2+) reduced the intracellular Cd(2+) effect by 50-60%, possibly by limiting the amounts of Cd(2+) entering cells through Mn(2+) transporter protein (ZIP8). A similar reduction in a Cd(2+) effect was achieved by co-exposure with 20 microM Zn(2+) while co-exposure with 5 and 10 microM Zn(2+) ions was ineffective. Mn(2+) ions as low as 2.5 microM were found to cause an increase in HO-1 mRNA expression levels in ARPE-19 cells, demonstrating for the first time that Mn(2+) is an inducer of HO-1. Mn(2+) ions at 1 microM induced HO-1 mRNA expression in the HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells. In contrast, Zn(2+) in 5, 10 or 20 microM concentrations did not induce expression of HO-1 in ARPE-19 cells or any other cells tested. These data suggest the superiority of Mn(2+) over Zn(2+) in preventing Cd(2+) uptake and accumulation in RPE to toxic levels. Further, induction of HO-1 by Mn(2+) could provide RPE with some resistance to enhanced oxidative stress arising from Cd(2+) accumulation in RPE as HO-1 is one of the frontline cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Prostaglandin D2 induces heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression through the DP2 receptor.

Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) exerts multiple actions through interaction with distinct receptors, DP1 and DP2. We have shown that PGD(2) induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that is essential for survival of photoreceptors. HO-1 is a key enzyme in physiological heme degradation. Here, we explored the mechanism for the PGD(2)-mediated induction of HO-1 expression using ARPE-19 human RPE cells. ARPE-19 cells secrete PGD(2) and express DP2 mRNA, but not DP1 mRNA. Treatment with a DP2 agonist, 15(R)-15-methyl-PGD(2) or DK-PGD(2), increased HO-1 mRNA expression, and pretreatment with a DP2 antagonist, CAY10471, decreased the magnitude of the PGD(2)-mediated HO-1 induction. By contrast, either DP1 agonist or antagonist caused only marginal influence on HO-1 expression. Moreover, transient expression assays showed the DP2 agonist activated the HO-1-gene promoter in the enhancer-dependent manner. Thus, PGD(2) induces HO-1 mRNA expression through DP2 receptor, linking the PGD(2)-DP2 signaling with heme homeostasis.

In vitro model of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) synthesis by UV radiation: dose-response relationships.

Vitamin D deficiency is a major health concern worldwide. Very little is understood regarding its production in the human body by exposure to UV radiation. In particular, we have no means of predicting how much vitamin D (cholecalciferol) will be produced in the skin after exposure to sunlight. Using a refined in vitro model, we found that there is a nonlinear relationship between UV dose and cholecalciferol synthesis. Two minimal erythemal doses (MED) of UV radiation produced 1.84 microg/mL of cholecalciferol whereas 4 MED produced 2.81 microg/mL. We also found that the production of cholecalciferol is restricted by the initial concentration of its precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol, 7-DHC). For example, using an initial concentration of 7-DHC of 102 microg/mL, the resultant cholecalciferol production was 1.05 microg/mL after receiving 4 MED exposure. Under the same exposure conditions, an initial concentration of 305 microg/mL yielded 2.81 g/mL of cholecalciferol. The data presented in this paper has important implications for humans, including: (1) increasing UV exposure does not result in a proportionate increase in the amount of cholecalciferol that is produced; and (2) the initial concentration of 7-DHC in the skin may impact the amount of cholecalciferol that can be synthesized. When translating these results to population groups, we will discuss how the sun exposure message needs to be carefully formulated to account for such considerations.

Cost-effective management alternatives for Snake River Chinook salmon: a biological-economic synthesis.

The mandate to increase endangered salmon populations in the Columbia River Basin of North America has created a complex, controversial resource-management issue. We constructed an integrated assessment model as a tool for analyzing biological-economic trade-offs in recovery of Snake River spring- and summer-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We merged 3 frameworks: a salmon-passage model to predict migration and survival of smolts; an age-structured matrix model to predict long-term population growth rates of salmon stocks; and a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine a set of least-cost management alternatives for achieving particular population growth rates. We assessed 6 individual salmon-management measures and 76 management alternatives composed of one or more measures. To reflect uncertainty, results were derived for different assumptions of effectiveness of smolt transport around dams. Removal of an estuarine predator, the Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia), was cost-effective and generally increased long-term population growth rates regardless of transport effectiveness. Elimination of adult salmon harvest had a similar effect over a range of its cost estimates. The specific management alternatives in the cost-effective set depended on assumptions about transport effectiveness. On the basis of recent estimates of smolt transport effectiveness, alternatives that discontinued transportation or breached dams were prevalent in the cost-effective set, whereas alternatives that maximized transportation dominated if transport effectiveness was relatively high. More generally, the analysis eliminated 80-90% of management alternatives from the cost-effective set. Application of our results to salmon management is limited by data availability and model assumptions, but these limitations can help guide research that addresses critical uncertainties and information. Our results thus demonstrate that linking biology and economics through integrated models can provide valuable tools for science-based policy and management.