Acceso a información de los registros sanitarios de medicamentos en el marco del derecho a la protección de la salud / Access to information of regulatory approval of medicines within the framework of the right to health protection / Acesso à informação de aprovação regulatória de medicamentos no marco do direito à proteção à saúde

Introducción: el derecho al acceso a la información administrativa es un derecho fundamental consagrado en la Constitución Política de Costa Rica. La información que presentan las empresas respecto a seguridad, calidad y eficacia para que se otorgue la aprobación para comercializar un medicamento en el país por parte del Estado es necesaria para un usoracional de los medicamentos. Objetivo: determinar si la población costarricense tiene acceso a la información pública del registro sanitario de un medicamento. Metodología: consistió en la revisión detallada de la normativa nacional relacionada con acceso a la información pública y su aplicaciónpara los expedientes de registros sanitarios en el país. Resultados: según la legislación nacional esta información es de acceso público, excepto algunos datos de sustancias nuevas. Sin embargo, el Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica no permite que la ciudadanía conozca esta información, al no disponer de una base de datos pública, de acceso en tiempo real, a partir de una plataforma digital. Conclusión: existe una violación del derecho fundamental a acceder a la información administrativa por parte del Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica.

Introduction: the right of access to administrative information is a fundamental right enshrined in the Political Constitution of Costa Rica. The information that companies present regarding safety, quality,and efficacy forthe State to grant approval to market a drug in the country is necessary for a rational use ofdrugs. Objective: To determine if the Costa Rican population has access to the public information of the sanitary registry of a medicine. Methods: a detailed review of the national regulations related to access to public information was made and its application to the records of health records in the country. Results: According to national legislation, this information is publicly accessible, except for data on new substances. However, the Costa Rican Ministry of Health does not allow citizens to know this information, as it does not have a public database, accessible in real time, from a digital platform. Conclusion: there is a violation of the fundamental right to access administrative information by the Ministry of Health of Costa Rica.

Introdução: o direito de acesso à informação administrativa é um direito fundamental consagrado na Constituição Política da Costa Rica. As informações que as empresas apresentam sobre segurança, qualidade e eficácia para que o Estado conceda a aprovação para comercialização de um medicamento no país são necessárias para o uso racional dos medicamentos. Objetivo: determinar se a população costarriquenha tem acesso às informações públicas do registro sanitário de um medicamento. Metodologia: consistiu em uma revisão detalhada das regulamentações nacionais relacionadas ao acesso à informação pública e sua aplicação aos registros dos prontuários de saúde do país. Resultados: de acordo com a legislação nacional, essa informação está acessível ao público, exceto para alguns dados sobre novas substâncias. No entanto, o Ministério da Saúde da Costa Rica não permite que os cidadãos conheçam essas informações, pois não possui um banco de dados público, acessível em tempo real, a partir de uma plataforma digital. Conclusão: há uma violação do direito fundamental de acesso à informação administrativa por parte do Ministério da Saúde da Costa Rica.

Análisis de los recursos de amparo relativos al acceso de medicamentos ante la Sala Constitucional de Costa Rica / Analysis of the injunction related to the access of medicines in the Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica / Análise dos recursos de amparo relacionados ao acesso a medicamentos na Câmara Constitucional da Costa Rica

Objetivo: analizar la judicialización del derecho fundamental a la salud, realizando un análisis de los recursos de amparo relacionados con medicamentos, resueltos por la Sala Constitucional de Costa Rica entre los años 2009 a 2018. Metodología: la metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, descriptiva. El método utilizado fue el análisis de contenido por medio de la revisión detallada de todas las sentencias emitidas por la Sala Constitucional de Costa Rica del año 2009 al año 2018. Resultados: de las 1831 sentencias que fueron emitidas por la Sala Constitucional durante el 2009 al 2018, el 61,1 % fueron declaradas con lugar; 32,6 sin lugar; 4,4 % fueron declaradas parcialmente con lugar; en 1,0 % de casos el recurso de amparo fue desistido; y un 0,9 % de los casos fueron rechazados de plano. Conclusión: las discusiones respecto a la pertenencia de brindar un medicamento se centran en aspectos científico y en una revisión detallada de la evidencia que fundamenta el uso de un medicamento.

Objective: to analyze the judicialization of the fundamental right to health, to carry out an analysis of the remedies of protection related to medications, resolved by the Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica between the years 2009 to 2018. Methods: the method used was content analysis through the specific review of all the judgments issued by the Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica from 2009 to 2018. Results:1,831 judgments that were issued by the Constitutional Chamber during 2009 to 2018, 61.1% were declared with place, 32.6 without place, 4.4% were partially declared with place, in 1.0% of cases the appeal for protection was withdrawn and 0.9% of cases they were rejected outright. Conclusion: the discussion regarding the belonging to provide a medicine focus mainly on scientific aspects and on a specific review of the evidence that supports the use of a medicine.Keywords:Judicialization of health. Right to health. Power of attorney.

Objetivo: analisar a judicialização do direito fundamental à saúde, executando-se uma análise dos recursos de amparo relacionados aos medicamentos solucionados pela Câmara Constitucional da Costa Rica entre 2009 e 2018. Metodologia: a metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa e descritiva. O método utilizado foi a análise de conteúdo por meio de uma revisão detalhada de todos os julgamentos proferidos pela Câmara Constitucional da Costa Rica, de 2009 a 2018. Resultados: dos 1831 julgamentos emitidos pela Câmara Constitucional durante o período de 2009 a 2018, 61,1% foram declarados procedentes;32,6%improcedentes;4,4% foram parcialmente procedentes;em 1,0% dos casos o recurso foi retirado;e em um 0,9% dos casos foram totalmente rejeitados. Conclusão: as discussões sobre a relevância de fornecer um medicamento concentram-se principalmente em aspectos científicos e em uma revisão detalhada das evidências que apoiam seu uso.

Genomic Predictions Using Low-Density SNP Markers, Pedigree and GWAS Information: A Case Study with the Non-Model Species Eucalyptus cladocalyx.

High-throughput genotyping techniques have enabled large-scale genomic analysis to precisely predict complex traits in many plant species. However, not all species can be well represented in commercial SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays. In this study, a high-density SNP array (60 K) developed for commercial Eucalyptus was used to genotype a breeding population of Eucalyptus cladocalyx, yielding only ~3.9 K informative SNPs. Traditional Bayesian genomic models were investigated to predict flowering, stem quality and growth traits by considering the following effects: (i) polygenic background and all informative markers (GS model) and (ii) polygenic background, QTL-genotype effects (determined by GWAS) and SNP markers that were not associated with any trait (GSq model). The estimates of pedigree-based heritability and genomic heritability varied from 0.08 to 0.34 and 0.002 to 0.5, respectively, whereas the predictive ability varied from 0.19 (GS) and 0.45 (GSq). The GSq approach outperformed GS models in terms of predictive ability when the proportion of the variance explained by the significant marker-trait associations was higher than those explained by the polygenic background and non-significant markers. This approach can be particularly useful for plant/tree species poorly represented in the high-density SNP arrays, developed for economically important species, or when high-density marker panels are not available.

SNP and Haplotype-Based Genomic Selection of Quantitative Traits in Eucalyptus globulus.

Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) is one of the most important cultivated eucalypts in temperate and subtropical regions and has been successfully subjected to intensive breeding. In this study, Bayesian genomic models that include the effects of haplotype and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were assessed to predict quantitative traits related to wood quality and tree growth in a 6-year-old breeding population. To this end, the following markers were considered: (a) ~14 K SNP markers (SNP), (b) ~3 K haplotypes (HAP), and (c) haplotypes and SNPs that were not assigned to a haplotype (HAP-SNP). Predictive ability values (PA) were dependent on the genomic prediction models and markers. On average, Bayesian ridge regression (BRR) and Bayes C had the highest PA for the majority of traits. Notably, genomic models that included the haplotype effect (either HAP or HAP-SNP) significantly increased the PA of low-heritability traits. For instance, BRR based on HAP had the highest PA (0.58) for stem straightness. Consistently, the heritability estimates from genomic models were higher than the pedigree-based estimates for these traits. The results provide additional perspectives for the implementation of genomic selection in Eucalyptus breeding programs, which could be especially beneficial for improving traits with low heritability.

El delito de ejercicio ilegal de las profesiones de farmácia y medicina en Costa Rica: reflexiones en torno a la prescripción y el despacho de medicamentos / The crime of illegal exercise of the professions of pharmacy and medicine in Costa Rica: reflections on the prescription and delivery of medicines

Objetivo: Analizar el delito de ejercicio ilegal de las profesiones de farmacia y medicina en Costa Rica. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica en libros y artículos del área jurídica, se analizó la legislación promulgada en Costa Rica, Argentina y España, además de las sentencias de tribunales penales, emitidas en Costa Rica desde el año 1980. Resultados: se determinó la legislación que ha regulado el delito de ejercicio ilegal de la profesión, así como los principales aspectos considerados en las sentencias para establecer los elementos que configuran el delito. Conclusión: El profesional en farmacia podría incurrir en el delito de ejercicio ilegal de la medicina en caso de que prescriba medicamentos, así como, el profesional en medicina podría cometer el delito de ejercicio ilegal de la farmacia si despacha medicamentos. El ejercicio de las profesiones médicas o farmacéuticas por personas no autorizadas debe ser analizado en sede penal, sin embargo, se asume el criterio que la sanción debería ser pecuniaria y no privativa de libertad. (AU).

Objective: to analyze the crime of illegal exercise of the professions of pharmacy and medicine in Costa Rica. Methodology: a bibliographic research was carried out in books and articles of the legal area; the legislation promulgated in Costa Rica, Argentina and Spain was analyzed, as well as the sentences of criminal courts, issued in Costa Rica since 1980. Results: creation of a legislation that regulated the crime of illegal exercise of the profession, as well as the main aspects considered in the sentences to establish the elements that make up the offense. Conclusion: the professional in pharmacy could incur in crime of illegal exercise of medicine in case he or she prescribes a medication, as well as, the medical professional could commit the crime of illegal exercise of the pharmacy if it dispenses medication. The exercise of the medical or pharmaceutical professions by unauthorized persons must be analyzed at the criminal court, however, it is assumed that the sanction should be pecuniary and not custodial. (AU).

Objetivo: analisar o crime de exercício ilegal das profissões de farmácia e medicina na Costa Rica. Método: uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em livros e artigos na área jurídica, a legislação promulgada em Costa Rica, Argentina e Espanha, bem como as sentenças de tribunais criminais, emitido em Costa Rica desde 1980. Resultados: determinou-se a legislação que regulamenta o crime de exercício ilegal da profissão, bem como os principais aspectos considerados nas sentenças para estabelecer os elementos que compõem o delito. Conclusão: o farmacêutico profissional pode incorrer no crime de prática ilegal da medicina se prescrever medicamentos, bem como o profissional médico pode cometer o crime de exercício ilegal da farmácia se despachar medicamentos. O exercício de profissões médicas ou farmacêuticas por pessoas não autorizadas deve ser analisado em um tribunal criminal, no entanto, a pena deve ser de pecuniária. (AU).

SNP-based mixed model association of growth- and yield-related traits in popcorn.

The identification of the genes responsible for complex traits is highly promising to accelerate crop breeding, but such information is still limited for popcorn. Thus, in the present study, a mixed linear model-based association analysis (MLMA) was applied for six important popcorn traits: plant and ear height, 100-grain weight, popping expansion, grain yield and expanded popcorn volume per hectare. To this end, 196 plants of the open-pollinated popcorn population UENF-14 were sampled, selfed (S1), and then genotyped with a panel of 10,507 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers distributed throughout the genome. The six traits were studied under two environments [Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ (ENV1) and Itaocara-RJ (ENV2)] in an incomplete block design. Based on the phenotypic data of the S1 progenies and on the genetic characteristics of the parents, the MLMA was performed. Thereafter, genes annotated in the MaizeGDB platform were screened for potential linkage disequilibrium with the SNPs associated to the six evaluated traits. Overall, seven and eight genes were identified as associated with the traits in ENV1 and ENV2, respectively, and proteins encoded by these genes were evaluated for their function. The results obtained here contribute to increase knowledge on the genetic architecture of the six evaluated traits and might be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Genome-wide haplotype-based association analysis of key traits of plant lodging and architecture of maize identifies major determinants for leaf angle: hapLA4.

Traits related to plant lodging and architecture are important determinants of plant productivity in intensive maize cultivation systems. Motivated by the identification of genomic associations with the leaf angle, plant height (PH), ear height (EH) and the EH/PH ratio, we characterized approximately 7,800 haplotypes from a set of high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in an association panel consisting of tropical maize inbred lines. The proportion of the phenotypic variations explained by the individual SNPs varied between 7%, for the SNP S1_285330124 (located on chromosome 9 and associated with the EH/PH ratio), and 22%, for the SNP S1_317085830 (located on chromosome 6 and associated with the leaf angle). A total of 40 haplotype blocks were significantly associated with the traits of interest, explaining up to 29% of the phenotypic variation for the leaf angle, corresponding to the haplotype hapLA4.04, which was stable over two growing seasons. Overall, the associations for PH, EH and the EH/PH ratio were environment-specific, which was confirmed by performing a model comparison analysis using the information criteria of Akaike and Schwarz. In addition, five stable haplotypes (83%) and 15 SNPs (75%) were identified for the leaf angle. Finally, approximately 62% of the associated haplotypes (25/40) did not contain SNPs detected in the association study using individual SNP markers. This result confirms the advantage of haplotype-based genome-wide association studies for examining genomic regions that control the determining traits for architecture and lodging in maize plants.

Thirteen years under arid conditions: exploring marker-trait associations in Eucalyptus cladocalyx for complex traits related to flowering, stem form and growth.

We present an association analysis for seven key traits related to flowering, stem form and growth in Eucalyptus cladocalyx, a tree species suitable for low rainfall sites, using a long-term progeny trial with 49 open-pollinated maternal families in the southern Atacama Desert, Chile. The progeny trial was carried out in an arid environment with a mean annual rainfall of 152 mm. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) from a full consensus map of Eucalyptus were used for genotyping 245 individual trees. Twenty-three significant marker-trait associations were identified, explaining between 5.9 and 23.7% of the phenotypic variance. The marker EMBRA101 located on LG10 at 56.5 cM was concomitantly associated with diameter at breast height and tree height. Nine SSR were significantly associated with stem forking and stem straightness, explaining between 5.9 and 14.8% of the phenotypic variation. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a SSR-based association mapping analysis for stem form traits in Eucalyptus. These results provide novel and valuable information for understanding the genetic base of key traits in E. cladocalyx for breeding purposes under arid conditions.

A Genome-Wide Association Study for Agronomic Traits in Soybean Using SNP Markers and SNP-Based Haplotype Analysis.

Mapping quantitative trait loci through the use of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in populations of unrelated individuals provides a valuable approach for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in soybean (Glycine max). The haplotype-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) has now been proposed as a complementary approach to intensify benefits from LD, which enable to assess the genetic determinants of agronomic traits. In this study a GWAS was undertaken to identify genomic regions that control 100-seed weight (SW), plant height (PH) and seed yield (SY) in a soybean association mapping panel using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and haplotype information. The soybean cultivars (N = 169) were field-evaluated across four locations of southern Brazil. The genome-wide haplotype association analysis (941 haplotypes) identified eleven, seventeen and fifty-nine SNP-based haplotypes significantly associated with SY, SW and PH, respectively. Although most marker-trait associations were environment and trait specific, stable haplotype associations were identified for SY and SW across environments (i.e., haplotypes Gm12_Hap12). The haplotype block 42 on Chr19 (Gm19_Hap42) was confirmed to be associated with PH in two environments. These findings enable us to refine the breeding strategy for tropical soybean, which confirm that haplotype-based GWAS can provide new insights on the genetic determinants that are not captured by the single-marker approach.

Tumor odontogénico queratoquístico en seno maxilar: reporte de un caso clínico / Keratocystic odontogenic tumor in the maxillary sinus: report of a clinical case

El tumor odontogénico queratoquístico, es una patología que se encuentra asociada a la retención de un órgano dentario, en especial al tercer molar, es reconocido por su potencial destructivo y extenso, erosionando placas corticales que envuelven mucosa y tejidos blandos, la etiología del tumor odontogénico queratoquístico está probablemente relacionada con el desarrollo de la lámina dental (o restos de Serres) y con una mayor recidiva dentro de los tumores odontogénicos, siendo motivo de su reclasificación en el 2005 por la OMS. Se presenta casoclínico de un tumor odontogénico queratoquístico en el seno maxilarderecho, se exponen los métodos utilizados para la exploración clínica,radiológica y el tratamiento quirúrgico elegido.

The keratocystic odontogenic tumor is a condition associated withtooth retention, particularly of the third molar. It is recognized as beingpotentially highly destructive, by eroding cortical plates overlying theoral mucosa and soft tissues. The etiology of keratocystic odontogenictumor is probably related to the development of the dental lamina (orremains of Serres) and the recurrence rate is high compared to that ofother odontogenic tumors, the reason for their reclassifi cation by theWHO in 2005. We present a clinical case of a keratocystic odontogenictumor in the right maxillary sinus, including an explanation of themethods used for clinical and radiological examination, and the chosensurgical treatment.

Genome-wide association mapping for flowering and maturity in tropical soybean: implications for breeding strategies.

Knowledge of the genetic architecture of flowering and maturity is needed to develop effective breeding strategies in tropical soybean. The aim of this study was to identify haplotypes across multiple environments that contribute to flowering time and maturity, with the purpose of selecting desired alleles, but maintaining a minimal impact on yield-related traits. For this purpose, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was undertaken to identify genomic regions that control days to flowering (DTF) and maturity (DTM) using a soybean association mapping panel genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Complementarily, yield-related traits were also assessed to discuss the implications for breeding strategies. To detect either stable or specific associations, the soybean cultivars (N = 141) were field-evaluated across eight tropical environments of Brazil. Seventy-two and forty associations were significant at the genome-wide level relating respectively to DTM and DTF, in two or more environments. Haplotype-based GWAS identified three haplotypes (Gm12_Hap12; Gm19_Hap42 and Gm20_Hap32) significantly co-associated with DTF, DTM and yield-related traits in single and multiple environments. These results indicate that these genomic regions may contain genes that have pleiotropic effects on time to flowering, maturity and yield-related traits, which are tightly linked with multiple other genes with high rates of linkage disequilibrium.

SNP-Based QTL Mapping of 15 Complex Traits in Barley under Rain-Fed and Well-Watered Conditions by a Mixed Modeling Approach.

This study identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with 15 complex traits in a breeding population of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) consisting of 137 recombinant chromosome substitution lines (RCSL), evaluated under contrasting water availability conditions in the Mediterranean climatic region of central Chile. Given that markers showed a very strong segregation distortion, a quantitative trait locus/loci (QTL) mapping mixed model was used to account for the heterogeneity in genetic relatedness between genotypes. Fifty-seven QTL were detected under rain-fed conditions, which accounted for 5-22% of the phenotypic variation. In full irrigation conditions, 84 SNPs were significantly associated with the traits studied, explaining 5-35% of phenotypic variation. Most of the QTL were co-localized on chromosomes 2H and 3H. Environment-specific genomic regions were detected for 12 of the 15 traits scored. Although most QTL-trait associations were environment and trait specific, some important and stable associations were also detected. In full irrigation conditions, a relatively major genomic region was found underlying hectoliter weight (HW), on chromosome 1H, which explained between 27% (SNP 2711-234) and 35% (SNP 1923-265) of the phenotypic variation. Interestingly, the locus 1923-265 was also detected for grain yield at both environmental conditions, accounting for 9 and 18%, in the rain-fed and irrigation conditions, respectively. Analysis of QTL in this breeding population identified significant genomic regions that can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of barley in areas where drought is a significant constraint.

Percepción del uso de animales de laboratorio para docencia de Licenciatura en Farmacia / Perception of the use of lab animals for teaching in the Bachelor of Pharmacy studies

Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo del conocimiento del uso de animales de laboratorio en docencia, en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se tomaron en cuenta estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Farmacia, de los cursos de Introducción a la Farmacia y Toxicología. Se encontró que los estudiantes de ambos niveles tienen una percepción favorable respecto a la existencia de una normativa que regulA el uso de animales en docencia y en general, de la importancia del uso de animales para su proceso de aprendizaje. Se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos respecto al origen de los animales(AU)

A cross-sectional and descriptive study about the use of laboratory animals in teaching in the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Costa Rica was performed. The study included Pharmacy students, specifically those in the Introduction to Pharmacy and Toxicology course. We found that students in both levels had favorable perceptions about the existence of rules governing the use of animals in education and in general the importance of using them for their learning process. We found differences between the groups regarding knowledge about the origin of the animals(AU)

Inclusion of propolis in rabbit diets and semen characteristics / Inclusão de própolis na dieta de coelhos e características do sêmen / Inclusión de propóleos en la dieta de conejos y características del semen

This experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating different levels of powder propolis in rabbit diets and their effect on semen characteristics. A total of 36 New Zealand White male rabbits were used, randomly distributed into six groups, corresponding to six propolis levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 g propolis/kg of ration). Semen was collected twice a week, using an artificial vagina. Semen volume, progressive spermatic motility, spermatic vigor, spermatic concentration and spermatic morphology were analyzed. General linear models were used for statistical analysis. The inclusion of powder propolis in the diet increased normal spermatozoa percentage and reduced spermatozoa abnormalities. The powder propolis did not affect the progressive spermatic motility, spermatic vigor or spermatic concentration. The values were considered normal for rabbits. However, a small reduction in semen volume was observed, without any negative effect on the other semen characteristics evaluated. Thus, it is possible to observe better semen quality with the inclusion of 1.25 g powder propolis/kg in the diet for reproducer rabbits...

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de própolis em pó na ração de coelhos sobre as características do sêmen. Utilizaram-se 36 coelhos machos, adultos, Nova Zelândia Brancos, divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos, consumindo cinco níveis de própolis (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0 e 1,25 g de própolis/kg de ração). Coletou-se sêmen duas vezes por semana, utilizando vagina artificial. Verificou-se o volume, a motilidade espermática progressiva, o vigor espermático, a concentração espermática e a morfologia espermática. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando os modelos lineares generalizados. A adição da própolis na ração elevou a porcentagem de espermatozóides normais e reduziu os anormais. Todavia, foi observada uma pequena redução no volume do sêmen com o aumento do nível de própolis na dieta, sem afetar as demais características do sêmen. A motilidade progressiva, vigor espermático e concentração espermática não foram influenciados pelos diferentes níveis de própolis, valores considerados normais para coelhos. Conclui-se que a melhor qualidade do sêmen de coelhos reprodutores ocorreu com a adição de 1,25 g de própolis/kg de ração...

Este experimento se llevó a cabo para evaluar la influencia de diferentes niveles de polvo de propóleos en la dieta de conejos, bajo las características del semen. Se utilizó 36 conejos machos, adultos, Nueva Zelanda Blancos, divididos al azar en seis grupos, consumiendo cinco niveles de propóleos (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0 y 1,25g de propóleos/kg en el alimento). Se recogió semen dos veces a la semana, utilizando vagina artificial. Se encontró el volumen, motilidad espermática progresiva, el vigor de espermático, la concentración espermática y la morfología espermática. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron utilizando modelos lineales generales. La adición de propóleos en la dieta aumentó el porcentaje de espermatozoides normales y redujo los anormales. Sin embargo, se ha observado una pequeña reducción en el volumen del semen con el aumento de propóleos en la dieta, sin afectar las demás características del semen. La motilidad progresiva, vigor espermático y concentración de espermatozoides no se vieron afectados por los diferentes niveles de propóleos, valores considerados normales para conejos. Se concluye que la mejor calidad del semen de conejos reproductores ocurrió con la adición de 1,25g de propóleos / kg en el alimento...

Efeito dos compostos naturais bioativos na conservação pós-colheita de frutos de mangueira cv. Tommy Atkins / Effects of bioactive natural compounds on the postharvest conservation of mango fruits cv. Tommy Atkins

A antracnose causa severos danos na pós-colheita de manga. Como o controle químico tem demonstrado desvantagens, o potencial uso de óleos essenciais para o controle de fitopatógenos tem sido uma alternativa. Neste trabalho, objetvou-se avaliar a eficácia de produtos alternativos no controle da antracnose e na conservação de mangas (Mangifera indica) cv. Tommy Atkins tratado com bicarbonato de sódio diluído em água destilada, na concentração de 3 por cento (v/v), via imersão. Como tratamento, foram utilizados os óleos essenciais de Origanum majorana, Citrus sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus citriodora, via fumigação, na dosagem de 1000 μL e água destilada via fumigação; todos por 3 minutos. Frutos da Unidade CEASA-Maringá/PR, selecionados, pesados em balança semianalítica, desinfetados em imersão por 3 minutos em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5 por cento (v/v); foram submetidos aos tratamentos, permanecendo sob condições ambientes (26 ± 2ºC e UR 90 ± 5 por cento). Exceto o tratamento com Citrus sinensis, que proporcionou um pH maior do que a testemunha, diferindo significativamente dos demais tratamentos que elevaram a variável. A redução da acidez em todos os tratamentos e aumentos dos sólidos solúveis totais nos frutos, sendo que o tratamento com bicarbonato de sódio proporcionou 14,42 ºBrix. O número de frutos com antracnose foi menor no tratamento com Citrus sinensis e este diferiu dos demais comprovando o efeito de espécies do gênero Citrus como antifúngicos. O uso de óleos essenciais como o de Citrus sinensis controlou a antracnose e manteve a qualidade dos frutos.

The anthracnose causes severe damages to the mango post-harvest. As chemical control has shown disadvantages, the potential of use of essential oils has been an alternative for the phytopathogen control. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of alternative products in the anthracnose control and in the conservation of mangos (Mangífera mandica) cv. Tommy Atkins treated with sodium bicarbonate diluted in distilled water, concentration of 3 percent (v/v), through immersion. For the treatment, the essential oils of Origanum majorana, Citrus sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora were used through fumigation, in the dosage of 1000 μL and distilled water through fumigation; all for 3 minutes. Mango fruits of the Unity CEASA-Maringá/PR, selected, weighed in a semi-analytical scale, disinfected by immersion of 3 minutes in a solution of sodium hypochlorite to 0.5 percent (v/v); rinsed in running water and dried. They were submitted to the treatments under ambient conditions (26 ± 2ºC and RH 90 ± 5 percent). Except for the treatment of Citrus sinensis, that resulted in a pH larger than the witness, significantly differing from the treatments that elevate the variable. There was reduction of the acidity in all of the treatments and increment of TSS in the fruits and with sodium bicarbonate provided 14.42 º Brix. The number of fruits with anthracnose was smaller in those treated with Citrus sinensis and this differed from the others, proving the effect of Citrus as fungitoxic. The use of essential oils such as that obtained from Citrus sinensis controlled the anthracnose and maintained the quality of the fruits.

Generalized lineal models for the analysis of binary data from propagation experiments of Brazilian orchids

This study aimed at applying the generalized linear models (GLM) for the analysis of a germination experiment of Cattleya bicolor in which the response variable was binary. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the effects of the storage temperatures and culture mediums on the seed viability. The analyses of variance was also carried out either with or without the data transformation. All the statistical approaches indicated the importance of the storage temperature on the seed viability. But, the culture media and interaction effects were significant only by the GLM. Based on the GLM, the seeds stored at 10°C increased viability, in which the coconut medium achieved the best performance. The results emphasized the importance of adopting the GLM to improve the reliability in many situations where the response variable followed a non-normal distribution.

A técnica de propagação in vitro é considerada efetiva para fins comerciais e de conservação de orquídeas. A metodologia de modelos lineares generalizados (MLG) foi usada para analisar um experimento de germinação de Cattleya bicolor. O propósito do experimento foi avaliar os efeitos da temperatura de armazenamento e dos meios de cultivo sobre a germinação, cuja resposta foi considerada binária. Análise convencional com ou sem transformação de dados foram também realizados. Todas as abordagens estatísticas indicaram a importância da temperatura sobre a viabilidade das sementes. Entretanto, os efeitos de meios de cultivo e interação foram significativos apenas para MLG. As sementes armazenadas a 10°C incrementaram sua viabilidade, onde o meio a base de coco atingiu o melhor desempenho. Os resultados enfatizam a importância de adotar MLG, para melhorar a confiabilidade em situações onde a variável resposta segue uma distribuição distinta à normal.

Maltrato a menores en una comunidad costarricense / Child abuse in a Costa Rican community

Se presenta la información obtenida durante 1989 en un proyecto comunitario de prevención y atención del maltrato a menores llevado a cabo en el Cantón de La Unión, Provincia de Cartago. Se atendieron en ese periodo 65 casos de maltrato, de los cuales el 58.5%fue de tipo físico y el 41.5%de abuso sexual en sus diversas formas. No existió diferencia en la frecuencia por sexo en el maltrato físico mientras que en el abuso sexual la mayor incidencia estuvo dirigida al sexo femenino. Se determinó que la variedad de figuras maltratadas es mayor en el sexo femenino (12 en total) que en el sexo masculino (6 en total). En la mitad de lo casos los menores vivían en una familia donde existían tanto la figura paterna como materna; sólo en el 12%la madre era soltera